TED2007
David Gallo: Underwater astonishments
David Gallo 揭露海底惊奇
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David Gallo 向我们展示了关于海洋生物的惊人的及让人目瞪口呆的电影片段。这其中包括了会变色的鱿鱼、章鱼的完美伪装术以及居住在漆黑深海中但能像时代广场的霓虹灯一般闪烁的鱼。
David Gallo - Oceanographer
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
We're going to go on a dive to the deep sea,
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好了，我们即将潜入海底深处。
00:21
and anyone that's had that lovely opportunity knows
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任何一个有过这种美妙机会的人都知道
00:25
that for about two and half hours on the way down,
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在这两个半小时的下降过程中，
00:27
it's a perfectly positively pitch-black world.
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是一个完全漆黑的世界。
00:31
And we used to see the most mysterious animals out the window
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我们透过窗户会看见世界上各种最神秘的动物，
00:33
that you couldn't describe: these blinking lights --
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各种无法形容的动物。这些闪亮着的光，
00:35
a world of bioluminescence, like fireflies.
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完美地构成了如萤火虫般发光的世界。
00:37
Dr. Edith Widder -- she's now at the Ocean Research and Conservation Association --
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研究保护协会的Edith Witter博士
00:41
was able to come up with a camera
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发明了一种照相机，
00:43
that could capture some of these incredible animals,
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这种照相机可以拍下这些令人难以置信的生物。
00:46
and that's what you're seeing here on the screen.
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这就是你现在在屏幕上看到的。
00:49
That's all bioluminescence. So, like I said: just like fireflies.
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他们全部都是生物发光体。像我说的，就像萤火虫一样。
00:51
There's a flying turkey under a tree. (Laughter)
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这是个会飞的火鸡，在树下。（笑声）
00:54
I'm a geologist by training. But I love that.
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我知道我现在像是个实习期的地质学家，不过我就是喜欢。
01:01
And you see, some of the bioluminescence
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你可以看到这些生物发出的光，
01:03
they use to avoid being eaten,
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有些是为了避免被吃掉。
01:04
some they use to attract prey,
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有些又是为引诱食物上钩。
01:06
but all of it, from an artistic point of view, is positively amazing.
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尽管如此，用艺术的角度来看，这些都如此神奇。
01:10
And a lot of what goes on inside ...
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再来看看这里发生了些什么——
01:12
there's a fish with glowing eyes, pulsating eyes.
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这条鱼有着会发光，闪烁的眼睛。
01:14
Some of the colors are designed to hypnotize,
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有些颜色则可以催眠。
01:17
these lovely patterns. And then this last one,
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多么有趣的图案。这是最后一个：
01:21
one of my favorites, this pinwheel design.
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也是我的最爱，像转轮一样的设计。
01:24
Just absolutely amazing, every single dive.
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每一次潜水都充满着惊喜。
01:27
That's the unknown world, and today we've only explored about 3 percent
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这正是一个未知的世界。到今天为止，我们只探索了其中的极小部分，
01:30
of what's out there in the ocean.
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大约只占了所有海洋的3%。
01:32
Already we've found the world's highest mountains,
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到现在，我们已经发现了世界上最高的山峰，
01:34
the world's deepest valleys,
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最深的峡谷，
01:37
underwater lakes, underwater waterfalls --
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水下湖，水下瀑布，
01:39
a lot of that we shared with you from the stage.
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还有我们刚才看到的。
01:41
And in a place where we thought no life at all,
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然而，恰是我们曾经以为根本不可能有生命的地方，
01:44
we find more life, we think, and diversity and density
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我们发现了众多的生物，还有它们的密度和多样性，
01:46
than the tropical rainforest, which tells us that
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都超过了热带雨林。这告诉我们
01:48
we don't know much about this planet at all.
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我们实际上对自己的星球还不甚了解。
01:50
There's still 97 percent, and either that 97 percent is empty or just full of surprises.
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还有剩下的97%，那里要不就是一片荒芜，要不就是充满惊喜。
01:55
But I want to jump up to shallow water now
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不过我现在还是想说说浅水里的世界，
01:57
and look at some creatures that are positively amazing.
