INK Conference
Arvind Gupta: Turning trash into toys for learning
Arvind Gupta: Fra affald til leg med eksperimenter og læring
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På en INK konference (Indisk TED), fortæller Arvind Gupta om enkle, men medrivende ideer for anvendelse af genbrug til underholdende læring. Håndværk og tekniske eksperimenter, som børn selv kan kan afprøve og eksperimentere ud fra - mens de lærer grundlæggende principper om videnskab og design.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
My name is Arvind Gupta, and I'm a toymaker.
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Mit navn er Arvind Gupta -
Jeg er en "toymaker".
00:18
I've been making toys for the last 30 years.
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Jeg har lavet legetøj de sidste 30 år.
00:21
The early '70s, I was in college.
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I de tidlige 70'ere, var jeg på college.
00:23
It was a very revolutionary time.
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Det var en meget revolutionær tid.
00:25
It was a political ferment, so to say --
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Det var et politisk røre, kan man sige
00:28
students out in the streets of Paris,
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- de studerende var i gaderne i Paris,
00:30
revolting against authority.
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oprør mod autoriteterne.
00:32
America was jolted
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Amerika blev ramt
00:34
by the anti-Vietnam movement, the Civil Rights movement.
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af anti-Vietnam bevægelsen,
borgerrettighedsbevægelsen.
00:37
In India, we had the Naxalite movement,
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I Indien,
havde vi Naxalite bevægelsen
00:40
the [unclear] movement.
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[uklart] bevægelse.
00:42
But you know, when there is a political churning of society,
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Når der er en politisk ændring i samfundet,
00:44
it unleashes a lot of energy.
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Det frigør en masse energi
Den nationale bevægelse i Indien
00:47
The National Movement of India
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00:49
was testimony to that.
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bar vidnesbyrd om det.
00:51
Lots of people resigned from well-paid jobs
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Masser af mennesker
forlod vellønnede job
00:55
and jumped into the National Movement.
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og sprang ind i
"The National Movement".
00:57
Now in the early '70s,
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I de tidlige 70'ere,
00:59
one of the great programs in India
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var et af de store programmer i Indien,
01:01
was to revitalize
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- at revurdere
01:03
primary science in village schools.
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natur og teknik i landsbyskoler.
01:05
There was a person, Anil Sadgopal, did a Ph.D. from Caltech
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Der var en person,
Anil Sadgopal som tog en Ph.D. fra Caltech
01:08
and returned back as a molecular biologist
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og vendte tilbage som en molekylærbiolog
01:10
in India's cutting-edge research institute, the TIFR.
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på et af Indiens forskningsinstituter
TIFR.
01:13
At 31, he was not able
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Som 31 årig kunne han ikke
01:15
to relate the kind of [unclear] research,
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at relatere den sin forskning,
01:17
which he was doing with the lives of the ordinary people.
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med livet for almindelige mennesker.
Han sagde sit job op og startede
01:20
So he designed and went and started a village science program.
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et landsby videnskabsprogram.
01:23
Many people were inspired by this.
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Mange mennesker var inspireret af dette.
01:25
The slogan of the early '70s
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Sloganet i de tidlige 70'ere var
01:27
was "Go to the people.
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"Gå til folket”
01:29
Live with them; love them.
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“Lev med dem”
“ Elsk dem”
01:31
Start from what they know. Build on what they have."
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Start med -
hvad de ved!
Byg med -
hvad de har!
01:34
This was kind of the defining slogan.
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Det var sådan man definerede slogans.
01:36
Well I took one year.
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Nå, jeg brugte et år.
01:38
I joined Telco, made TATA trucks, pretty close to Pune.
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Jeg startede hos Telco,
lavede TATA lastbiler,
tæt på Pune.
01:41
I worked there for two years,
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Jeg arbejdede der i to år
01:43
and I realized that I was not born to make trucks.
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og jeg indså,
jeg ikke var født til at lave lastbiler.
Ofte når man ikke ved,
01:46
Often one doesn't know what one wants to do,
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hvad man ønsker at lave,
01:48
but it's good enough to know what you don't want to do.
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men det godt at vide,
det man ikke vil.
01:50
So I took one year off, and I went to this village science program.
