TED2007
Erin McKean: The joy of lexicography
Erin McKean redefinira rječnik
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Je li omiljeni papirnati rječnik osuđen na izumiranje? U ovom zarazno živahnom govoru, vodeća leksikografinja Erin McKean sagledava mnoge načine na koje je današnji pisani rječnik spreman za transformaciju.
Erin McKean - Dictionary editor
As the co-founder of Reverb Technologies, the maker of the online dictionary Wordnik, Erin McKean is reshaping how we interact with language itself. Full bio
As the co-founder of Reverb Technologies, the maker of the online dictionary Wordnik, Erin McKean is reshaping how we interact with language itself. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
Now, have any of y'all ever looked up this word?
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Jel' itko od vas ikada potražio ovu riječ?
00:29
You know, in a dictionary? (Laughter) Yeah, that's what I thought.
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Znate, u rječniku? (Smijeh) Da, to sam mislila.
00:33
How about this word?
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Što kažete na ovu riječ?
00:35
Here, I'll show it to you.
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Ovdje, pokazat ću vam je:
00:36
Lexicography: the practice of compiling dictionaries.
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Leksikografija: postupak sastavljanja rječnika.
00:39
Notice -- we're very specific -- that word "compile."
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Primjetite -- vrlo smo specifični. Ta riječ „sastavljanje.“
00:42
The dictionary is not carved out of a piece of granite,
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Rječnik nije izrezbaren iz komada granita
00:45
out of a lump of rock. It's made up of lots of little bits.
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ili stijene. On je načinjen od mnogo malih dijelova.
00:48
It's little discrete --
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To su mali zasebni —
00:49
that's spelled D-I-S-C-R-E-T-E -- bits.
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piše se Z-A-S-E-B-N-I - dijelovi.
00:53
And those bits are words.
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I ti dijelovi su riječi.
00:55
Now one of the perks of being a lexicographer --
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Jedna od dobrih stvari kada si leksikograf je ta da --
00:59
besides getting to come to TED -- is that you get to say really fun words,
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osim što dođeš na TED -- počneš govoriti zaista smiješne riječi,
01:02
like lexicographical.
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kao „leksikografski.“
01:05
Lexicographical has this great pattern:
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„Leksikografski“ ima odličan uzorak -
01:07
it's called a double dactyl. And just by saying double dactyl,
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zvan dupli daktil. I samo govoreći „dupli daktil“,
01:09
I've sent the geek needle all the way into the red. (Laughter) (Applause)
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napravila sam nepriliku nekome željnom znanja.
01:12
But "lexicographical" is the same pattern as "higgledy-piggledy."
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„Leksikografski“ ima isti uzorak kao „higgledy-piggledy (svinjac).“
01:16
Right? It's a fun word to say,
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Nije li tako? To je smiješna riječ za reći,
01:18
and I get to say it a lot.
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i ja ju često govorim.
01:21
Now, one of the non-perks of being a lexicographer
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Sada, jedna ne tako dobra stvar kada si leksikograf
01:24
is that people don't usually have a kind of warm, fuzzy, snuggly image of the dictionary.
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je ta da ljudi često nemaju toplu, ugodnu, mekanu sliku rječnika.
01:29
Right? Nobody hugs their dictionaries.
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Točno? Nitko ne grli svoje rječnike.
01:32
But what people really often think about the dictionary is, they think more like this.
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Što ljudi često misle o rječnicima je to da oni misle ovako.
01:39
Just to let you know, I do not have a lexicographical whistle.
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Samo da znate, nemam leksikografsku zviždaljku.
01:42
But people think that my job is to let the good words
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Ljudi misle da je moj posao da pustim dobre riječi
01:44
make that difficult left-hand turn into the dictionary,
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u rječnik,
01:47
and keep the bad words out.
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a da loše ostavim vani.
01:49
But the thing is, I don't want to be a traffic cop.
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Stvar je u tome da ja ne želim biti prometni policajac.
01:52
For one thing, I just do not do uniforms.
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Kao prvo, ne volim uniforme.
01:56
And for another, deciding what words are good
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A kao drugo -- zaista nije lako odlučiti koje riječi su dobre,
02:00
and what words are bad is actually not very easy.
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a koje loše.
02:02
And it's not very fun. And when parts of your job are not easy or fun,
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K tome, to nije zabavno. I, kada dijelovi posla nisu lagani ili zabavni,
02:06
you kind of look for an excuse not to do them.
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uvijek tražiš ispriku da ih ne uradiš.