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来看看那些神奇的生物。
02:00
Cephalopods -- head-foots. As a kid I knew them as calamari, mostly. (Laughter)
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头足类动物，有头有角。小时候我把他们当作是枪乌贼。
02:05
This is an octopus --
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这是一条章鱼。
02:07
this is the work of Dr. Roger Hanlon at the Marine Biological Lab --
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这是来自Roger Hanlon博士，海洋生物实验室的成果。
02:09
and it's just fascinating how cephalopods can,
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这些头足类动物真令人着迷，
02:13
with their incredible eyes, sense their surroundings,
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它用它们的眼睛，它们那难以置信的眼睛来观察周围的环境，
02:15
look at light, look at patterns.
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看光，看图案。
02:17
Here's an octopus moving across the reef,
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这有只章鱼正在穿过礁石。
02:20
finds a spot to settle down, curls up and then disappears into the background.
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找到一个位置，停下来，卷起，然后马上消失在背景之中。
02:25
Tough thing to do.
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这很难做到。
02:27
In the next bit, we're going to see a couple squid.
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接下来，再来一起看一对鱿鱼。
02:29
These are squid. Now males, when they fight,
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这就是鱿鱼。当雄性鱿鱼搏斗时，
02:31
if they're really aggressive, they turn white.
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如果它们想要显示出自己的侵略性，它们就变为白色了。
02:32
And these two males are fighting,
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这有两条雄鱿鱼在搏斗。
02:34
they do it by bouncing their butts together,
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它们用撞屁股的方式来搏斗，
02:36
which is an interesting concept. Now, here's a male on the left
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真是挺有意思的方法。这里有一条雄性在左边，
02:39
and a female on the right,
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雌性在右边。
02:41
and the male has managed to split his coloration
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看，这条雄性能有办法利用颜色把自己分为两半，
02:44
so the female only always sees the kinder gentler squid in him.
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所以雌性只能看到它温顺，优雅的一边，
02:46
And the male ... (Laughter) We're going to see it again.
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雄性-- （笑声）再来看一次。
02:51
Let's take a look at it again. Watch the coloration:
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让我们再看一次。注意它的颜色：
02:54
white on the right, brown on the left.
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白色在右边，棕色在左边。
02:57
He takes a step back -- so he's keeping off the other males
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它后退一步，让其它的雄性无法靠近
03:01
by splitting his body -- and comes up on the other side ...
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来到另外一边，并且马上转换颜色。
03:04
Bingo! Now I'm told that's
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瞧！以前有人告诉我
03:06
not just a squid phenomenon with males, but I don't know.
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这个雄性特征不仅仅是在鱿鱼身上，不过我也不太确定。
03:08
(Laughter)
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（掌声）
03:11
Cuttlefish. I love cuttlefish. This is a Giant Australian Cuttlefish.
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墨鱼，我很喜欢墨鱼。这是一只巨型澳大利亚墨鱼。
03:14
And there he is, his droopy little eyes up here.
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看它，看它那双无精打采的眼睛。
03:17
But they can do pretty amazing things, too.
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不过它们能做很神奇的事。
03:20
Here we're going to see one backing into a crevice, and
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我们马上就能看到它退入到礁石的夹缝中去，
03:24
watch his tentacles --
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注意它的触角。
03:26
he just pulls them in, makes them look just like algae.
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它就这样把触角拉进来，使自己看起来像海藻一样。
03:29
Disappears right into the background.
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刹那就消失在背景中。
03:32
Positively amazing. Here's two males fighting.
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多神奇！这又是两只雄性在搏斗。
03:34
Once again, they're smart enough, these cephalopods;
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当然，这些头足类非常聪明，
03:37
they know not to hurt each other.
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他们知道如何不会伤害到对方。
03:39
But look at the patterns that they can do with their skin.
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不过看下它们能够利用皮肤来变换图案。怎么样？
03:42
That's an amazing thing.
