ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Mark Pollock - Explorer, collaboration catalyst
Mark Pollock was the first blind person to race to the South Pole. Now he's exploring the intersection where humans and technology collide on a new expedition to cure paralysis in our lifetime.

Why you should listen

Unbroken by blindness in 1998, Mark Pollock went on to compete in ultra-endurance races across deserts, mountains and the polar ice caps and was the first blind person to race to the South Pole. He also won silver and bronze medals for rowing at the Commonwealth Games and set up a motivational speaking business.

In 2010, Pollock was left paralysed after falling from a third story window. He is now exploring the intersection where humans and technology collide and catalyzing collaborations that have never been done before. Through the Mark Pollock Trust, he's unlocking $1 billion to cure paralysis in our lifetime.

Selected by the World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader and appointed to the Global Futures Council on Human Enhancement, Pollock is a UBS Global Visionary, is on the Board of the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation and is a Wings for Life Ambassador. With his fiancée, Simone George, he is the subject of the acclaimed documentary called Unbreakable, and is a TED, Davos, World Economic Forum, InnoTown, F.ounders, EG and Wired speaker. In addition, Pollock is co-Founder of the global running series called Run in the Dark

Pollock has been awarded honorary doctorates by The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and from Queens University Belfast. He holds a diploma in Global Leadership and Public Policy for the 21st Century from Harvard University as well as degrees from Trinity College Dublin and The Smurfit Business School.

More profile about the speaker
Mark Pollock | Speaker | TED.com
Simone George - Human rights lawyer, activist
Driven by a belief in fairness, Simone George is a human rights lawyer and activist.

Why you should listen

In her human rights legal practice, Simone George represents women and, through them, their children, who are victims of controlling behavior, abuse or violence. Simone believes that the system isn't broken but built this way -- and that getting to justice requires advocates to be more courageous on behalf of those they represent.

Using a principle-based approach to her work, George co-authored the national study, "The lawlessness of the home," co-created an international summit in 2016 to cultivate the leadership required to the system and contributed to amendments to domestic violence legislation that is now a significant statement of legal, social and political justice in Ireland. George was also active in the campaigns for marriage equality and reproductive rights in Ireland. When the Pope came to Ireland in August 2018, George, together with a flying column of activists, created Stand For Truth, an alternative space to stand in solidarity with those abused by the church. 

Building on her legal training that began with law degrees from NUI Galway and a Master's from the College of Europe, Bruges, George went on to create public-private partnerships across Africa for BP Solar. Now, following years in big 5 and boutique law firms in Dublin, she practices as a consultant commercial litigator.

In 2010, George's partner, blind adventure athlete Mark Pollock, broke his back, and together the two learned how paralysis strikes at the very heart of what it means to be human. Her research, which began by Pollock's hospital bed, became the start of their next adventure -- to cure paralysis in our lifetime. She has been a catalyst for ground-breaking collaborations between scientists and robotics engineers working to cure paralysis and is the subject of award-winning feature documentary film, Unbreakable.

In addition, George is a director on the board of the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, sits on the Advisory Board of HerStory and holds a diploma in Global Leadership and Public Policy for the 21st Century from Harvard University.