02:09
So if I had to think of some kind of occupation
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Kada bih morala smisliti naziv vrste zanimanja
02:14
as a metaphor for my work, I would much rather be a fisherman.
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kao metaforu za moj posao, rado bih bila ribar.
02:20
I want to throw my big net into the deep, blue ocean of English
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Želim baciti svoju veliku mrežu u oceansko plavetnilo engleskog jezika
02:23
and see what marvelous creatures I can drag up from the bottom.
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i vidjeti koja divna stvorenja mogu izvući sa dna.
02:27
But why do people want me to direct traffic, when I would much rather go fishing?
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Pa zašto bi ljudi onda htjeli da ja upravljam prometom, kad bih ja radije išla pecati?
02:32
Well, I blame the Queen.
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Za to krivim kraljicu.
02:34
Why do I blame the Queen?
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Zašto krivim kraljicu?
02:36
Well, first of all, I blame the Queen because it's funny.
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Pa, kao prvo, krivim kraljicu zato što je to zabavno,
02:38
But secondly, I blame the Queen because
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a kao drugo, krivim kraljicu zato što se
02:41
dictionaries have really not changed.
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rječnici stvarno nisu promijenili.
02:43
Our idea of what a dictionary is has not changed since her reign.
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Naša ideja o tome što rječnik je nije se promijenila od njezine vladavine.
02:45
The only thing that Queen Victoria would not be amused by in modern dictionaries
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Jedina stvar koja se kraljici Viktoriji ne bi svidjela u modernim rječnicima
02:51
is our inclusion of the F-word, which has happened
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je naše uključivanje riječi J*, koja se pojavljuje
02:54
in American dictionaries since 1965.
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u američkim rječnicima od 1965.
02:56
So, there's this guy, right? Victorian era.
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Tu je ovaj gospodin, u redu? Viktorijanska era.
02:59
James Murray, first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.
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James Murray, prvi urednik Oxford English rječnika.
03:01
I do not have that hat. I wish I had that hat.
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Nemam takav šešir. Da ga bar imam.
03:04
So he's really responsible for a lot of
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On je stvarno odgovoran za puno toga
03:08
what we consider modern in dictionaries today.
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što mi smatramo modernim u današnjim rječnicima.
03:10
When a guy who looks like that, in that hat,
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Kada je čovjek koji tako izgleda-- sa tim šeširom --
03:13
is the face of modernity, you have a problem.
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lice modernosti, tada imamo problem.
03:20
And so, James Murray could get a job on any dictionary today.
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I tako bi James Murray danas mogao dobiti posao na bilo kojem rječniku.
03:22
There'd be virtually no learning curve.
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Linija učenja se praktički ne bi promijenila.
03:25
And of course, a few of us are saying: okay, computers!
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I naravno, nekoliko nas govori : Računala!
03:27
Computers! What about computers?
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Računala! Što je s računalima?
03:29
The thing about computers is, I love computers.
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Stvar kod računala je -- obožavam računala.
03:31
I mean, I'm a huge geek, I love computers.
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Ja sam veliki računalni frik i volim računala.
03:33
I would go on a hunger strike before I let them take away Google Book Search from me.
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Radije bih započela štrajk glađu, nego da mi uzmu Google tražilicu knjiga.
03:37
But computers don't do much else other than
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Računala ne rade ništa drugo od
03:39
speed up the process of compiling dictionaries.
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ubrzavanja procesa sastavljanja rječnika.
03:43
They don't change the end result.
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Ne mijenjaju konačni rezultat.
03:47
Because what a dictionary is,
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Sve što rječnik je,
03:50
is it's Victorian design merged with a little bit of modern propulsion.
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je viktorijanski dizajn sjedinjen sa malo moderne pokretnosti.
03:53
It's steampunk. What we have is an electric velocipede.
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To je znanstvena fantastika. Sve što imamo je električni bicikl.
03:59
You know, we have Victorian design with an engine on it. That's all!
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Znate, imamo viktorijanski dizajn sa motorom. To je sve!
04:02
The design has not changed.
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Dizajn se nije promijenio.
04:05
And OK, what about online dictionaries, right?
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Ok, a što je s rječnicima na internetu?
04:07
Online dictionaries must be different.
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Rječnici sa interneta su sigurno drugačiji.
04:10
This is the Oxford English Dictionary Online, one of the best online dictionaries.
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Ovo je Oxford English rječnik sa interneta, jedan od najboljih rječnika.