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很神奇吧！
03:44
Here's an octopus. Sometimes they don't want to be seen when they move
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这是个章鱼。有时候，它们不想被别人发现它们在移动，
03:47
because predators can see them.
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因为那些食肉动物会发现它们。
03:49
Here, this guy actually can make himself look like a rock,
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看，这个家伙把自己弄的像石头一样，
03:51
and, looking at his environment,
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观察着它周围的环境，
03:54
can actually slide across the bottom,
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然后滑过水底，
03:56
using the waves and the shadows so he can't be seen.
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利用波纹和阴影来隐藏自己，从而不被发现。
03:59
His motion blends right into the background --
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就是这样，无声无息地融入环境之中。
04:04
the moving rock trick. So, we're learning lots new from the shallow water.
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这就是移动石头的手法。我们从浅海中学到了很多新东西。
04:09
Still exploring the deep,
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继续来探索下深海领域，
04:11
but learning lots from the shallow water.
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同时从浅海中学到很多新东西。
04:12
There's a good reason why: the shallow water's
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这有个原因来解释：在浅海里，
04:14
full of predators -- here's a barracuda --
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到处都是捕猎者。这是条梭鱼。
04:16
and if you're an octopus or a cephalopod,
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如果你是条章鱼或是头足类动物的话，
04:18
you need to really understand how to use your surroundings to hide.
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你确实需要知道怎么利用周围的环境来隐藏自己。
04:21
In the next scene, you're going to see a nice coral bottom.
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下个画面里，你可以看到一个美丽的珊瑚。
04:23
And you see that an octopus would stand out
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你会发现，一条章鱼
04:25
very easily there if you couldn't use your camouflage,
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如果不进行伪装，极易被发现。
04:28
use your skin to change color and texture.
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伪装是改变你皮肤的颜色和纹理。
04:30
Here's some algae in the foreground ...
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前面这里有些海藻，
04:34
and an octopus. Ain't that amazing? Now, Roger spooked him
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还有一条章鱼。难道不神奇么？不过现在，显然Roger（摄影师）吓到了它，
04:41
so he took off in a cloud of ink, and when he
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它马上释放烟雾弹——墨水来掩护逃脱。
04:44
lands the octopus says, "Oh, I've been seen.
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当它停下来，会想，“啊，我被发现了，
04:47
The best thing to do is to get as big as I can get."
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那我最好变到最大来保护下自己。
04:49
That big brown makes his eyespot very big.
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那片棕色让它的眼睛看起来十分大。
04:52
So, he's bluffing. Let's do it backwards --
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它在唬人。让我们看一次倒放。
04:54
I thought he was joking when he first showed it to me.
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我第一次看到的时候还以为他在开玩笑呢。
04:56
I thought it was all graphics -- so here it is in reverse.
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我以为是电脑特效。让我们看看倒放。
04:58
Watch the skin color; watch the skin texture.
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注意看它皮肤的颜色，以及皮肤的纹理。
05:01
Just an amazing animal, it can change color and texture
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多么神奇的动物，可以改变自己的颜色和质地
05:04
to match the surroundings. Watch him blend right into this algae.
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来变得和背景一样。看它消失在海藻中。
05:08
One, two, three. (Applause)
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一，二，三。
05:13
And now he's gone, and so am I. Thank you very much.
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它不见了，我也该下去了。谢谢大家！
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gallo - OceanographerA pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land.
Why you should listen
David Gallo works to push the bounds of oceanic discovery. Active in undersea exploration (sometimes in partnership with legendary Titanic-hunter Robert Ballard), he was one of the first oceanographers to use a combination of manned submersibles and robots to map the ocean world with unprecedented clarity and detail. He was a co-expedition leader during an exploration of the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck, using Russian Mir subs.
On behalf of the Woods Hole labs, he appears around the country speaking on ocean and water issues. Most recently he co-led an expedition to create the first detailed and comprehensive map of the RMS Titanic and he co-led the successful international effort to locate the wreck site of Air France flight 447. He is involved in planning an international Antarctic expedition to locate and document the wreckage of Ernest Shackleton’s ship, HMS Endurance.
David Gallo | Speaker | TED.com