TED2014
Jeremy Kasdin: The flower-shaped starshade that might help us detect Earth-like planets
Jeremy Kasdin: Zvjezdasta sjenica u obliku cvijeta koja bi nam mogla pomoći da nađemo planete slične Zemlji
Filmed:
Readability: 3.4
1,421,022 views
Astronomi vjeruju da svaka zvijezda u galaksiji ima planet, od kojih bi petina mogla biti nastanjena. Samo što nismo vidjeli nijedan — još. Jeremy Kasdin i njegov tim žele to promijeniti sa dizajnom i stvaranjem izvandrednog komada opreme: "zvjezdaste sjenice" koja dozvoljava teleskopu udaljenom 50000 kilometara da fotografira planete. To je, kako kaže, "najbolja moguća znanost."
Jeremy Kasdin - Planet finder
Using innovative orbiting instruments, aerospace engineer Jeremy Kasdin hunts for the universe’s most elusive objects — potentially habitable worlds. Full bio
Using innovative orbiting instruments, aerospace engineer Jeremy Kasdin hunts for the universe’s most elusive objects — potentially habitable worlds. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The universe is teeming with planets.
0
515
3603
Svemir je prepun planeta.
00:16
I want us, in the next decade,
1
4118
1876
Želim da mi, u sljedećem desetljeću
00:17
to build a space telescope that'll be able to image
2
5994
2393
izgradimo teleskop koji bi mogao uslikati
00:20
an Earth about another star
3
8387
2101
Zemlju kod druge zvijezde
00:22
and figure out whether it can harbor life.
4
10488
2744
i utvrditi može li podržati život.
00:25
My colleagues at the NASA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
5
13232
2160
Moje kolege u NASA-inom
labosu za mlazni pogon
labosu za mlazni pogon
00:27
at Princeton and I are working on technology
6
15392
2861
na Princetonu i ja radili smo na tehologiji
00:30
that will be able to do just that in the coming years.
7
18253
3538
koja će moći baš to u dolazećim godinama.
00:33
Astronomers now believe that every star
8
21791
1985
Astronomi vjeruju da svaka zvijezda
00:35
in the galaxy has a planet,
9
23776
1940
u galaksiji ima planet,
00:37
and they speculate that up to one fifth of them
10
25716
2276
i procjenjuju da petina njih
00:39
have an Earth-like planet
11
27992
1076
ima planet sličan Zemlji
00:41
that might be able to harbor life,
12
29068
1692
koji bi mogao podržati život,
00:42
but we haven't seen any of them.
13
30760
1762
ali nismo vidjeli nijedan od njih.
00:44
We've only detected them indirectly.
14
32522
2738
Samo smo ih uočili indirektno.
00:47
This is NASA's famous picture of the pale blue dot.
15
35260
3233
Ovo je slavna NASA-ina
slika blijede plave točke.
slika blijede plave točke.
00:50
It was taken by the Voyager spacecraft in 1990,
16
38493
2797
Uslikao ju je Voyager 1990.,
00:53
when they turned it around as
it was exiting the solar system
it was exiting the solar system
17
41290
2758
kada se okretao dok je izlazio
iz sunčeva sustava
iz sunčeva sustava
00:56
to take a picture of the Earth
18
44048
1712
kako bi uslikao Zemlju
00:57
from six billion kilometers away.
19
45760
2322
sa udaljenosti od
šest milijardi kilometara.
šest milijardi kilometara.
01:00
I want to take that
20
48082
1568
Želim napraviti takvu sliku
01:01
of an Earth-like planet about another star.
21
49650
2582
planeta nalik Zemlji kod druge zvijezde.
01:04
Why haven't we done that? Why is that hard?
22
52232
2400
Zašto to nismo učinili?
Zašto je to tako teško?
Zašto je to tako teško?
01:06
Well to see, let's imagine we take
23
54632
1422
Pa da vidimo, zamislimo da uzmemo
01:08
the Hubble Space Telescope
24
56054
1946
Hubble Svemirski Teleskop
01:10
and we turn it around and we move it out
25
58000
1698
i okrenemo ga i pomaknemo
01:11
to the orbit of Mars.
26
59698
1534
do orbite Marsa.
01:13
We'll see something like that,
27
61232
1208
Vidjet ćemo nešto poput toga,
01:14
a slightly blurry picture of the Earth,
28
62440
2068
pomalo mutnu sliku Zemlje,
01:16
because we're a fairly small telescope
29
64508
2321
jer smo poprilično mali teleskop
01:18
out at the orbit of Mars.