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Så jeg tog et år fri,
deltog i dette landsby
science program.
01:53
And it was a turning point.
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Og det var et vendepunkt.
01:55
It was a very small village --
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Det var en meget lille landsby
01:57
a weekly bazaar
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- en ugentlig basar,
hvor folk, en gang om ugen,
01:59
where people, just once in a week, they put in all the vats.
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lagde op til marked
02:02
So I said, "I'm going to spend a year over here."
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Så jeg sagde
lad mig tilbringe et år her
02:04
So I just bought one specimen
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Så jeg købte et eksemplar
02:06
of everything which was sold on the roadside.
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af alle de ting
de solgte vejsiden.
02:08
And one thing which I found
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Og en ting, jeg fandt
02:10
was this black rubber.
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var denne sorte gummi.
02:12
This is called a cycle valve tube.
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Det kaldes ventilgummi.
02:14
When you pump in air in a bicycle, you use a bit of this.
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når man pumper luft i en cykel.
bruger man et bid af det.
02:17
And some of these models --
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Hvis man tage lidt af dette gummi,
02:19
so you take a bit of this cycle valve tube,
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og sætter to tændstikker
02:21
you can put two matchsticks inside this, and you make a flexible joint.
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ind i enderne,
man har en fleksibel samling.
02:24
It's a joint of tubes. You start by teaching angles --
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En samling med to
Du starter med vinkler
02:27
an acute angle, a right angle, an obtuse angle, a straight angle.
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- en spids vinkel, en ret vinkel,
en stump vinkel, en lige vinkel.
02:29
It's like its own little coupling.
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Det er ligesom -
en lille kobling.
02:31
If you have three of them, and you loop them together,
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Hvis du har tre
og sætter dem sammen,
02:33
well you make a triangle.
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har du laver en trekant.
02:35
With four, you make a square,
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Med fire, laver du en firkant,
02:37
you make a pentagon, you make a hexagon,
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du laver en femkant,
du laver en sekskant,
02:39
you make all these kind of polygons.
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du laver alle slags polygoner.
02:41
And they have some wonderful properties.
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Og de har fantastiske egenskaber.
02:43
If you look at the hexagon, for instance,
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Hvis man ser på denne sekskant,
02:45
it's like an amoeba, which is constantly changing its own profile.
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som en amøbe,
der konstant ændre sin profil.
02:48
You can just pull this out, this becomes a rectangle.
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Du kan bare trække den ud,
og det bliver et rektangel.
02:50
You give it a push, this becomes a parallelogram.
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Du giver det et skub
et parallelogram.
02:52
But this is very shaky.
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- meget underligt.
02:54
Look at the pentagon, for instance,
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Kig på pentagonet,
træk det ud
02:56
pull this out -- it becomes a boat shape trapezium.
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- det bliver en båd
- et trapez.
02:58
Push it and it becomes house shaped.
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Skub det og det bliver til et hus.
03:00
This becomes an isosceles triangle --
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- en ligebenet trekant
03:02
again, very shaky.
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- igen, meget underligt.
Denne firkant er kantet og ret.
03:04
This square might look very square and prim.
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03:06
Give it a little push -- this becomes a rhombus.
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Giv det et lille skub
- det bliver en rombe.
03:08
It becomes kite-shaped.
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Den bliver "kite"-formet.
03:10
But give a child a triangle,
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Men giv et barn en trekant,
03:12
he can't do a thing to it.
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- hun kan ikke ændre den.
03:14
Why use triangles?
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Hvorfor bruge trekanter?
Fordi trekanter er stiv struktur.
03:16
Because triangles are the only rigid structures.
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03:18
We can't make a bridge with squares
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Vi kan ikke lave en bro med firkanter,
03:20
because the train would come, it would start doing a jig.
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fordi toget ville komme,
den ville komme i svingninger.
03:23
Ordinary people know about this
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Almindelige mennesker ved dette!
03:25
because if you go to a village in India,
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Hvis du tager til en landsby i Indien,
03:27
they might not have gone to engineering college,
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har de måske ikke gået på teknisk skole,
03:29
but no one makes a roof placed like this.
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men ingen laver et tag på denne måde.
