TED2007
David Gallo: Underwater astonishments
David Gallo tutvustab veealust imemaailma
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David Gallo näitab hämmastavat videot võrratutest ookeanisügavustes elutsevatest mereloomadest nagu värvust muutev tindikala, tundmatuseni maskeeruv kaheksajalg ja neoontulesid vilgutavad kalad, kelle kõrval kahvatuvad ka parimad ärikeskuste reklaamtulbad.
David Gallo - Oceanographer
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
We're going to go on a dive to the deep sea,
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Sukeldume nüüd meresügavikku.
00:21
and anyone that's had that lovely opportunity knows
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Igaüks, kel on õnn olnud seda teha, teab,
00:25
that for about two and half hours on the way down,
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et ligi kahe ja poole tunnise teekonna järel
00:27
it's a perfectly positively pitch-black world.
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jõuame me täielikku pigimusta maailma.
00:31
And we used to see the most mysterious animals out the window
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Ja me oleme näinud aknast kõige müstilisemaid loomi,
00:33
that you couldn't describe: these blinking lights --
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keda on võimalik kirjeldada: need vilkuvad tulukesed -
00:35
a world of bioluminescence, like fireflies.
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bioluminestsents nagu jaanimardikatel.
00:37
Dr. Edith Widder -- she's now at the Ocean Research and Conservation Association --
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Dr. Edith Widder - ta on nüüd Ookeani Uuringute ja Kaitse Organisatsioonis -
00:41
was able to come up with a camera
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sai kaasa võtta oma kaamera
00:43
that could capture some of these incredible animals,
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ning jäädvustada mõningaid neist võrratutest loomadest
00:46
and that's what you're seeing here on the screen.
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ja seda te näetegi siin ekraanil.
00:49
That's all bioluminescence. So, like I said: just like fireflies.
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See on bioluminestsents. Nagu ütlesin olevat jaanimardikatel.
00:51
There's a flying turkey under a tree. (Laughter)
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See on lendav kalkun puu all. (Naer)
00:54
I'm a geologist by training. But I love that.
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Ma olen hariduselt geoloog. Aga ma naudin seda.
01:01
And you see, some of the bioluminescence
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Nagu näete, kasutavad mõned bioluminestsentsi selleks,
01:03
they use to avoid being eaten,
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et neid nahka ei pistetaks,
01:04
some they use to attract prey,
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teised peibutavad sellega saaki,
01:06
but all of it, from an artistic point of view, is positively amazing.
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kuid kunstilisest seisukohast on see kõik lihtsalt vapustav.
01:10
And a lot of what goes on inside ...
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Siin toimub palju ...
01:12
there's a fish with glowing eyes, pulsating eyes.
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siin on helendavate, pulseeruvate silmadega kala.
01:14
Some of the colors are designed to hypnotize,
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Mõned värvid on mõeldud hüpnotiseerimiseks.
01:17
these lovely patterns. And then this last one,
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Kui võrratud mustrid. Ja see viimane,
01:21
one of my favorites, this pinwheel design.
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üks mu lemmikuid, sellel on tiiviku disain.
01:24
Just absolutely amazing, every single dive.
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See jätab hämmastava mulje igal sukeldumisel.
01:27
That's the unknown world, and today we've only explored about 3 percent
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See on avastamata maailm ja praeguseks oleme uurinud vaid
01:30
of what's out there in the ocean.
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3% ookeanisügavustest.
01:32
Already we've found the world's highest mountains,
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Me oleme juba avastanud maailma kõrgeimaid mägesid,
01:34
the world's deepest valleys,
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sügavaimaid orge,
01:37
underwater lakes, underwater waterfalls --
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veealuseid järvi, veealused koski -
01:39
a lot of that we shared with you from the stage.
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ja veel palju muud, mida me siin laval oleme näidanud.
01:41
And in a place where we thought no life at all,
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Ja paigas, kus me ei arvanud mingit elu olevat,
01:44
we find more life, we think, and diversity and density
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leidsime, et seda on seal rohkem, mitmekesisemalt ja tihedamalt
01:46
than the tropical rainforest, which tells us that
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kui troopilises vihmametsas, mis näitas meile,
01:48
we don't know much about this planet at all.
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et me ei tea oma planeedist suurt midagi.
01:50
There's still 97 percent, and either that 97 percent is empty or just full of surprises.
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Avastamata on veel 97 protsenti ja see on kas tühi või täis üllatusi.