04:12
This is my favorite word, by the way.
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Ovo je usput moja najdraža riječ:
04:13
Erinaceous: pertaining to the hedgehog family; of the nature of a hedgehog.
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Erinaceous: odnositi se na obitelj ježeva; ježeve prirode.
04:18
Very useful word. So, look at that.
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Vrlo korisna riječ. Pogledajte ovo.
04:24
Online dictionaries right now are paper thrown up on a screen.
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Online rječnici su upravo papir bačen na ekran.
04:26
This is flat. Look how many links there are in the actual entry: two!
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Ovo je ravno. Pogledajte koliko poveznica ima u ovom unosu: dvije!
04:31
Right? Those little buttons,
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Točno? Ovi mali dugmići --
04:33
I had them all expanded except for the date chart.
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sve sam ih proširila, osim grafikona.
04:36
So there's not very much going on here.
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Znači, nema puno stvari ovdje.
04:38
There's not a lot of clickiness.
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Nema puno klikanja.
04:40
And in fact, online dictionaries replicate
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I uistinu, online rječnici ponavljaju
04:43
almost all the problems of print, except for searchability.
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gotovo sve probleme tiskanja, osim što omogućuju bolje pretraživanje.
04:46
And when you improve searchability,
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I kada poboljšate pretraživanje,
04:48
you actually take away the one advantage of print, which is serendipity.
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zapravo oduzmete jednu prednost tiskanja, a to je slučajno otkrivanje.
04:51
Serendipity is when you find things you weren't looking for,
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Slučajno otkrivanje je kada pronađete stvari koje niste tražili
04:54
because finding what you are looking for is so damned difficult.
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jer je pronalaženje nečega što tražite jako teško.
04:57
So -- (Laughter) (Applause) -- now, when you think about this,
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Dakle --(Smijeh) -- sada, kada razmislite o ovome,
05:06
what we have here is a ham butt problem.
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što mi imamo ovdje je problem buta.
05:09
Does everyone know the ham butt problem?
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Da li svi znaju što je problem buta?
05:11
Woman's making a ham for a big, family dinner.
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Žena peče šunku za veliku obiteljsku večeru.
05:13
She goes to cut the butt off the ham and throw it away,
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Ide odrezati but sa šunke i baciti ga,
05:15
and she looks at this piece of ham and she's like,
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pogleda u komad šunke i pomisli,
05:16
"This is a perfectly good piece of ham. Why am I throwing this away?"
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„Ovo je savršen dio šunke. Zašto ga bacam?“
05:18
She thought, "Well, my mom always did this."
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Mislila je, „Moja mama je ovo uvijek radila.“
05:20
So she calls up mom, and she says,
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Zatim zove mamu, i kaže,
05:21
"Mom, why'd you cut the butt off the ham, when you're making a ham?"
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„Mama, zašto bi odrezala but sa šunke kada ju pečeš?“
05:23
She says, "I don't know, my mom always did it!"
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Mama kaže, „Ne znam, moja mama je uvijek tako radila!“
05:26
So they call grandma, and grandma says,
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Zatim one zovu baku, i baka kaže,
05:28
"My pan was too small!" (Laughter)
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„Moja tepsija je bila premala!“ (Smijeh)
05:32
So, it's not that we have good words and bad words.
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Dakle, nije da imamo dobre i loše riječi --
05:36
We have a pan that's too small!
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imamo tepsiju koja je premala!
05:39
You know, that ham butt is delicious! There's no reason to throw it away.
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Znate, taj but šunke je ukusan! Nema razloga da ga se odbaci.
05:41
The bad words -- see, when people think about a place
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Loše riječi – vidite, kada ljudi traže mjesto
05:44
and they don't find a place on the map,
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na karti i i ne pronađu ga,
05:46
they think, "This map sucks!"
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pomisle, „Ova karta ne valja!“
05:48
When they find a nightspot or a bar, and it's not in the guidebook,
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Kada pronađu noćni klub ili kafić o kojem ništa nema u vodiču,
05:50
they're like, "Ooh, this place must be cool! It's not in the guidebook."
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oni si pomisle, „Ooh, ovo mjesto mora biti cool! Nema ga u vodiču!“
05:53
When they find a word that's not in the dictionary, they think,
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Kada naiđu riječ koja se ne nalazi u rječniku, pomisle,
05:56
"This must be a bad word." Why? It's more likely to be a bad dictionary.
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„Mora da je ovo loša riječ.“ Zašto? Više je moguće da je to loš rječnik.