03:31
Because if they put tiles on top, it's just going to crash.
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For - hvis de sætter tegl på toppen,
vil det kollapse.
03:34
They always make a triangular roof.
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De vil altid lave et trekantet tag.
03:36
Now this is people science.
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Det er folkelig videnskab.
03:38
And if you were to just poke a hole over here
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Og hvis du stikker et hul her
03:40
and put a third matchstick,
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og sætte en tredje tændstik,
03:42
you'll get a T joint.
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får du en T samling.
03:44
And if I were to poke all the three legs of this
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Og hvis jeg stikke alle de tre ben
03:46
in the three vertices of this triangle,
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i denne trekant,
03:48
I would make a tetrahedron.
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ville jeg lave en tetraede.
03:50
So you make all these 3D shapes.
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Så man kan lave alle disse 3D-figurer.
03:52
You make a tetrahedron like this.
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Du kan lave en tetraede, som denne.
03:55
And once you make these,
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Og når samler disse
03:59
you make a little house.
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- laver du et lille hus.
Sæt dette på toppen.
04:03
Put this on top.
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04:05
You can make a joint of four. You can make a joint of six.
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Du kan lave en samling af fire.
- en samling af seks.
04:07
You just need a ton.
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Du skal bare have et ton.
04:10
Now this was -- you make a joint of six,
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- en samling af seks,
04:12
you make an icosahedron.
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en ikosaeder.
04:14
You can play around with it.
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Du kan lege med den.
04:16
This makes an igloo.
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Dette lave en igloo.
04:18
Now this is in 1978.
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Det var i 1978.
04:20
I was a 24-year-old young engineer.
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Jeg var 24-årig ung ingeniør.
04:23
And I thought this was so much better than making trucks.
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- det var så meget bedre
end at lave lastbiler.
04:27
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
04:32
If you, as a matter of fact, put four marbles inside,
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Hvis du, sætter fire kugler indeni,
04:35
you simulate the molecular structure of methane, CH4.
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simulere molekylære struktur
af metan - CH4.
04:38
Four atoms of hydrogen, the four points of the tetrahedron,
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Fire atomer af hydrogen,
04:40
which means the little carbon atom.
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hvilket betyder den lille kulstofatom.
04:42
Well since then,
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Siden den gang,
04:44
I just thought that I've been really privileged
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har jeg været virkelig privilegeret
04:47
to go to over 2,000 schools in my country --
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at besøge over 2.000 skoler i mit land
04:51
village schools, government schools,
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landsbyskoler, offentlige skoler,
04:53
municipal schools, Ivy League schools --
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kommunale skoler, Ivy League skoler
04:55
I've been invited by most of them.
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Jeg er blevet inviteret til de fleste
04:57
And every time I go to a school,
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Og hver gang jeg kommer til en skole,
04:59
I see a gleam in the eyes of the children.
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ser jeg et glimt i børnenes øjne.
05:01
I see hope. I see happiness in their faces.
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Jeg ser håb -
lykke i deres ansigter.
05:04
Children want to make things. Children want to do things.
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Børn ønsker at lave ting på.
- at afprøve ting.
05:07
Now this, we make lots and lots of pumps.
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Vi laver mange, mange pumper.
05:10
Now this is a little pump
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Dette er en lille pumpe,
05:12
with which you could inflate a balloon.
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som kan blæse luft i en ballon.
Det er en rigtig pumpe.
05:14
It's a real pump. You could actually pop the balloon.
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Du kunne faktisk blæse ballonen op.
05:17
And we have a slogan
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Og vi har et slogan
05:19
that the best thing a child can do with a toy is to break it.
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- at det bedste et barn
kan gøre ved ting
er at skille det ad.
05:22
So all you do is --
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Så alt du skal gøre er
05:24
it's a very kind of provocative statement --
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- det et meget provokerende udsagn
05:26
this old bicycle tube and this old plastic [unclear]
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- denne gamle cykelslange og filmdåse
05:28
This filling cap will go very snugly into an old bicycle tube.
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Filmdåsen vil passe ind
i en gammel cykelslange.
05:31
And this is how you make a valve.
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Og dette er sådan du laver en ventil.
05:33
You put a little sticky tape.
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Du sætter lidt tape.
