José Bowen: Beethoven the businessman
José Bowen is an accomplished musician and teacher who explores how technology has shaped the history of music. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
que pensé para esta charla:
I thought of for this talk,
I am going to tell you the story,
y luego Uds. sacarán sus conclusiones.
for yourselves.
was that I would tell the story
literalmente, desde el principio:
literally from the beginning,
hasta la llegada del rock furioso.
the first 10,000 years just sailed by.
10 000 años pasaron volando.
if you want to make music,
si alguien quería hacer música,
instruments, those sorts of things.
luego instrumentos y demás.
we start to get a performing class,
empezó a haber clases de música,
who were really good at pounding rocks.
hábiles en el golpeteo de piedras.
we're still basically doing this.
haciendo básicamente lo mismo.
hacían actuaciones
for the most part,
generalmente muy caros,
complicated instruments,
in the 18th century,
música en el siglo XVIII,
you had to go to a civic event,
que hacía música en vivo.
making music live.
suponía una interacción social.
social interaction.
ni el iPhone, ni el tocadiscos.
there was no record player.
debía salir de su casa.
you had to get out of the house.
no music in your house.
dentro de las casas.
from the beginning,
desde el principio,
together, these two disruptions.
in the 18th century,
that you could mass-produce cheaply.
en masa, a bajo costo.
that's not too expensive,
a un instrumento que no era tan caro,
representó un gran cambio,
if the second disruption hadn't happened
de imprimir música a bajo costo.
how to do cheap music printing.
and the other kind of printing?
y el otro tipo de impresión?
de distribuir música escrita.
to distribute sheet music?
of the American Revolution,
de la Revolución norteamericana,
the first time this happened,
la primera gran innovación,
when, all of a sudden,
de pronto, dijimos:
I've got to go hear Mozart."
a Bach o a Mozart ".
to actually go hear Mozart.
a escuchar a Mozart de verdad.
you didn't download Mozart.
no se descargaba música de Mozart.
o al menos no era fácil ni económico.
at least not easily or cheaply.
in fact, there's a new market.
de una cosa y se dijo:
to actually go to London.
and mass-distributed,
distribuirse masivamente,
and everybody else will play my music."
y los demás tocarán mi música".
de la música para todos.
of music for everybody.
changes the global pyramid,
cambió la pirámide global,
of composers and performers --
de compositores e intérpretes.
para tocar en una boda,
you're starting to see a theme.
y ya lo estarán imaginando.
for music delivery;
de acceso a la música
player, the gramophone, the player piano.
el gramófono, la pianola.
partituras de Rachmaninoff,
Rachmaninoff sheet music,
había que ir a una sala de conciertos.
to the concert hall.
de Rachmaninoff o una pianola
de otro instrumento para grabar.
of recording device.
en la banda Doc Ross, de Texas,
you're Doc Ross in Texas,
market, you've got it nailed.
de las grandes bandas en Texas
there's this new thing called "radio."
este nuevo invento: la radio.
and Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman.
Duke Ellington y Benny Goodman.
has gone global,
digitales y Garage Band,
and digital files and Garage Band,
all over again.
about these two guys.
de estos dos personajes.
are entrepreneurs.
are software designers.
son diseñadores de software.
on that piece of hardware over there.
en esa pieza de hardware.
un aparato que puede usarse
if you have my piece of paper.
una partitura. ¿Suena bien?
does it sound good?
they weren't very useful.
no demasiado útiles.
son diseñadores de software.
are software designers.
they also both live at a time
que ambos viven en una época
is changing very quickly.
a gran velocidad.
old enough to remember,
la época de Windows,
back to Windows whatever,
and your love of Bill Gates,
que sentían por Bill Gates
software package came out,
música, usaba el piano que se ve arriba,
he had this instrument up on top,
tiene más pedales,
he doesn't have a piano that can do this.
no tenía un piano como este.
hacer lo siguiente...
un fabricante de pianos.
do you want to get that piano?
have to adopt your technology.
a adoptar esa tecnología.
your fastest, latest computer,
la computadora más rápida y nueva,
all the memory.
que usará toda la memoria.
Beethoven a new piano.
a Beethoven un piano nuevo.
he writes a piece that can do that.
escribir una pieza que pueda hacer eso.