06:01
Why are you blaming the ham for being too big for the pan?
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Zašto kriviti šunku da je prevelika za tepsiju?
06:06
So, you can't get a smaller ham.
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Ne možete dobiti manju šunku.
06:09
The English language is as big as it is.
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Engleski jezik je upravo takav.
06:12
So, if you have a ham butt problem,
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Dakle, ako imate problem buta,
06:14
and you're thinking about the ham butt problem,
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i razmišljate o tom problemu,
06:16
the conclusion that it leads you to is inexorable and counterintuitive:
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zaključak koji vam on donosi je neuvjerljiv i kontrainuitivan:
06:21
paper is the enemy of words.
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papir je neprijatelj riječi.
06:24
How can this be? I mean, I love books. I really love books.
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Kako je to moguće? Mislim, volim knjige. Doista ih volim.
06:28
Some of my best friends are books.
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Knjige su jedne od mojih najboljih prijateljica,
06:30
But the book is not the best shape for the dictionary.
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ali one nisu odgovarajući i najbolji oblik za rječnik.
06:35
Now they're going to think "Oh, boy.
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Sad će ljudi misliti, "O, čovječe.
06:37
People are going to take away my beautiful, paper dictionaries?"
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Sad će mi uzeti moje divne, papirnate rječnike?“
06:40
No. There will still be paper dictionaries.
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Ne. Još uvijek će biti papirnatih rječnika.
06:42
When we had cars -- when cars became the dominant mode of transportation,
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Kada smo imali aute – kada su auti postali glavna prijevozna sredstva,
06:46
we didn't round up all the horses and shoot them.
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nismo skupili sve konje i ustrijelili ih.
06:49
You know, there're still going to be paper dictionaries,
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Znate, papirnati rječnici će još uvijek postojati,
06:51
but it's not going to be the dominant dictionary.
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ali oni neće biti vladajući rječnici.
06:54
The book-shaped dictionary is not going to be the only shape
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Rječnici u obliku knjige neće biti jedni oblik
06:57
dictionaries come in. And it's not going to be
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u kojem će se rječnici pojavljivati. I to neće biti
06:59
the prototype for the shapes dictionaries come in.
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prototip oblika u kojem se rječnici pojavljuju.
07:03
So, think about it this way: if you've got an artificial constraint,
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Mislite o ovome na ovaj način: ako imate umjetnu granicu,
07:07
artificial constraints lead to
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umjetne granice vode u
07:11
arbitrary distinctions and a skewed worldview.
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proizvoljne distinkcije i asimetrične poglede na svijet.
07:15
What if biologists could only study animals
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Što kad bi biolozi mogli proučavati jedino životinje
07:18
that made people go, "Aww." Right?
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na koje ljudi kažu, „Aww.“ Točno?
07:20
What if we made aesthetic judgments about animals,
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Što kada bismo mi estetski sudili o životinjama,
07:22
and only the ones we thought were cute were the ones that we could study?
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i samo one koje bismo smatrali slatkima bi bile one koje možemo proučavati?
07:27
We'd know a whole lot about charismatic megafauna,
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Znali bismo puno više o karizmatičnoj mega-fauni
07:31
and not very much about much else.
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i ništa previše o svemu drugome.
07:33
And I think this is a problem.
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Ja smatram da je to problem.
07:35
I think we should study all the words,
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Mislim da bismo trebali proučavati sve riječi,
07:37
because when you think about words, you can make beautiful expressions
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zato što kada razmišljamo o riječima, možemo stvoriti prekrasne izraze
07:42
from very humble parts.
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od vrlo malenih dijelova.
07:46
Lexicography is really more about material science.
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Leksikografija je zaista više materijalna znanost.
07:50
We are studying the tolerances of the materials
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Mi proučavamo toleranciju materijala
07:53
that you use to build the structure of your expression:
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koji se koriste pri gradnji strukture izraza:
07:56
your speeches and your writing. And then, often people say to me,
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u govoru i pisanju. I onda mi ljudi često govore,
08:03
"Well, OK, how do I know that this word is real?"
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"OK -- kako znam da je ova riječ stvarna?"
08:08
They think, "OK, if we think words are the tools
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„Ok, ako misliš da su riječi alati
08:15
that we use to build the expressions of our thoughts,
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koje koristimo pri gradnji izraza naših misli,
08:17
how can you say that screwdrivers are better than hammers?
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kako možeš reći da su odvijači bolji od čekića?