05:37
This is one-way traffic.
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Dette er en-vejs trafik.
05:41
Well we make lots and lots of pumps.
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Vi laver mange, mange pumper.
05:43
And this is the other one --
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Og dette er en anden
05:45
that you just take a straw, and you just put a stick inside
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- du tager bare et sugerør,
og sætter en pind ind
05:47
and you make two half-cuts.
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og klipper du to halve snit.
05:49
Now this is what you do,
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Dette er - hvad du gør,
05:51
is you bend both these legs into a triangle,
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du bøjer begge disse ben i en trekant,
05:53
and you just wrap some tape around.
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og sætter du noget tape omkring.
05:55
And this is the pump.
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Og dette er pumpen.
05:57
And now, if you have this pump,
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Og hvis du har pumpen
06:00
it's like a great, great sprinkler.
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Det er ligesom en stor, stor sprinkler.
06:03
It's like a centrifuge.
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Det er ligesom en centrifuge.
06:05
If you spin something, it tends to fly out.
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Hvis du drejer den rundt -
flyver vandet ud
06:08
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
06:10
Well in terms of -- if you were in Andhra Pradesh,
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....Hvis du var i Andhra Pradesh,
06:12
you would make this with the palmyra leaf.
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ville du lave denne med blade.
06:14
Many of our folk toys
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Meget af vores folkelegetøj
06:16
have great science principles.
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har store videnskab principper.
06:18
If you spin-top something, it tends to fly out.
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Hvis du snurrer noget,
har det en tendens til at flyve ud.
06:20
If I do it with both hands, you can see this fun Mr. Flying Man.
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Hvis jeg gør det med begge hænder,
kan du se denne sjove Mr. Flying Man.
06:25
Right.
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Ik' !!!
06:29
This is a toy which is made from paper. It's amazing.
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Dette er et stykke legetøj,
der er lavet af papir.
06:32
There are four pictures.
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Det er forbløffende.
Der er fire billeder.
06:34
You see insects,
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Du ser insekter
frøer, slanger, ørne, sommerfugle,
06:36
you see frogs, snakes, eagles, butterflies,
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06:38
frogs, snakes, eagles.
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- frøer, slanger, ørne.
06:40
Here's a paper which you could [unclear] --
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Det er et papir, som man kan forvandle
06:42
designed by a mathematician at Harvard in 1928,
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- designet af en matematiker
06:44
Arthur Stone,
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på Harvard i 1928, - Arthur Stone,
06:46
documented by Martin Gardner in many of his many books.
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beskrevet af Martin Gardner
i mange bøger.
06:49
But this is great fun for children.
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Men det er rigtig sjovt for børn.
06:51
They all study about the food chain.
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De alle studerer om fødekæden.
06:53
The insects are eaten by the frogs; the frogs are eaten by the snakes;
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Insekter spist af frøer,
frøer spist af slanger,
06:55
the snakes are eaten by the eagles.
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slanger spist af ørne.
06:57
And this can be, if you had a whole photocopy paper --
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Og dette kan laves, hvis du havde
06:59
A4 size paper --
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et helt A4-papir.
07:01
you could be in a municipal school, you could be in a government school --
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- du kunne være i en byskole,
- i en offentlig skole
07:04
a paper, a scale and a pencil -- no glue, no scissors.
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- et papir, en lineal og en blyant
- ingen lim, ingen saks.
07:07
In three minutes, you just fold this up.
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På tre minutter kan du folde det.
07:10
And what you could use it for is just limited by your imagination.
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Og anvendelsen-
kun begrænset af din fantasi.
07:13
If you take a smaller paper, you make a smaller flexagon.
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Hvis du tager et mindre papir,
laver du en mindre flexagon.
07:16
With a bigger one, you make a bigger one.
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Med et større, du laver et større.
07:21
Now this is a pencil with a few slots over here.
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En blyant med nogle få snit her.
07:23
And you put a little fan here.
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En lille propel her.
07:25
And this is a hundred-year-old toy.
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et hundrede år gammelt legetøj
07:27
There have been six major research papers on this.
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Der har været seks store
forskningsartikler omkring dette.
07:30
There's some grooves over here, you can see.