More profile about the speaker
Simone George | Speaker | TED.com
TED2018

Mark Pollock and Simone George: A love letter to realism in a time of grief

Filmed:
1,768,841 views

When faced with life's toughest circumstances, how should we respond: as an optimist, a realist or something else? In an unforgettable talk, explorer Mark Pollock and human rights lawyer Simone George explore the tension between acceptance and hope in times of grief -- and share the groundbreaking work they're undertaking to cure paralysis.
- Explorer, collaboration catalyst
Mark Pollock was the first blind person to race to the South Pole. Now he's exploring the intersection where humans and technology collide on a new expedition to cure paralysis in our lifetime. Full bio - Human rights lawyer, activist
Driven by a belief in fairness, Simone George is a human rights lawyer and activist. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
Simone George: I met Mark
when he was just blind.
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I had returned home to live in Dublin
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after the odyssey that was my 20s,
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educating my interest in human rights
and equality in university,
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traveling the world,
like my nomad grandmother.
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And during a two-year stint
working in Madrid,
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dancing many nights
till morning in salsa clubs.
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When I met Mark, he asked me
to teach him to dance.
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And I did.
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They were wonderful times,
long nights talking,
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becoming friends
and eventually falling for each other.
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Mark had lost his sight when he was 22,
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and the man that I met eight years later
was rebuilding his identity,
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the cornerstone of which
was this incredible spirit
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that had taken him to the Gobi Desert,
where he ran six marathons in seven days.
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And to marathons at the North Pole,
and from Everest Base Camp.
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When I asked him what had led
to this high-octane life,
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he quoted Nietzsche:
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"He, who has a Why to live,
can bear with almost any How."
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He had come across the quote
in a really beautiful book
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called "Man's Search for Meaning,"
by Viktor Frankl,
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a neurologist and psychiatrist
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who survived years
in a Nazi concentration camp.
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Frankl used this Nietzsche quote
to explain to us
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that when we can no longer change
our circumstances,
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we are challenged to change ourselves.
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Mark Pollock: Eventually,
I did rebuild my identity,
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and the Why for me
was about competing again,
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because pursuing success
and risking failure
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was simply how I felt normal.
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And I finished the rebuild
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on the 10th anniversary
of losing my sight.
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I took part in a 43-day expedition race
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in the coldest, most remote,
most challenging place on earth.
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It was the first race to the South Pole
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since Shackleton, Scott and Amundsen
set foot in Antarctica, 100 years before.
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And putting the demons
of blindness behind me
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with every step towards the pole,
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it offered me a long-lasting
sense of contentment.
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As it turned out,
I would need that in reserve,
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because one year after my return,
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in, arguably, the safest place on earth,
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a bedroom at a friend's house,
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I fell from a third-story window
onto the concrete below.
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I don't know how it happened.
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I think I must have got up
to go to the bathroom.
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And because I'm blind,
I used to run my hand along the wall
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to find my way.
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That night, my hand found an open space
where the closed window should have been.
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And I cartwheeled out.
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My friends who found me
thought I was dead.
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When I got to hospital,
the doctors thought I was going to die,
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and when I realized
what was happening to me,
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I thought that dying might have been ...
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might have been the best outcome.
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And lying in intensive care,
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facing the prospect
of being blind and paralyzed,
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high on morphine, I was trying
to make sense of what was going on.
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And one night, lying flat on my back,
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I felt for my phone to write a blog,
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trying to explain how I should respond.
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It was called "Optimist, Realist
or Something Else?"
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and it drew on the experiences
of Admiral Stockdale,
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who was a POW in the Vietnam war.
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He was incarcerated, tortured,
for over seven years.
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His circumstances were bleak,
but he survived.
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The ones who didn't survive
were the optimists.
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They said, "We'll be out by Christmas,"
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and Christmas would come
and Christmas would go,
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and then it would be Christmas again,
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and when they didn't get out,
they became disappointed, demoralized
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and many of them died in their cells.
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Stockdale was a realist.
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He was inspired by the stoic philosophers,
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and he confronted the brutal
facts of his circumstances
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while maintaining a faith
that he would prevail in the end.
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And in that blog, I was trying to apply
his thinking as a realist
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to my increasingly bleak circumstances.
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During the many months
of heart infections and kidney infections
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after my fall, at the very
edge of survival,
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Simone and I faced
the fundamental question:
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How do you resolve the tension
between acceptance and hope?
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And it's that that we want
to explore with you now.
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05:35
SG: After I got the call,
I caught the first flight to England
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and arrived into the brightly lit
intensive care ward,
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where Mark was lying naked,
just under a sheet,
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connected to machines
that were monitoring if he would live.
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I said, "I'm here, Mark."
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And he cried tears he seemed
to have saved just for me.
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I wanted to gather him in my arms,
but I couldn't move him,
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and so I kissed him
the way you kiss a newborn baby,
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terrified of their fragility.
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06:10
Later that afternoon, when the bad news
had been laid out for us --
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fractured skull, bleeds on his brain,
a possible torn aorta
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and a spine broken in two places,
no movement or feeling below his waist --
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Mark said to me, "Come here.
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You need to get yourself