08:20
How can you say that a sledgehammer is better than a ball-peen hammer?"
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Kako možeš tvrditi da je okrugli čekić bolji od čekića s okruglom glavom?
08:23
They're just the right tools for the job.
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Oni su samo pravi alat za određeni posao.“
08:26
And so people say to me, "How do I know if a word is real?"
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I ljudi mi često kažu, „Kako znaš da je riječ stvarna?“
08:29
You know, anybody who's read a children's book
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Znate, svatko tko je pročitao bilo koju dječju knjigu
08:32
knows that love makes things real.
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zna da ljubav čini stvari stvarnima.
08:36
If you love a word, use it. That makes it real.
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Ako volite riječ, upotrijebite je. To je čini stvarnom.
08:41
Being in the dictionary is an artificial distinction.
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Pojavljivanje u rječniku je umjetno razlikovanje.
08:44
It doesn't make a word any more real than any other way.
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To ne čini riječ ništa više stvarnom nego bilo koji drugi način.
08:47
If you love a word, it becomes real.
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Ako volite riječ, ona postaje stvarna.
08:51
So if we're not worrying about directing traffic,
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Stoga, ako se ne brinete o upravljanju prometom,
08:54
if we've transcended paper, if we are worrying less
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ako napustimo papir, ako se manje brinemo
08:59
about control and more about description,
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o kontroli i više o opisu,
09:03
then we can think of the English language
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onda možemo misliti o engleskom jeziku.
09:05
as being this beautiful mobile.
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kao prekrasnom prijenosniku.
09:08
And any time one of those little parts of the mobile changes,
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I, bilo kada se jedan od tih malih dijelova prijenosnika promjeni,
09:10
is touched, any time you touch a word,
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on je dodirnut -- bilo kada dotaknete jednu riječ,
09:13
you use it in a new context, you give it a new connotation,
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koristite je u novom kontekstu, dajete joj novu konotaciju,
09:15
you verb it, you make the mobile move.
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oglagoljujete ju – pokrećete prijenosnik.
09:18
You didn't break it. It's just in a new position,
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Niste ga uništili; to je samo nova pozicija,
09:22
and that new position can be just as beautiful.
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i ta nova pozicija može uistinu biti prekrasna.
09:25
Now, if you're no longer a traffic cop --
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Sada, ako više niste prometni policajac --
09:29
the problem with being a traffic cop is
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problem prometnog policajaca je
09:31
there can only be so many traffic cops in any one intersection,
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u tome da samo ograničeni broj policajaca može biti na raskrižju,
09:34
or the cars get confused. Right?
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inače će doći do kolapsa. Točno?
09:37
But if your goal is no longer to direct the traffic,
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No, ako vaš cilj nije više upravljati prometom,
09:40
but maybe to count the cars that go by, then more eyeballs are better.
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nego brojati automobile koji prolaze, onda je bolje imati više očiju.
09:44
You can ask for help!
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Možete pitati za pomoć!
09:46
If you ask for help, you get more done. And we really need help.
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Ako pitate za pomoć, napravite više stvari. Mi zbilja trebamo pomoć.
09:50
Library of Congress: 17 million books,
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Kongresna knjižnica: 17 milijuna knjiga,
09:53
of which half are in English.
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od kojih je pola na engleskom.
09:56
If only one out of every 10 of those books
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Kada bi samo jedna od 10 ovih knjiga
10:00
had a word that's not in the dictionary in it,
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imala jednu riječ koja nije u rječniku,
10:02
that would be equivalent to more than two unabridged dictionaries.
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to bi bilo jednako više od dva velika rječnika.
10:05
And I find an un-dictionaried word --
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Ja nađem jednu riječ koja nije u rječniku -
10:08
a word like "un-dictionaried," for example --
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riječ kao „ne-rječnički,“ na primjer --
10:10
in almost every book I read. What about newspapers?
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u gotovo svakoj knjizi koju pročitam. Što je sa novinama?
10:15
Newspaper archive goes back to 1759,
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Novinska arhiva potječe iz 1759.
10:20
58.1 million newspaper pages. If only one in 100
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58.1 milijuna novinskih stranica. Kada bi samo jedna od 100
10:25
of those pages had an un-dictionaried word on it,
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ovih stranica imala ne-rječničku riječ,
10:28
it would be an entire other OED.
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to bi bio cijeli OED.
10:31
That's 500,000 more words. So that's a lot.
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To je 500.000 više riječi. Pa to je -- to je puno.