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Der er nogle riller her, kan du se.
07:32
And if I take a reed -- if I rub this,
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Hvis jeg tager en lille pind - gnubber der
07:34
something very amazing happens.
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- sker der noget meget fantastisk
07:36
Six major research papers on this.
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Seks store forskningsartikler
er lavet om dette.
07:38
As a matter of fact, Feynman, as a child, was very fascinated by this.
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Richard Feynman -
var som barn fascineret af dette.
07:40
He wrote a paper on this.
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Han skrev et "paper" om det.
07:42
And you don't need the three billion-dollar Hadron Collider
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Der er ikke brug for én tre
milliarder dollar Hadron Collider
07:44
for doing this. (Laughter) (Applause)
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for at gøre dette. (Latter - bifald)
07:46
This is there for every child,
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-alle børn kan gøre det!
07:48
and every child can enjoy this.
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07:50
If you want to put a colored disk,
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Hvis du sætter en farvet skive,
07:53
well all these seven colors coalesce.
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vil syv farver smelte sammen.
07:55
And this is what Newton talked about 400 years back,
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Og det var hvad Newton talte om,
for 400 år siden,
07:58
that white light's made of seven colors,
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at hvidt lys er lavet af syv farver,
08:00
just by spinning this around.
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blot ved at snurre skiven rundt.
08:02
This is a straw.
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Dette er et sugerør.
08:05
What we've done, we've just sealed both the ends with tape,
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Hvad jeg har gjort,
er at forsegle begge ender ,
med tape
08:08
nipped the right corner and the bottom left corner,
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nappe det højre hjørne
og nederste venstre hjørne,
08:10
so there's holes in the opposite corners, there's a little hole over here.
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så der er huller i de modsatte hjørner.
Her er et lille hul.
08:13
This is a kind of a blowing straw.
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En slags for en blæserør.
08:15
I just put this inside this.
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Jeg sætter dette ind her.
08:17
There's a hole here, and I shut this.
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Der er et hul her
og jeg lukker dette.
08:25
And this costs very little money to make --
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Det koster få penge at lave
08:27
great fun for children to do.
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- rigtigt sjovt for børn.
08:29
What we do
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Hvad vi gør!
08:31
is make a very simple electric motor.
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en meget enkel -
elektrisk motor.
08:33
Now this is the simplest motor on Earth.
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Det er mest enkle motor i verden.
08:37
The most expensive thing is the battery inside this.
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Den dyreste ting er batteriet.
08:40
If you have a battery, it costs five cents to make it.
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Hvis du har et batteri,
koster fem cent at lave.
08:43
This is an old bicycle tube,
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En gammel cykelslange,
08:45
which gives you a broad rubber band, two safety pins.
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som giver en bred elastik,
to sikkerhedsnåle.
08:47
This is a permanent magnet.
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En permanent magnet.
Når strømmen løber
08:49
Whenever current flows through the coil, this becomes an electromagnet.
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gennem spolen
bliver det en elektromagnet.
08:52
It's the interaction of both these magnets
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Samspillet mellem de to magneter,
08:54
which makes this motor spin.
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der får motoren til at spinne.
08:56
We made 30,000.
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Vi har lavet 30.000.
08:58
Teachers who have been teaching science for donkey years,
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Lærere, der har undervist videnskab
"for donkey” år,
09:01
they just muck up the definition and they spit it out.
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de sætter definitionen
og de spytte det ud.
09:04
When teachers make it, children make it.
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Når lærerne gør det, gør børn det.
09:06
You can see a gleam in their eye.
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Du kan se et glimt i deres øje.
09:08
They get a thrill
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De får et gys af,
09:11
of what science is all about.
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hvad videnskaben handler om
09:13
And this science is not a rich man's game.
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Videnskab er ikke en rig mands leg.
09:15
In a democratic country,
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I et demokratisk land,
09:17
science must reach to our most oppressed,
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skal videnskaben nå
vores mest undertrykte,
09:20
to the most marginalized children.
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til de mest udsatte børn.
09:22
This program started with 16 schools
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Dette program startede med 16 skoler
09:25
and spread to 1,500 government schools.
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og bredte sig til 1.500 statslige skoler.