as far away from this as possible."
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As I tried to process what he was saying,
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I was thinking, "What the hell
is wrong with you?"
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(Laughter)
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"We can't do this now."
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So I asked him,
"Are you breaking up with me?"
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(Laughter)
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And he said, "Look, you signed up
for the blindness, but not this."
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And I answered,
"We don't even know what this is,
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but what I do know
is what I can't handle right now
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is a breakup while someone I love
is in intensive care."
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(Laughter)
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So I called on my negotiation skills
and suggested we make a deal.
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I said, "I will stay with you
as long as you need me,
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as long as your back needs me.
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And when you no longer need me,
then we talk about our relationship."
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Like a contract with the possibility
to renew in six months.
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07:28
(Laughter)
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He agreed and I stayed.
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In fact, I refused to go home
even to pack a bag, I slept by his bed,
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when he could eat, I made all his food,
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and we cried, one or other
or both of us together, every day.
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I made all the complicated decisions
with the doctors,
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I climbed right into that raging river
over rapids that was sweeping Mark along.
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And at the first bend in that river,
Mark's surgeon told us
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what movement and feeling
he doesn't get back in the first 12 weeks,
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he's unlikely to get back at all.
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So, sitting by his bed,
I began to research why,
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after this period they call spinal shock,
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there's no recovery, there's no therapy,
there's no cure, there's no hope.
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And the internet became this portal
to a magical other world.
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I emailed scientists,
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and they broke through paywalls
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and sent me their medical journal
and science journal articles directly.
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I read everything that "Superman" actor
Christopher Reeve had achieved,
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after a fall from a horse
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left him paralyzed from
the neck down and ventilated.
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Christopher had broken this 12-week spell;
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he had regained some movement and feeling
years after his accident.
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He dreamed of a world
of empty wheelchairs.
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And Christopher and the scientists
he worked with fueled us with hope.
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09:06
MP: You see, spinal cord injury
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strikes at the very heart
of what it means to be human.
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And it had turned me from my upright,
standing, running form,
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into a seated compromise of myself.
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And it's not just the lack
of feeling and movement.
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Paralysis also interferes
with the body's internal systems,
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which are designed to keep us alive.
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Multiple infections, nerve pain,
spasms, shortened life spans are common.
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And these are the things that exhaust
even the most determined
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of the 60 million people
around the world who are paralyzed.
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Over 16 months in hospital,
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Simone and I were presented
with the expert view
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that hoping for a cure had proven
to be psychologically damaging.
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It was like the formal medical system
was canceling hope
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in favor of acceptance alone.
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But canceling hope ran contrary
to everything that we believed in.
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Yes, up to this point in history,
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it had proven to be impossible
to find a cure for paralysis,
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but history is filled with the kinds
of the impossible made possible
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through human endeavor.
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The kind of human endeavor
that took explorers to the South Pole
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at the start of the last century.
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And the kind of human endeavor
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that will take adventurers to Mars
in the early part of this century.
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So we started asking,
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"Why can't that same human endeavor
cure paralysis in our lifetime?"
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SG: Well, we really believed that it can.
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My research taught us
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that we needed to remind
Mark's damaged and dormant spinal cord
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of its upright, standing, running form,
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and we found San Francisco-based
engineers at Ekso Bionics,
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who created this robotic exoskeleton
that would allow Mark to stand and walk
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in the lab that we started
to build in Dublin.
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Mark became the first person
to personally own an exo,
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and since then, he and the robot
have walked over one million steps.
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(Applause)
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It was bit of an early celebration,
because actually it wasn't enough,
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the robot was doing all of the work,
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so we needed to plug Mark in.
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So we connected
the San Francisco engineers
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with a true visionary in UCLA,
Dr. Reggie Edgerton,
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the most beautiful man
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and his team's life work had resulted
in a scientific breakthrough.
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Using electrical stimulation
of the spinal cord,
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a number of subjects
have been able to stand,
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and because of that,
regain some movement and feeling
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and most importantly,
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to regain some of the body's
internal functions
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that are designed to keep us alive
and to make that life a pleasure.
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Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord,
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we think, is the first meaningful
therapy ever for paralyzed people.
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Now, of course,
the San Francisco engineers
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and the scientists in UCLA
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knew about each other,
knew about each other's work.
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But as so often happens
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when we're busy creating
groundbreaking scientific research,
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they hadn't quite yet got together.
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That seemed to be our job now.
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So we created our first collaboration,
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and the moment when we combined
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the electrical stimulation
of Mark's spinal cord,
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as he walked in his robotic exoskeleton,
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was like that moment when Iron Man
plugs the mini arc reactor into his chest
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and suddenly he and his suit
become something else altogether.
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MP: Simone, my robot and I moved