30
66829
1539
u orbiti Marsa.
01:20
Now let's move ten times further away.
31
68368
2016
Udaljimo se deset puta više.
01:22
Here we are at the orbit of Uranus.
32
70384
1936
Sada smo kod orbite Urana.
01:24
It's gotten smaller, it's got less detail, less resolve.
33
72320
2486
Postala je manja, ima manje
detalja, manju razlučivost.
detalja, manju razlučivost.
01:26
We can still see the little moon,
34
74806
1785
Još uvijek možemo vidjeti mali mjesec,
01:28
but let's go ten times further away again.
35
76591
2113
no idemo još deset puta dalje.
01:30
Here we are at the edge of the solar system,
36
78704
1731
Sada smo na rubu Sunčevog sustava,
01:32
out at the Kuiper Belt.
37
80435
1298
kod Kuiperovog pojasa.
01:33
Now it's not resolved at all.
38
81733
1706
Sada nema razlučivosti.
01:35
It's that pale blue dot of Carl Sagan's.
39
83439
2664
To je ona plava točka Carla Sagana.
01:38
But let's move yet again ten times further away.
40
86103
2200
Ali udaljimo se još deset puta.
01:40
Here we are out at the Oort Cloud,
41
88303
1624
Sada smo kod Oort oblaka,
01:41
outside the solar system,
42
89927
1560
izvan Sunčevog sustava,
01:43
and we're starting to see the sun
43
91487
1616
i počinjemo vidjeti Sunce
01:45
move into the field of view
44
93103
1312
kako ulazi u vidno polje
01:46
and get into where the planet is.
45
94415
1464
i dolazi na mjesto gdje je planet.
01:47
One more time, ten times further away.
46
95879
2131
Još jednom, deset puta dalje.
01:50
Now we're at Alpha Centauri,
47
98010
1653
Sada smo kod Alpha Centauri,
01:51
our nearest neighbor star,
48
99663
1240
nama najbliže zvijezde,
01:52
and the planet is gone.
49
100903
1349
i planet je nestao.
01:54
All we're seeing is the big beaming image of the star
50
102252
2608
Sve što vidimo je velika
blješteća slika zvijezde
blješteća slika zvijezde
01:56
that's ten billion times brighter than the planet,
51
104860
2957
koja je deset milijardi puta
sjajnija od planeta,
sjajnija od planeta,
01:59
which should be in that little red circle.
52
107817
1806
koji bi trebao biti u onom
malom crvenom kružiću.
malom crvenom kružiću.
02:01
That's what we want to see. That's why it's hard.
53
109623
2200
To je ono što želimo vidjeti.
Zato je teško.
Zato je teško.
02:03
The light from the star is diffracting.
54
111823
2320
Svjetlo zvijezde se defraktira.
02:06
It's scattering inside the telescope,
55
114143
1741
Raspršuje se unutar teleskopa,
02:07
creating that very bright image
56
115884
1504
stvarajući vrlo svijetlu sliku
02:09
that washes out the planet.
57
117388
1752
koja ispire planet.
02:11
So to see the planet,
58
119140
1271
Tako da bismo vidjeli planet,
02:12
we have to do something about all of that light.
59
120411
2260
moramo učiniti nešto vezano uz to svjetlo.
02:14
We have to get rid of it.
60
122671
1231
Moramo ga se riješiti.
02:15
I have a lot of colleagues working on
61
123902
1445
Imam puno kolega koji rade na
02:17
really amazing technologies to do that,
62
125347
2015
zaista odličnim tehnologijama
kako bi to napravili,
kako bi to napravili,
02:19
but I want to tell you about one today
63
127362
1815
ali danas vam želim pričati o jednoj
02:21
that I think is the coolest,
64
129177
1497
koja je stvarno najbolja,
02:22
and probably the most likely to get us an Earth
65
130674
2200
i možda najizglednija da nam pribavi Zemlju
02:24
in the next decade.
66
132874
1536
u sljedećem desetljeću.
02:26
It was first suggested by Lyman Spitzer,
67
134410
2072
Prvo ju je predložio Lyman Spitzer,
02:28
the father of the space telescope, in 1962,
68
136482
3160
otac svemirskog teleskopa, 1962.,
02:31
and he took his inspiration from an eclipse.
69
139642
2116
i dobio je inspiraciju iz pomrčine.
02:33
You've all seen that. That's a solar eclipse.
70
141758
2183
Svi ste to vidjeli. To je pomrčina Sunca.
02:35
The moon has moved in front of the sun.
71
143941
2040
Mjesec se pomaknuo ispred Sunca.