Beethoven piano sonata,
para piano de Beethoven,
un piano de cinco octavas,
and you've got a five-octave piano
latest technology last year.
tecnología del año anterior,
piano sonata, and what happens?
de Beethoven, y ¿qué ocurría?
the same relationship with his audience
la misma relación con su audiencia
más inteligente que Bill Gates.
smarter than Bill Gates.
his new Érard piano,
su nuevo piano Érard,
concierto para piano,
and he and uses all those extra notes.
todas esas notas extra.
and gives the concert?
a dar un concierto?
en Viena con esas notas extra
he has in Vienna
on the piano. It's great.
tenían un instrumento tan moderno.
has one of these latest things.
sus sonatas para piano,
publishes piano sonatas
publicando sonatas para piano
about Beethoven -- basically wrong.
muy inteligente.
para el mercado popular,
for the popular market --
himself, but the piano sonatas --
sino las sonatas para piano,
que la gente tenía en su casa
in some part of Southern Italy,
disruptions in music technology?
tuvieron estos grandes cambios
los compositores y la gente?
and they really all worked the same way.
y todos funcionaron de la misma manera.
and the piano.
is: it redefines the product.
fue que se redefinió el producto.
that you can then take home.
se llevaba a la casa.
it becomes a digital file.
una división del trabajo.
tenía que ir a escucharlo;
you've got to go listen to Bach;
and we've got composers,
y había compositores,
la música como acabamos de ver.
manipulate music like you just saw.
Count Basie and Benny Goodman,
a Count Basie y a Benny Goodman,
with your local band as much anymore.
con la banda que le gustaba.
listen to Benny Goodman some more."
a Benny Goodman un poco más.
that you didn't use to hear.
que no solían escuchar.
we take away some social interaction.
se resentía la interacción social.
play Beethoven at home.
lo podía tocar en su casa.
podía comprar la partitura, ir a su casa,
the sheet music, you can go home,
that do the same thing.
para hacer lo mismo.
afectó las interacciones sociales.
of social interaction.
experience each time.
I can play it slower.
the experience now.
the marketplace gets bigger.
el mercado es más grande.
in those music stores goes up.
que se ofrecen en las tiendas de música.
you can't always tell what you want.
no es fácil saber lo que queremos.
How do you pick?
that's not on the list:
preocupaciones de Haydn y Chopin
to write fake Chopin
escribir un Chopin falso
comforted by the fact,
consolado con decir:
who buy fake Chopin
que compran un Chopin falso
a comprar un Chopin real"?
you know what he does?
inteligente, ¿saben qué hizo?
Francia, Alemania e Inglaterra
France, Germany and England
international copyright,
internacionales de autor,
published on the same day.
diferencias en cada país.
eran distintos a propósito,
are different on purpose,
to track who was a pirate.
that Sony thought of.
más opciones a más personas,
it makes it more global,
pero también facilita la piratería.
to have a marketing filter.
aplicar un filtro de marketing.
that's not always direct.
que no siempre es directa.
tan revolucionario como Internet",
of disruptions in music technology
cambios en la tecnología de la música
is the same as we see
en otros tipos de negocios.
a la publicación de libros,
because of these things called books.
por manejar esto que llamamos "libro".
novels without books.
en el negocio discográfico.
in the record business.
only because that was the technology
porque esa era la tecnología
como los de venta de gasolina o comida;
gas or buying food;
points all over the place.
de acceso por todo el lugar.
a different distribution system.
un sistema de distribución diferente.
about what we're selling.
en lo que estamos vendiendo.
interaction is not going to go away.
personal no va a desaparecer.
here, as we've demonstrated today,
como hemos demostrado hoy,
to know each other.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
José Bowen - Professor of musicJosé Bowen is an accomplished musician and teacher who explores how technology has shaped the history of music.
Why you should listen
In his over thirty-year career in music, José Bowen has appeared internationally with artists like Stan Getz, Dizzy Gillespie, and Bobby McFerrin, written over one hundred scholarly articles, and composed a Pulitzer Prize nominated symphony. He began teaching at Stanford University in 1982 before moving on to University of Southampton, Georgetown University, Miami University, and Southern Methodist University -- where he now resides as Dean of the Meadows School of the Arts, and Algur H. Meadows Chair and Professor of Music.
José Bowen | Speaker | TED.com