10:36
And I'm not even talking about magazines. I'm not talking about blogs --
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I ovdje čak ne govorim o časopisima, ne govorim o blogovima –
10:39
and I find more new words on BoingBoing in a given week
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i nalazim više novih riječi u „BoingBoing“ u danom tjednu,
10:41
than I do Newsweek or Time.
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nego u „Newsweek-u“ ili „Time-u.“
10:43
There's a lot going on there.
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Puno se toga događa ovdje.
10:45
And I'm not even talking about polysemy,
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I ovdje ne govorim čak o polisemiji,
10:47
which is the greedy habit some words have of taking
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koja je proždrljiva navika riječi da imaju
10:50
more than one meaning for themselves.
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više od jednog značenja za sebe.
10:55
So if you think of the word "set," a set can be a badger's burrow,
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Ako promsilite o riječi „set“—„set“ može značiti jazavčeva jazbina,
10:59
a set can be one of the pleats in an Elizabethan ruff,
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„set“ može biti jedan on nabora na elizabetinskoj kragni –
11:02
and there's one numbered definition in the OED.
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i postoji jedna numerirana definicija u OED-u.
11:04
The OED has 33 different numbered definitions for set.
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OED ima 33 različite numerirane definicije za „set“.
11:07
Tiny, little word, 33 numbered definitions.
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Malena riječ, 33 numerirane definicije.
11:10
One of them is just labeled "miscellaneous technical senses."
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Jedna od njih je jednostavno označena „ različita tehnička shvaćanja.“
11:15
Do you know what that says to me?
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Znate li što mi to govori?
11:16
That says to me, it was Friday afternoon and somebody wanted to go down the pub. (Laughter)
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To mi govori da je bio petak poslijepodne i netko je radije želio otići u pub.
11:21
That's a lexicographical cop out,
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To je leksikografsko izvlačenje iz situacije,
11:23
to say, "miscellaneous technical senses."
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kada se kaže, „različita tehnička shvaćanja.“
11:25
So, we have all these words, and we really need help!
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Dakle, imamo sve ove riječi i mi uistinu trebamo pomoć!
11:29
And the thing is, we could ask for help --
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Stvar je u tome da možemo pitati za pomoć -
11:32
asking for help's not that hard.
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nije teško pitati za pomoć.
11:33
I mean, lexicography is not rocket science.
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Mislim, leksikografija nije kvantna fizika.
11:36
See, I just gave you a lot of words and a lot of numbers,
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Vidite, upravo sam vam dala mnoštvo riječi i mnogo brojeva,
11:39
and this is more of a visual explanation.
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i ovo je više vizualno objašnjenje.
11:41
If we think of the dictionary as being the map of the English language,
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Ako razmislimo o rječniku kao karti engleskog jezika,
11:44
these bright spots are what we know about,
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ove svijetle točke su ono što mi znamo
11:46
and the dark spots are where we are in the dark.
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i tamne točke su nama nejasna područja.
11:49
If that was the map of all the words in American English, we don't know very much.
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Ako bi to bila karta svih riječi u američkom engleskom, mi ne znamo puno.
11:54
And we don't even know the shape of the language.
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Čak ne znamo ni oblik jezika.
11:57
If this was the dictionary -- if this was the map of American English --
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Kada bi ovo bio rječnik -- kada bi ovo bila karta američkog engleskog --
12:00
look, we have a kind of lumpy idea of Florida,
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pogledajte, imamo kvrgavu ideju Floride,
12:03
but there's no California!
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ali nema Kalifornije!
12:06
We're missing California from American English.
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Nedostaje nam Kalifornija u američkom engleskom.
12:09
We just don't know enough, and we don't even know that we're missing California.
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Mi jednostavno ne znamo dovoljno, i štoviše ne znamo da nam nedostaje Kalifornija.
12:14
We don't even see that there's a gap on the map.
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Čak ne vidimo da postoji praznina na karti.
12:16
So again, lexicography is not rocket science.
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Ponovo, leksikografija nije kvantna fizika.
12:19
But even if it were, rocket science is being done
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Čak i kad bi to bila, ona nastaje
12:22
by dedicated amateurs these days. You know?
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od strane predanih amatera. Znate?
12:26
It can't be that hard to find some words!
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Ne može biti toliko teško naći neke riječi!
12:30
So, enough scientists in other disciplines
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Stoga, dovoljno znanstvenika drugih disciplina
12:33
are really asking people to help, and they're doing a good job of it.