into the lab at UCLA for three months.
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And every day, Reggie and his team
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put electrodes onto the skin
on my lower back,
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pushed electricity into my spinal cord
to excite my nervous system,
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as I walked in my exo.
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And for the first time
since I was paralyzed,
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I could feel my legs underneath me.
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Not normally --
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(Applause)
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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It wasn't a normal feeling,
but with the stimulator turned on,
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upright in my exo,
my legs felt substantial.
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I could feel the meat of my muscles
on the bones of my legs,
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and as I walked,
because of the stimulation,
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I was able to voluntarily move
my paralyzed legs.
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And as I did more,
the robot intelligently did less.
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My heart rate got a normal
running, training zone
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of 140 to 160 beats per minute,
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and my muscles, which had
almost entirely disappeared,
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started to come back.
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And during some standard testing
throughout the process,
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flat on my back,
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twelve weeks, six months
and three whole years
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after I fell out that window
and became paralyzed,
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the scientists turned the stimulator on
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and I pulled my knee to my chest.
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(Video) Man: OK, start,
go, go, go, go, go.
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Good, good, good.
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SG: Yeah, yeah, go on, Mark,
go on, go, go, go, go, go, wow!
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(Applause)
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(Laughter)
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SG: Well done!
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(Applause)
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MP: Do you know, this week,
I've been saying to Simone,
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if we could forget about the paralysis,
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14:50
you know, the last few years
have been incredibly exciting.
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14:53
(Laughter)
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14:56
Now, the problem is, we can't quite
forget about the paralysis just yet.
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15:01
And clearly, we're not finished,
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15:02
because when we left that pilot study
and went back to Dublin,
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15:05
I rolled home in my wheelchair
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15:07
and I'm still paralyzed
and I'm still blind
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15:10
and we're primarily focusing
on the paralysis at the moment,
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15:13
but being at this conference,
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we're kind of interested if anyone
does have a cure for blindness,
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15:17
we'll take that as well.
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15:19
(Laughter)
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(Applause)
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15:27
But if you remember
the blog that I mentioned,
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15:30
it posed a question
of how we should respond,
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15:33
optimist, realist or something else?
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15:36
And I think we have come to understand
that the optimists rely on hope alone
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15:40
and they risk being
disappointed and demoralized.
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15:44
The realists, on the other hand,
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15:48
they accept the brutal facts
and they keep hope alive, as well.
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15:54
The realists have managed to resolve
the tension between acceptance and hope
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15:59
by running them in parallel.
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16:02
And that's what Simone and I
have been trying to do
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16:04
over the last number of years.
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16:06
Look, I accept the wheelchair --
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16:08
I mean, it's almost impossible not to.
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16:11
And we're sad, sometimes,
for what we've lost.
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16:14
I accept that I, and other wheelchair
users, can and do live fulfilling lives,
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16:20
despite the nerve pain
and the spasms and the infections
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16:23
and the shortened life spans.
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16:25
And I accept that it is way more difficult
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16:28
for people who are paralyzed
from the neck down.
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16:30
For those who rely
on ventilators to breathe,
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16:33
and for those who don't have access
to adequate, free health care.
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So, that is why we also hope
for another life.
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A life where we have created a cure
through collaboration.
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16:48
A cure that we are actively working
to release from university labs
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16:53
around the world
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16:54
and share with everyone who needs it.
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16:59
SG: I met Mark when he was just blind.
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He asked me to teach him
to dance, and I did.
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17:08
One night, after dance classes,
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17:09
I turned to say goodnight
to him at his front door,
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17:12
and to his gorgeous guide dog, Larry.
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17:15
I realized, that in switching
all the lights off in the apartment
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17:19
before I left,
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17:20
that I was leaving him in the dark.
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17:23
I burst into uncontrollable tears
and tried to hide it, but he knew.
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17:30
And he hugged me and said,
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17:33
"Ah, poor Simone.
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17:35
You're back in 1998, when I went blind.
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17:39
Don't worry, it turns out OK in the end."
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17:44
Acceptance is knowing
that grief is a raging river.
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17:51
And you have to get into it.
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17:53
Because when you do,
it carries you to the next place.
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17:58
It eventually takes you to open land,
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18:00
somewhere where it will
turn out OK in the end.
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18:06
And it truly has been a love story,
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18:09
an expansive, abundant,
deeply satisfying kind of love
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18:15
for our fellow humans and everyone
in this act of creation.
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18:22
Science is love.
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Everyone we've met in this field
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just wants to get their work
from the bench and into people's lives.
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18:31
And it's our job to help them to do that.
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Because when we do,
we and everyone with us
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18:39
in this act of creation
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18:41
will be able to say,
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18:43
"We did it.
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18:45
And then we danced."
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18:49
(Video) (Music)
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SG: Thank you.
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18:58
(Applause)
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MP: Thank you.
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(Applause)
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19:13
Thank you.
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19:14
(Applause)
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6935