02:37
It blocks out most of the light
72
145981
1760
Blokira većinu svjetla
02:39
so we can see that dim corona around it.
73
147741
2376
tako da možemo vidjeti
prigušeni vijenac oko njega.
prigušeni vijenac oko njega.
02:42
It would be the same thing if I put my thumb up
74
150117
1663
Ista stvar bi bila da stavim palac
02:43
and blocked that spotlight
that's getting right in my eye,
that's getting right in my eye,
75
151780
2585
i blokiram to svjetlo koje
dolazi u moje oko,
dolazi u moje oko,
02:46
I can see you in the back row.
76
154365
1912
vidim vas u stražnjem redu.
02:48
Well, what's going on?
77
156277
1302
Pa, što se događa?
02:49
Well the moon
78
157579
1945
Mjesec
02:51
is casting a shadow down on the Earth.
79
159524
2415
baca sjenu na Zemlju.
02:53
We put a telescope or a camera in that shadow,
80
161939
3235
Stavimo li teleskop ili kameru u tu sjenu,
02:57
we look back at the sun,
81
165174
1511
gledamo na Sunce,
02:58
and most of the light's been removed
82
166685
1640
i većina svjetla je uklonjena
03:00
and we can see that dim, fine structure
83
168325
2090
i možemo vidjeti tu prigušenu,
finu strukturu
finu strukturu
03:02
in the corona.
84
170415
1275
u vijencu.
03:03
Spitzer's suggestion was we do this in space.
85
171690
2667
Spitzerov prijelog je bio
da ovo učinimo u svemiru.
da ovo učinimo u svemiru.
03:06
We build a big screen, we fly it in space,
86
174357
2777
Izgradimo veliki zaslon,
lansiramo ga u svemir,
lansiramo ga u svemir,
03:09
we put it up in front of the star,
87
177134
2047
stavimo ga ispred zvijezde,
03:11
we block out most of the light,
88
179181
1784
blokiramo većinu svjetla,
03:12
we fly a space telescope in
that shadow that's created,
that shadow that's created,
89
180965
3016
lansiramo teleskop u sjenu koju je stvorio,
03:15
and boom, we get to see planets.
90
183981
1777
i bum, vidimo planete.
03:17
Well that would look something like this.
91
185758
2663
To bi izgledalo otprilike ovako.
03:20
So there's that big screen,
92
188421
1589
Tu je taj veliki zaslon,
03:22
and there's no planets,
93
190010
875
i nema planeta,
03:22
because unfortunately it doesn't
actually work very well,
actually work very well,
94
190885
2504
jer na nesreću ne radi vrlo dobro,
03:25
because the light waves of the light and waves
95
193389
2920
jer se valovi svjetlosti i svjetlo i valovi
03:28
diffracts around that screen
96
196309
1680
raspršuju oko zaslona
03:29
the same way it did in the telescope.
97
197989
1784
isto kao u teleskopu.
03:31
It's like water bending around a rock in a stream,
98
199773
3137
To je kao da se voda
uvija oko kamena u potoku,
uvija oko kamena u potoku,
03:34
and all that light just destroys the shadow.
99
202910
1790
i svo to svjetlo jednostavno
uništava sjenu.
uništava sjenu.
03:36
It's a terrible shadow. And we can't see planets.
100
204700
2673
To je užasna sjena.
I ne možemo vidjeti planete.
I ne možemo vidjeti planete.
03:39
But Spitzer actually knew the answer.
101
207373
1767
Ali Spitzer je znao odgovor.
03:41
If we can feather the edges, soften those edges
102
209140
2505
Ako možemo omekšati rubove,
učiniti ih paperjastima
učiniti ih paperjastima
03:43
so we can control diffraction,
103
211645
1766
tako da možemo kontrolirati rasipanje,
03:45
well then we can see a planet,
104
213411
1715
onda možemo vidjeti planet,
03:47
and in the last 10 years or so we've come up
105
215126
1799
i u zadnjih 10 godina došli smo do
03:48
with optimal solutions for doing that.
106
216925
2044
optimalnog rješenja da to učinimo.
03:50
It looks something like that.
107
218969
3532
Izgleda otprilike ovako.
03:54
We call that our flower petal starshade.
108
222501
2345
Zovemo to zvjezdasta sjenica
u obliku cvijeta.
u obliku cvijeta.
03:56
If we make the edges of those petals exactly right,
109
224846
2960
Ako napravimo rubove tih latica kako treba,
03:59
if we control their shape,
110
227806
1424
ako kontroliramo njihov oblik,
04:01
we can control diffraction,
111
229230
1558
možemo kontrolirati rasipanje,
04:02
and now we have a great shadow.