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doista moli ljude za pomoć, i uspijevaju u tome.
12:36
For instance, there's eBird, where amateur birdwatchers
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Na primjer: postoji „eBird“ gdje amaterski promatrači ptica
12:38
can upload information about their bird sightings.
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mogu unijeti informacije o svojim promatranjima,
12:40
And then, ornithologists can go
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nakon čega orintolozi mogu
12:42
and help track populations, migrations, etc.
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odrediti populaciju, migraciju itd.
12:45
And there's this guy, Mike Oates. Mike Oates lives in the U.K.
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I postoji jedan čovjek, Mike Oates. Mike Oates živi u Velikoj Britaniji.
12:48
He's a director of an electroplating company.
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On je direktor tvrtke za galvanizaciju
12:52
He's found more than 140 comets.
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i otkrio je više od 140 kometa.
12:55
He's found so many comets, they named a comet after him.
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Otkrio ih je toliko, da je jedan komet dobio ime po njemu.
12:58
It's kind of out past Mars. It's a hike.
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On je negdje iza Marsa -- skitnica.
12:59
I don't think he's getting his picture taken there anytime soon.
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Ne vjerujem da će ga on uslikati bilo kada uskoro,
13:01
But he found 140 comets without a telescope.
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ali on je otkrio 140 kometa bez teleskopa.
13:05
He downloaded data from the NASA SOHO satellite,
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Skinuo je podatke sa NASA-inog SOHO satelita
13:08
and that's how he found them.
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i na taj način ih je otkrio.
13:10
If we can find comets without a telescope,
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Ako možemo pronaći komete bez teleskopa,
13:14
shouldn't we be able to find words?
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zašto ne bismo bili sposobni pronaći riječi?
13:16
Now, y'all know where I'm going with this.
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Sada znate kamo s ovim ciljam
13:18
Because I'm going to the Internet, which is where everybody goes.
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jer me to vodi do Interneta, koji je mjesto kamo svi idu.
13:21
And the Internet is great for collecting words,
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Internet je odličan za skupljanje riječi
13:23
because the Internet's full of collectors.
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zato jer je pun kolektora.
13:24
And this is a little-known technological fact about the Internet,
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Ova tehnološka činjenica o internetu
13:27
but the Internet is actually made up of words and enthusiasm.
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je malo poznata, a on je upravo načinjen od riječi i entuzijazma.
13:30
And words and enthusiasm actually happen to be
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Riječi i entuzijazam su upravo
13:35
the recipe for lexicography. Isn't that great?
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recept za leksikografiju. Nije li to krasno?
13:38
So there are a lot of really good word-collecting sites out there right now,
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Dakle, trenutno postoje uistinu dobre stranice koje prikupljaju riječi,
13:42
but the problem with some of them is that they're not scientific enough.
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ali problem s njima je u tome da one nisu dovoljno znanstvene.
13:44
They show the word, but they don't show any context.
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Pokazuju riječ,ali ne pokazuju kontekst:
13:47
Where did it come from? Who said it?
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Odakle je riječ došla? Tko je rekao?
13:49
What newspaper was it in? What book?
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U kojim se novinama ili knjizi pojavila?
13:51
Because a word is like an archaeological artifact.
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Riječ je poput arheološkog artefakta.
13:55
If you don't know the provenance or the source of the artifact,
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Ako ne znaš njegovo porijeklo ili izvor,
13:58
it's not science, it's a pretty thing to look at.
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tada to nije znanost -- to je onda nešto kao ukras za gledanje.
14:01
So a word without its source is like a cut flower.
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Dakle, riječ bez izvora je kao odrezani cvijet.
14:04
You know, it's pretty to look at for a while, but then it dies.
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Znate – lijepo ga je na trenutak gledati, ali tada uvene.
14:08
It dies too fast.
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Uvene prebrzo.
14:09
So, this whole time I've been saying,
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Ovo cijelo vrijeme sam govorila,
14:13
"The dictionary, the dictionary, the dictionary, the dictionary."
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"O određenom rječniku, određenom rječniku, određenom rječniku, određenom rječniku."
14:15
Not "a dictionary," or "dictionaries." And that's because,
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Ne o "bilo kojem rječniku" ili rječnicima. Sve to je zbog toga -
14:18
well, people use the dictionary to stand for the whole language.
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što ljudi koriste značenje rječnika za cijeli jezik.
14:21
They use it synecdochically.