09:28
Over 100,000 children learn science this way.
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Over 100.000 børn lærer videnskaben
på denne måde.
09:32
And we're just trying to see possibilities.
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Og vi prøver bare at se muligheder.
09:34
Look, this is the tetrapak --
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Se, det er en Tetrapak
09:36
awful materials from the point of view of the environment.
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- et forfærdeligt materiale
fra et miljø vinkel
09:39
There are six layers -- three layers of plastic, aluminum --
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Der er seks lag -
tre lag af plast, aluminium
09:42
which are are sealed together.
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- som er forseglet sammen
09:44
They are fused together, so you can't separate them.
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De er limet sammen,
så du kan ikke skille dem.
09:46
Now you can just make a little network like this
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Du lave et lille netværk
09:48
and fold them and stick them together
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og folde dem og sætte dem sammen
09:50
and make an icosahedron.
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og lave en ikosaeder.
09:52
So something which is trash,
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Så noget - som er affald,
09:54
which is choking all the seabirds,
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kan kvæle alle havfugle,
09:57
you could just recycle this into a very, very joyous --
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Du kan genbruge og skabe glæde
10:00
all the platonic solids can be made with things like this.
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Alle platoniske legemer,
kan laves med ting som dette.
10:03
This is a little straw,
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Dette er et lille sugerør
10:06
and what you do is you just nip two corners here,
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du klipper to hjørner
10:10
and this becomes like a baby crocodile's mouth.
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og det bliver som en
“baby krokodille mund”.
10:14
You put this in your mouth, and you blow.
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Put den i munden og blæs.
10:16
(Honk)
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(Honk)
10:18
It's children's delight, a teacher's envy, as they say.
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Det er børnenes glæde,
- en lærers misundelse...
10:22
You're not able to see how the sound is produced,
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Man er ikke i stand til at se
hvordan lyden kommer,
10:24
because the thing which is vibrating goes inside my mouth.
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det der vibrerer,
er inde i min mund.
10:27
I'm going to keep this outside, to blow out. I'm going to suck in air.
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Jeg holder dette ude,
til at blæse ud.
Jeg vil suge luft ind.
10:30
(Honk)
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(Honk)
10:32
So no one actually needs to muck up the production of sound
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Så ingen tvivl om produktion af lyd
10:35
with wire vibrations.
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kræver vibrationer.
10:37
The other is that you keep blowing at it,
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For det andet kan man
blive ved at blæse
10:39
keep making the sound,
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og holde lyden,
10:41
and you keep cutting it.
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og så klipper man.
10:43
And something very, very nice happens.
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Noget meget, meget fint sker
10:45
(Honk)
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(Honk)
10:57
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
11:00
And when you get a very small one --
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En til sidst meget lille én -
11:02
(Honk)
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(Honk)
11:05
This is what the kids teach you. You can also do this.
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Det er, hvad børnene lærer dig.
Du kan også gøre dette.
11:08
Well before I go any further,
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Før jeg går videre,
11:10
this is something worth sharing.
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det her er værd at vil dele
11:12
This is a touching slate meant for blind children.
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Det er en “tavle” beregnet til blinde børn.
11:14
This is strips of Velcro, this is my drawing slate,
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Dette er strimler af velcro,
det er min tegnetavle.
11:17
and this is my drawing pen,
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Dette er min tegnepen,
11:19
which is basically a film box.
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- som er en filmdåse.
11:21
It's basically like a fisherman's line,
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Det er dybest set en fiskerline,
11:25
a fishing line.
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en fiskesnøre.
11:27
And this is wool over here.
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Og det er uld her.
11:29
If I crank the handle, all the wool goes inside.
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Hvis jeg drejer håndtaget,
trækker jeg ulden ind.
11:32
And what a blind child can do is to just draw this.
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Og hvad et blindt barn kan gøre
- er bare at “tegne”.
11:36
Wool sticks on Velcro.
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Ulden fæstner på velcro.
11:40
There are 12 million blind children in our country --
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Der er 12 millioner blinde børn
11:43
(Applause)
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i vores land.
(Bifald)
11:45
who live in a world of darkness.
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- der lever i en verden af mørke.
11:47
And this has come as a great boon to them.