112
230788
1446
i sada imamo odličnu sjenu.
04:04
It's about 10 billion times dimmer than it was before,
113
232234
2644
To je 10 milijardi puta
prigušenije nego je bilo prije,
prigušenije nego je bilo prije,
04:06
and we can see the planets beam out just like that.
114
234878
3446
i možemo vidjeti kako
se pojavljuju planeti.
se pojavljuju planeti.
04:10
That, of course, has to be bigger than my thumb.
115
238324
1858
To bi naravno moralo biti
veće od mog palca.
veće od mog palca.
04:12
That starshade is about
116
240182
1458
Ta zvjezdasta sjenica je otprilike
04:13
the size of half a football field
117
241640
1576
veličine pola nogometnog igrališta
04:15
and it has to fly 50,000 kilometers
away from the telescope
away from the telescope
118
243216
3590
i mora letjeti 50000 kilometara
od teleskopa
od teleskopa
04:18
that has to be held right in its shadow,
119
246806
2060
koji mora biti točno u njenoj sjeni,
04:20
and then we can see those planets.
120
248866
1964
i onda možemo vidjeti planete.
04:22
This sounds formidable,
121
250830
1408
To zvuči zastrašujuće,
04:24
but brilliant engineers, colleagues of mine at JPL,
122
252238
3008
ali briljantni inžinjeri, moji kolege
na JPL-u [Laboratorij za Mlazni Pogon]
na JPL-u [Laboratorij za Mlazni Pogon]
04:27
came up with a fabulous design for how to do that
123
255246
2880
smislili su odličan dizajn
kako bi to napravili
kako bi to napravili
04:30
and it looks like this.
124
258126
1074
i izgleda ovako.
04:31
It starts wrapped around a hub.
125
259200
1788
Započinje omotan oko osnove.
04:32
It separates from the telescope.
126
260988
1979
Odvaja se od teleskopa.
04:34
The petals unfurl, they open up,
127
262967
2271
Latice se razmataju, otvaraju se,
04:37
the telescope turns around.
128
265238
1760
teleskop se okreće.
04:38
Then you'll see it flip and fly out
129
266998
2144
Onda ćete ju vidjeti kako se
preokreće i odlijeće
preokreće i odlijeće
04:41
that 50,000 kilometers away from the telescope.
130
269142
3215
tih 50000 kilometara od teleskopa
04:44
It's going to move in front of the star
131
272357
2470
Pomaknut će se ispred zvijezde
04:46
just like that, creates a wonderful shadow.
132
274827
3283
baš tako, stvarajući divnu sjenu.
04:50
Boom, we get planets orbiting about it.
133
278110
3804
Bum, dobijemo planete
koji se kreću oko zvijezde.
koji se kreću oko zvijezde.
04:53
(Applause)
134
281914
1724
(Pljesak)
04:55
Thank you.
135
283638
2359
Hvala vam.
04:57
That's not science fiction.
136
285997
1953
To nije znanstvena fantastika.
04:59
We've been working on this
for the last five or six years.
for the last five or six years.
137
287950
2563
Radimo na tome posljednjih
pet ili šest godina.
pet ili šest godina.
05:02
Last summer, we did a really cool test
138
290513
2603
Prošlog ljeta napravili smo test
05:05
out in California at Northrop Grumman.
139
293116
2439
u Kaliforniji, na Northrop Grummanu.
05:07
So those are four petals.
140
295555
1583
Ove su četiri latice.
05:09
This is a sub-scale star shade.
141
297138
1712
Ovo je manja zvjezdasta sjenica.
05:10
It's about half the size of the one you just saw.
142
298850
2497
Velika je upola kao ona što ste vidjeli.
05:13
You'll see the petals unfurl.
143
301347
1460
Vidjet ćete kako se latice odmataju.
05:14
Those four petals were built by four undergraduates
144
302807
2067
Te četiri latice izgradila su četiri preddiplomca
05:16
doing a summer internship at JPL.
145
304874
2415
dok su bila na praksi.
05:19
Now you're seeing it deploy.
146
307289
1246
Sad ćete vidjeti kako se pokreću.
05:20
Those petals have to rotate into place.
147
308535
1982
Te latice se moraju zarotirati na mjesto.
05:22
The base of those petals
148
310517
1170
Baza ovih latica
05:23
has to go to the same place every time
149
311687
2373
mora ići na isto mjesto svakog puta
05:26
to within a tenth of a millimeter.