01:55
But I want to jump up to shallow water now
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Kuid nüüd ma tahaksin üle tulla madalvette
01:57
and look at some creatures that are positively amazing.
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ja vaadata mõningaid hämmastavaid loomakesi.
02:00
Cephalopods -- head-foots. As a kid I knew them as calamari, mostly. (Laughter)
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Peajalgsed. Lapsena ma tundsin neid kalmaari nime all põhiliselt. (Naer)
02:05
This is an octopus --
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See on kaheksajalg -
02:07
this is the work of Dr. Roger Hanlon at the Marine Biological Lab --
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see on dr Roger Hanloni töö merebioloogia laborist -
02:09
and it's just fascinating how cephalopods can,
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see on nii huvitav, kuidas peajalgsed
02:13
with their incredible eyes, sense their surroundings,
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oma võrratute silmadega ümbrust tajuvad.
02:15
look at light, look at patterns.
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Milline valgus, millised mustrid.
02:17
Here's an octopus moving across the reef,
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Siin liigub kaheksajalg üle merepõhja,
02:20
finds a spot to settle down, curls up and then disappears into the background.
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leiab omale paiga, tõmbab ennast krussi ja sulandub keskkonda.
02:25
Tough thing to do.
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Pole lihtne.
02:27
In the next bit, we're going to see a couple squid.
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Järgmises lõigus me näeme kalmaari paari.
02:29
These are squid. Now males, when they fight,
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Need on kalmaarid. Kui isased võitlevad,
02:31
if they're really aggressive, they turn white.
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kui nad on agressiivsed, siis muutuvad nad valgeks.
02:32
And these two males are fighting,
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Siin kaks isast võitlevad,
02:34
they do it by bouncing their butts together,
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lüües tagaotsi vastamisi,
02:36
which is an interesting concept. Now, here's a male on the left
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mis on omapärane võte muidugi. Siin on aga isane vasakul
02:39
and a female on the right,
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ja emane paremal,
02:41
and the male has managed to split his coloration
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ja isane on vahetanud värvi,
02:44
so the female only always sees the kinder gentler squid in him.
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nii et emane näeks alati tema lahkemat, õrnemat poolt.
02:46
And the male ... (Laughter) We're going to see it again.
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Ja isane ... (Naer) Vaatame uuesti.
02:51
Let's take a look at it again. Watch the coloration:
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Vaatame seda uuesti. Jälgi värvust -
02:54
white on the right, brown on the left.
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valge paremalt poolt, pruun vasakult.
02:57
He takes a step back -- so he's keeping off the other males
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Ta liigub tagasi - nii hoiab ta teised isased eemal,
03:01
by splitting his body -- and comes up on the other side ...
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kui oma kehavärvi poolitab - ja tuleb teisele poole ...
03:04
Bingo! Now I'm told that's
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Bingo! Mulle on öeldud,
03:06
not just a squid phenomenon with males, but I don't know.
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et seda ei tee üksnes isased kalmaarid, aga ma ei tea.
03:08
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
03:11
Cuttlefish. I love cuttlefish. This is a Giant Australian Cuttlefish.
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Tindikala. Mulle meeldib tindikala. See on Austraalia hiidseepia.
03:14
And there he is, his droopy little eyes up here.
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Ja siin ta on, põrnitseb oma väikeste kurblike silmadega.
03:17
But they can do pretty amazing things, too.
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Aga nemadki võivad üpris hämmastavaid asju teha.
03:20
Here we're going to see one backing into a crevice, and
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Siin me näeme üht tagurdamas kaljulõhesse ja -
03:24
watch his tentacles --
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vaata ta kombitsaid -
03:26
he just pulls them in, makes them look just like algae.
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ta lihtsalt tõmbab need sisse ja moondab vetika sarnaseks.
03:29
Disappears right into the background.
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Sulandub täielikult keskkonda.
03:32
Positively amazing. Here's two males fighting.
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Tõeliselt hämmastav. Siin kaks isast võitlevad.
03:34
Once again, they're smart enough, these cephalopods;
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Ja jällegi on nad piisavalt taibukad, need peajalgsed;
03:37
they know not to hurt each other.
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nad teavad, kuidas hoiduda teist vigastamast.
03:39
But look at the patterns that they can do with their skin.
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Aga vaata, milliseid mustreid nad oma nahal moodustavad.
03:42
That's an amazing thing.
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See on hämmastav.
03:44
Here's an octopus. Sometimes they don't want to be seen when they move
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Siin on kaheksajalg. Mõnikord tahavad nad jääda liikudes märkamatuks,
03:47
because predators can see them.