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Det er kommet, som en stor
velsignelse for dem.
11:50
There's a factory out there making our children blind,
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Der er en fabrik derude
der gør vores børn blinde,
11:53
not able to provide them with food,
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De er ikke i stand til
at forsyne dem med mad,
11:55
not able to provide them with vitamin A.
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ikke i stand til at
forsyne dem med vitamin A.
11:57
But this has come as a great boon for them.
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Men dette er kommet blevet en stor glæde for dem.
11:59
There are no patents. Anyone can make it.
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Der er ingen patenter. Alle kan gøre det.
12:03
This is very, very simple.
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Dette er meget, meget enkel.
12:05
You can see, this is the generator. It's a crank generator.
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Man kan se, det er en generator.
Det er en hånd generator.
12:08
These are two magnets.
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Det er to magneter.
12:10
This is a large pulley made by sandwiching rubber between two old CDs.
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Dette er en stor remskive
med gummi mellem to gamle cd'er.
12:13
Small pulley and two strong magnets.
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Lille remskive og to stærke magneter.
12:15
And this fiber turns a wire attached to an LED.
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Dette bånd drejer en tråd til en LED.
12:18
If I spin this pulley, the small one's going to spin much faster.
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Hvis jeg drejer skiven,
vil den lille spinde meget hurtigere.
12:20
There will be a spinning magnetic field.
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Der vil være et spundet
12:22
Lines, of course, would be cut, the force will be generated.
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magnetisk felt.
Kraften vil blive genereret.
12:25
And you can see, this LED is going to glow.
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Man kan se, at LED lampen vil lyse.
12:27
So this is a small crank generator.
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Så det er en lille håndgenerator.
12:31
Well, this is, again,
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Nå, igen!
12:34
it's just a ring, a steel ring with steel nuts.
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Det er bare en ring,
en stål ring - med møtrikker.
12:37
And what you can do
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Det man kan gøre,
12:39
is just, if you give it a twirl,
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at få dem til at snurre,
12:42
well they just keep going on.
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- og de vil bare blive ved.
12:48
And imagine a bunch of kids
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Forestille dig en flok børn
12:50
standing in a circle
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som står i en cirkel
12:52
and just waiting for the steel ring to be passed on.
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og venter på at stålringen
bliver givet videre.
12:54
And they'd be absolutely joyous playing with this.
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De vil absolut være glade
for at lege med den.
12:59
Well in the end, what we can also do:
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Godt til sidst!
Hvad vi også kunne lave:
13:01
we use a lot of old newspapers
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Vi bruger mange gamle aviser
13:04
to make caps.
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til at lave hatte.
13:06
This is worthy of Sachin Tendulkar.
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Dette er værdige
Sachin Tendulkar. (indisk cricketspiller)
13:08
It's a great cricket cap. (Laughter) (Applause)
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Det er en stor cricket cap.
(Latter) (Bifald)
13:11
When first you see Nehru and Gandhi,
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Først ser du Nehru og Gandhi,
13:13
this is the Nehru cap -- just half a newspaper.
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er dette en Nehru cap - bare en halv avis.
13:16
We make lots of toys with newspapers,
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Vi laver masser af legetøj med aviser,
13:18
and this is one of them.
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og dette er en af dem.
13:20
And this is -- you can see --
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Og det er - kan du se
13:22
this is a flapping bird.
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- en flagrende fugl
13:25
All of our old newspapers, we cut them into little squares.
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Af vores gamle aviser,
skær vi små firkanter.
13:28
And if you have one of these birds --
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Og hvis man har en af disse fugle
13:30
children in Japan have been making this bird for many, many years.
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- børn i Japan
har lavet denne fugl i mange, mange år.
13:35
And you can see,
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Og du kan se,
13:37
this is a little fantail bird.
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det er en viftehalet fugl.
13:41
Well in the end, I'll just end with a story.
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Godt som afrunding,
vil jeg slutte med en historie.
13:44
This is called "The Captain's Hat Story."
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Den hedder: "The Captain Hat Story."
13:46
The captain was a captain of a sea-going ship.
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Kaptajnen var en kaptajn
på et søgående skib.
13:48
It goes very slowly.
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Det går meget langsomt.