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Koriste ga sinegdotski --
14:24
And one of the problems of knowing a word like "synecdochically"
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i jedan od problema kada znate riječ kao što je „sinegdotski“
14:27
is that you really want an excuse to say "synecdochically."
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je taj da uistinu želite izliku da tu riječ izgovorite.
14:30
This whole talk has just been an excuse to get me to the point
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Ovaj cijeli govor je bio samo izlika koja me dovela do točke
14:32
where I could say "synecdochically" to all of you.
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gdje bih mogla reći „sinegdotski“ svima vama.
14:34
So I'm really sorry. But when you use a part of something --
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Stoga, jako mi je žao. Kada koristite dio nečega --
14:37
like the dictionary is a part of the language,
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kao rječnik koji je dio jezika,
14:39
or a flag stands for the United States, it's a symbol of the country --
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ili zastavu koja predstavlja SAD, simbol države –
14:44
then you're using it synecdochically.
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tada to koristite sinegdotski.
14:48
But the thing is, we could make the dictionary the whole language.
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Stvar je u tome da bismo mogli napraviti rječnik kao cijeli jezik.
14:52
If we get a bigger pan, then we can put all the words in.
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Ako nabavimo veću tepsiju, onda možemo staviti sve riječi u nju.
14:56
We can put in all the meanings.
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Možemo unijeti sva značenja.
15:00
Doesn't everyone want more meaning in their lives?
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Ne žele li svi više značenja u životu?
15:04
And we can make the dictionary not just be a symbol of the language --
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Mi možemo učiniti riječnik ne samo simbolom jezika -
15:08
we can make it be the whole language.
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već ga možemo učiniti cijelim jezikom.
15:11
You see, what I'm really hoping for is that my son,
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Vidite, ono čemu se ja uistinu nadam je da se moj sin --
15:13
who turns seven this month -- I want him to barely remember
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koji će napuniti 7 godina ovaj mjesec – želim da se on jedva sjeća
15:16
that this is the form factor that dictionaries used to come in.
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da je ovo bio uobičajeni oblik rječnika.
15:21
This is what dictionaries used to look like.
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Ovako su rječnici prije izgledali.
15:23
I want him to think of this kind of dictionary as an eight-track tape.
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Želim da on misli o ovom rječniku isto što misli o audio kazeti.
15:25
It's a format that died because it wasn't useful enough.
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To je oblik koji je izumro jer nije bio dovoljno koristan.
15:29
It wasn't really what people needed.
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On nije bio ono što su ljudi uistinu trebali.
15:32
And the thing is, if we can put in all the words,
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Stvar je u tome, ako možemo unijeti sve riječi,
15:35
no longer have that artificial distinction between good and bad,
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više ne imati umjetno razlikovanje između dobrih i loših riječi,
15:39
we can really describe the language like scientists.
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tada zbilja možemo opisati jezik poput znanstvenika.
15:42
We can leave the aesthetic judgments to the writers and the speakers.
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Ostavimo estetske sudove piscima i govornicima.
15:44
If we can do that, then I can spend all my time fishing,
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Ako možemo to napraviti, onda ja mogu provesti svoje cijelo vrijeme pecajući
15:48
and I don't have to be a traffic cop anymore.
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i ne moram više biti prometni policajac.
15:53
Thank you very much for your kind attention.
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Hvala vam puno na ljubaznoj pažnji.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Erin McKean - Dictionary editorAs the co-founder of Reverb Technologies, the maker of the online dictionary Wordnik, Erin McKean is reshaping how we interact with language itself.
Why you should listen
Erin McKean's job as a lexicographer involves living in a constant state of research. She searches high and low -- from books to blogs, newspapers to cocktail parties -- for new words, new meanings for old words, or signs that old words have fallen out of use. In June of this year, she involved us all in the search by launching Wordnik, an online dictionary that houses all the traditionally accepted words and definitions, but also asks users to contribute new words and new uses for old words. Wordnik pulls real-time examples of word usage from Twitter, image representations from Flickr along with many more non-traditional, and highly useful, features.
Before Wordnik, McKean was one of the youngest editors of the New Oxford American Dictionary. She continues to serve as the editor of the language quarterly Verbatim ("language and linguistics for the layperson since 1974") and is the author of multiple books, including That's Amore and the entire Weird and Wonderful Words series. All that, and she maintains multiple blogs, too: McKean is the keen observationalist behind A Dress a Day and Dictionary Evangelist. Is there anything she can't do? Surprisingly, she is notoriously bad at Scrabble.
Erin McKean | Speaker | TED.com