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et kiskja teda ei märkaks.
03:49
Here, this guy actually can make himself look like a rock,
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See sell siin aga suudab ennast moondada kivitüki sarnaseks
03:51
and, looking at his environment,
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ning, jälgides ümbruskonda,
03:54
can actually slide across the bottom,
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võib libiseda üle ookeanipõhja,
03:56
using the waves and the shadows so he can't be seen.
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kasutades laineid ja varjusid, et teda ei nähtaks.
03:59
His motion blends right into the background --
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Tema liikumine sulandub keskkonda -
04:04
the moving rock trick. So, we're learning lots new from the shallow water.
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liikuva kivi trikk. Nii et me võime madalvee kohta palju uut õppida.
04:09
Still exploring the deep,
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Uurime küll sügavusi,
04:11
but learning lots from the shallow water.
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aga saame teada palju madalvee kohta.
04:12
There's a good reason why: the shallow water's
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Selleks on hea põhjus - madalvesi on
04:14
full of predators -- here's a barracuda --
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täis röövloomi - siin on barrakuuda -
04:16
and if you're an octopus or a cephalopod,
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ja kui sa oled kaheksajalg või peajalgne,
04:18
you need to really understand how to use your surroundings to hide.
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on sul tõesti vaja mõista, kuidas end oma keskkonnas peita.
04:21
In the next scene, you're going to see a nice coral bottom.
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Järgmises kaadris näed sa ilusat korallpõhja.
04:23
And you see that an octopus would stand out
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Ja vaata, kui ilusasti kaheksajalg sealt välja paistaks,
04:25
very easily there if you couldn't use your camouflage,
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kui ta ei saaks kasutada oma värvimaskeeringut,
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use your skin to change color and texture.
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muuta oma naha värvi ja tekstuuri.
04:30
Here's some algae in the foreground ...
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Siin esiplaanil on mõned vetikad...
04:34
and an octopus. Ain't that amazing? Now, Roger spooked him
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ja kaheksajalg. Kas pole võrratu? Nüüd Roger kõnetas teda,
04:41
so he took off in a cloud of ink, and when he
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ta põgenes tindipilves ja kui ta peatus,
04:44
lands the octopus says, "Oh, I've been seen.
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mõtles kaheksajalg: "Oh, mind märgati. Parim,
04:47
The best thing to do is to get as big as I can get."
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mis ma teha saan, on muuta end nii suureks kui võimalik."
04:49
That big brown makes his eyespot very big.
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See pruun värv muudab ta silmakoha väga suureks.
04:52
So, he's bluffing. Let's do it backwards --
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Nii, et ta bluffib. Vaatame seda tagurpidi -
04:54
I thought he was joking when he first showed it to me.
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Ma mõtlesin, et ta teeb nalja, kui seda esimest korda nägin.
04:56
I thought it was all graphics -- so here it is in reverse.
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Ma arvasin, et see on joonistatud - siin on see tagurpidi.
04:58
Watch the skin color; watch the skin texture.
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Vaata ta nahavärvi, vaata naha tekstuuri.
05:01
Just an amazing animal, it can change color and texture
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Lihtsalt hämmastav loom, suudab muuta nii värvi kui tekstuuri,
05:04
to match the surroundings. Watch him blend right into this algae.
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et keskkonda sulanduda. Vaata, kuidas ta selle vetikaga ühte sulab.
05:08
One, two, three. (Applause)
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Üks, kaks, kolm. (Aplaus)
05:13
And now he's gone, and so am I. Thank you very much.
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Ja ta ongi läinud. Ja sama teen mina. Aitäh teile!
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gallo - OceanographerA pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land.
Why you should listen
David Gallo works to push the bounds of oceanic discovery. Active in undersea exploration (sometimes in partnership with legendary Titanic-hunter Robert Ballard), he was one of the first oceanographers to use a combination of manned submersibles and robots to map the ocean world with unprecedented clarity and detail. He was a co-expedition leader during an exploration of the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck, using Russian Mir subs.
On behalf of the Woods Hole labs, he appears around the country speaking on ocean and water issues. Most recently he co-led an expedition to create the first detailed and comprehensive map of the RMS Titanic and he co-led the successful international effort to locate the wreck site of Air France flight 447. He is involved in planning an international Antarctic expedition to locate and document the wreckage of Ernest Shackleton’s ship, HMS Endurance.
David Gallo | Speaker | TED.com