150
314060
1623
sa točnošću od desetine milimetra.
05:27
We ran this test 16 times,
151
315683
1760
Radili smo ovaj test 16 puta,
05:29
and 16 times it went into the exact same place
152
317443
2839
i 16 puta je došao na potpuno isto mjesto
05:32
to a tenth of a millimeter.
153
320282
1441
u desetinu milimetra.
05:33
This has to be done very precisely,
154
321723
1932
Ovo mora biti učinjeno vrlo precizno,
05:35
but if we can do this, if we can build this technology,
155
323655
2508
ali ako to možemo učiniti,
ako možemo izgraditi ovu tehnologiju,
ako možemo izgraditi ovu tehnologiju,
05:38
if we can get it into space,
156
326163
1484
ako možemo to poslati u svemir,
05:39
you might see something like this.
157
327647
1801
možda ćete vidjeti nešto poput ovoga.
05:41
That's a picture of one our nearest neighbor stars
158
329448
2272
To je slika jedne od naših
najbližih susjednih zvijezda
najbližih susjednih zvijezda
05:43
taken with the Hubble Space Telescope.
159
331720
2594
uslikana sa Hubble Svemirskim Teleskopom.
05:46
If we can take a similar space telescope,
160
334314
2384
Ako možemo sličan teleskop,
05:48
slightly larger,
161
336698
1258
malo veći,
05:49
put it out there,
162
337956
1422
poslati u svemir,
05:51
fly an occulter in front of it,
163
339378
1386
poslati zaklanjač ispred njega,
05:52
what we might see is something like that --
164
340764
2190
ono što bi mogli vidjeti je
nešto poput toga --
nešto poput toga --
05:54
that's a family portrait of our
solar system -- but not ours.
solar system -- but not ours.
165
342954
2936
to je obiteljski portret našeg
Sunčevog sustava -- ali ne našeg.
Sunčevog sustava -- ali ne našeg.
05:57
We're hoping it'll be someone else's solar system
166
345890
2522
Nadamo se da će to biti tuđi Sunčev sustav
06:00
as seen through an occulter,
167
348412
1632
viđen kroz zaklanjač,
06:02
through a starshade like that.
168
350044
1070
kroz zvjezdastu sjenicu.
06:03
You can see Jupiter, you can see Saturn,
169
351114
2025
Možete vidjeti Jupiter, Saturn,
06:05
Uranus, Neptune, and right there in the center,
170
353139
2623
Uran, Neptun i tamo u središtu,
06:07
next to the residual light
171
355762
1340
blizu ostataka svjetlosti
06:09
is that pale blue dot. That's Earth.
172
357102
1905
je ta plava blijeda točka. To je Zemlja.
06:11
We want to see that, see if there's water,
173
359007
2374
Želimo to vidjeti, ima li vode,
06:13
oxygen, ozone,
174
361381
1405
kisika, ozona,
06:14
the things that might tell us that it could harbor life.
175
362786
2523
stvari koje bi nam mogle
reći da može podržavati život.
reći da može podržavati život.
06:17
I think this is the coolest possible science.
176
365309
2409
Mislim da je ovo najbolja moguća znanost.
06:19
That's why I got into doing this,
177
367718
1653
Zato sam se time počeo baviti,
06:21
because I think that will change the world.
178
369371
1970
jer mislim da će to promijeniti svijet.
06:23
That will change everything when we see that.
179
371341
2438
To će promijeniti sve kada to vidimo.
06:25
Thank you.
180
373779
1586
Hvala vam.
06:27
(Applause)
181
375365
4000
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jeremy Kasdin - Planet finderUsing innovative orbiting instruments, aerospace engineer Jeremy Kasdin hunts for the universe’s most elusive objects — potentially habitable worlds.
Why you should listen
At Princeton’s High Contrast Imaging Laboratory, Jeremy Kasdin is collaborating on a revolutionary space-based observatory that will unveil previously unseen (and possibly Earth-like) planets in other solar systems.
One of the observatory’s startling innovations is the starshade, an orbiting "occulter" that blocks light from distant stars that ordinarily outshine their dim planets, making a clear view impossible. When paired with a space telescope, the starshade adds a new and powerful instrument to NASA’s cosmic detection toolkit.
More profile about the speakerOne of the observatory’s startling innovations is the starshade, an orbiting "occulter" that blocks light from distant stars that ordinarily outshine their dim planets, making a clear view impossible. When paired with a space telescope, the starshade adds a new and powerful instrument to NASA’s cosmic detection toolkit.
Jeremy Kasdin | Speaker | TED.com