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Mark Pollock - Explorer, collaboration catalyst
Mark Pollock was the first blind person to race to the South Pole. Now he's exploring the intersection where humans and technology collide on a new expedition to cure paralysis in our lifetime.

Why you should listen

Unbroken by blindness in 1998, Mark Pollock went on to compete in ultra-endurance races across deserts, mountains and the polar ice caps and was the first blind person to race to the South Pole. He also won silver and bronze medals for rowing at the Commonwealth Games and set up a motivational speaking business.

In 2010, Pollock was left paralysed after falling from a third story window. He is now exploring the intersection where humans and technology collide and catalyzing collaborations that have never been done before. Through the Mark Pollock Trust, he's unlocking $1 billion to cure paralysis in our lifetime.

Selected by the World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader and appointed to the Global Futures Council on Human Enhancement, Pollock is a UBS Global Visionary, is on the Board of the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation and is a Wings for Life Ambassador. With his fiancée, Simone George, he is the subject of the acclaimed documentary called Unbreakable, and is a TED, Davos, World Economic Forum, InnoTown, F.ounders, EG and Wired speaker. In addition, Pollock is co-Founder of the global running series called Run in the Dark

Pollock has been awarded honorary doctorates by The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and from Queens University Belfast. He holds a diploma in Global Leadership and Public Policy for the 21st Century from Harvard University as well as degrees from Trinity College Dublin and The Smurfit Business School.

More profile about the speaker
Mark Pollock | Speaker | TED.com
Simone George - Human rights lawyer, activist
Driven by a belief in fairness, Simone George is a human rights lawyer and activist.

Why you should listen

In her human rights legal practice, Simone George represents women and, through them, their children, who are victims of controlling behavior, abuse or violence. Simone believes that the system isn't broken but built this way -- and that getting to justice requires advocates to be more courageous on behalf of those they represent.

Using a principle-based approach to her work, George co-authored the national study, "The lawlessness of the home," co-created an international summit in 2016 to cultivate the leadership required to the system and contributed to amendments to domestic violence legislation that is now a significant statement of legal, social and political justice in Ireland. George was also active in the campaigns for marriage equality and reproductive rights in Ireland. When the Pope came to Ireland in August 2018, George, together with a flying column of activists, created Stand For Truth, an alternative space to stand in solidarity with those abused by the church. 

Building on her legal training that began with law degrees from NUI Galway and a Master's from the College of Europe, Bruges, George went on to create public-private partnerships across Africa for BP Solar. Now, following years in big 5 and boutique law firms in Dublin, she practices as a consultant commercial litigator.

In 2010, George's partner, blind adventure athlete Mark Pollock, broke his back, and together the two learned how paralysis strikes at the very heart of what it means to be human. Her research, which began by Pollock's hospital bed, became the start of their next adventure -- to cure paralysis in our lifetime. She has been a catalyst for ground-breaking collaborations between scientists and robotics engineers working to cure paralysis and is the subject of award-winning feature documentary film, Unbreakable.

In addition, George is a director on the board of the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, sits on the Advisory Board of HerStory and holds a diploma in Global Leadership and Public Policy for the 21st Century from Harvard University.

More profile about the speaker
Simone George | Speaker | TED.com

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