13:50
And there were lots of passengers on the ship,
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Der var mange passagerer på skibet,
13:52
and they were getting bored, so the captain invited them on the deck.
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de kedede sig,
kaptajnen inviterede dem op
på dækket
13:54
"Wear all your colorful clothes and sing and dance,
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"Tag farvestrålende tøj på
13:56
and I'll provide you with good food and drinks."
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og syng og dans"
"Jeg giver god mad og drikke."
13:58
And the captain would wear a cap everyday
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Kaptajnen ville bære en ny kasket
14:00
and join in the regalia.
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hver dag
deltage i regalier.
14:02
The first day, it was a huge umbrella cap,
333
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Den første dag, var det en stor
paraply hat,
14:04
like a captain's cap.
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som en kaptajns kasket.
14:06
That night, when the passengers would be sleeping,
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Om natten,
da passagererne skulle sove,
14:09
he would give it one more fold,
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ville han give den en fold mere,
14:11
and the second day, he would be wearing a fireman's cap --
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og den anden dag,
ville han være iført
14:13
with a little shoot just like a designer cap,
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en brandmands hjelm
- med en skygge ,
14:15
because it protects the spinal cord.
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som en designer kasket
fordi det beskytter nakken.
14:18
And the second night, he would take the same cap
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og den anden nat,
ville han tage den samme hat
14:20
and give it another fold.
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2000
og give den endnu en fold.
14:22
And the third day, it would be a Shikari cap --
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Og den tredje dag,
ville det være en Shikari cap
14:24
just like an adventurer's cap.
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- ligesom en eventyrer kasket.
14:27
And the third night, he would give it two more folds --
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Og den tredje nat,
ville han give endnu to folder
14:30
and this is a very, very famous cap.
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- og det er en meget, meget berømt cap.
14:32
If you've seen any of our Bollywood films,
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Hvis du har set nogen
af vores Bollywood film
14:34
this is what the policeman wears,
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- dette er hvad en politimand har på,
14:36
it's called a zapalu cap.
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det hedder en "Zapalu" hat.
14:38
It's been catapulted to international glory.
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Det er blevet internationalt kendt.
14:41
And we must not forget that he was the captain of the ship.
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Og vi må ikke glemme,
at han var kaptajn på skibet.
14:44
So that's a ship.
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Så det er et skib.
14:46
And now the end:
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Og mod slutningen
14:48
everyone was enjoying the journey very much.
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- nød alle turen meget.
14:50
They were singing and dancing.
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De sang og dansede.
14:52
Suddenly there was a storm and huge waves.
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Pludselig blev der en storm
og store bølger.
14:55
And all the ship can do is to dance and pitch along with the waves.
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Det eneste skibet kunne gøre,
var at danse og følge bølgerne.
14:58
A huge wave comes and slaps the front
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En enorm bølge kom
og slår mod stævnen og
15:00
and knocks it down.
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- river den af.
15:02
And another one comes and slaps the aft and knocks it down.
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Og en anden kommer
og rammer agterenden
og flår den af.
15:05
And there's a third one over here.
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Og en tredje her,
15:07
This swallows the bridge and knocks it down.
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den sluger broen og flår den.
15:09
And the ship sinks,
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Skibet synker,
15:11
and the captain has lost everything,
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og kaptajnen har mistet alt,
15:13
but for a life jacket.
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bortset fra en redningsvest.
15:16
Thank you so much.
365
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Mange tak!!!
15:18
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
tekstet af Peter Hersted
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Arvind Gupta - ToymakerScience educator Arvind Gupta uses simple toys to teach.
Why you should listen
Arvind Gupta is an Indian toy inventor and popularizer of science for kids. Creating simple toys out of trash and everyday goods, he illustrates principles of science and design in a memorably hands-on fashion. He works at the Children's Science Centre in Pune, India.
He's the author of numerous books available in English, Hindi and other Indian languages, including Little Toys, Amazing Activities, Science from Scrap, and Science Skills & Thrills: The Best of Arvind Gupta. His Low-Cost Equipment for Science and Technology Eduction is available as a PDF download through UNESCO. Many of his toy designs are explained in one-minute films >>
Arvind Gupta | Speaker | TED.com