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Jamila Raqib: The secret to effective nonviolent resistance
Jamila Raquib: Tajna uspješnog nenasilnog otpora
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Nećemo zaustaviti nasilje tako da kažemo ljudima da je moralno pogrešno,
kaže Jamila Raquib, izvršna direktorica Albert Einstein Institution.
Umjesto toga, moramo pronaći alternativne načine suočavanja sa sukobom koje su jednako moćne i uspješne. Raqib promovira nenasilan otpor ljudima koji žive pod tiranijom -- i kako postoji više od uličnih prosvjeda. Dijeli ohrabrujuće primjere kreativnih strategija koje vode promjenama diljem svijeta i poruku za budućnost bez oružanih sukoba. "Najveća nada za čovječanstvo ne leži u osudi nasilje već u činjenju nasilja zastarjelim," kaže Raquib.
Jamila Raqib - Peacemaker
Jamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally. Full bio
Jamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
War has been a part of my life
since I can remember.
since I can remember.
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Rat je dio mog života od kad znam za sebe.
00:16
I was born in Afghanistan,
just six months after the Soviets invaded,
just six months after the Soviets invaded,
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Rođena sam u Afganistanu,
tek šest mjeseci kasnije, Rusi su napali.
tek šest mjeseci kasnije, Rusi su napali.
00:21
and even though I was too young
to understand what was happening,
to understand what was happening,
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Iako sam bila premlada da bih shvatila
što se događa,
što se događa,
00:24
I had a deep sense of the suffering
and the fear around me.
and the fear around me.
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duboko sam osjećala patnju
i strah oko sebe.
i strah oko sebe.
00:29
Those early experiences had a major impact
on how I now think about war and conflict.
on how I now think about war and conflict.
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Ta rana iskustva su imala veliki utjecaj
na to kako razmišljam o ratu i sukobu.
na to kako razmišljam o ratu i sukobu.
00:35
I learned that when people
have a fundamental issue at stake,
have a fundamental issue at stake,
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Naučila sam da kada ljudi
imaju ugroženo osnovno pitanje,
imaju ugroženo osnovno pitanje,
00:38
for most of them,
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za većinu njih,
00:39
giving in is not an option.
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predaja nije opcija.
00:41
For these types conflicts --
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Za takve vrste sukoba --
00:43
when people's rights are violated,
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kada su ljudska prava ugrožena,
00:45
when their countries are occupied,
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kada su njihove države okupirane,
00:47
when they're oppressed and humiliated --
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kada su potlačeni i poniženi --
00:49
they need a powerful way
to resist and to fight back.
to resist and to fight back.
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trebaju moćan način
da se odupru i uzvrate udarac.
da se odupru i uzvrate udarac.
00:53
Which means that no matter how destructive
and terrible violence is,
and terrible violence is,
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To znači da bez obzira koliko je nasilje
destruktivno i strašno,
destruktivno i strašno,
00:57
if people see it as their only choice,
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ako ga ljudi vide kao svoj jedini izbor,
01:00
they will use it.
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oni će ga iskoristiti.
01:02
Most of us are concerned
with the level of violence in the world.
with the level of violence in the world.
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Većina nas je zabrinuta
zbog razine nasilja u svijetu.
zbog razine nasilja u svijetu.
01:06
But we're not going to end war
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Ali mi nećemo zaustaviti rat
01:07
by telling people
that violence is morally wrong.
that violence is morally wrong.
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tako da kažemo ljudima
da je nasilje moralno pogrešno.
da je nasilje moralno pogrešno.
01:10
Instead, we must offer them a tool
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Umjesto toga, moramo im ponuditi oruđe
01:13
that's at least as powerful
and as effective as violence.
and as effective as violence.
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koje je barem jednako snažno
i učinkovito kao nasilje.
i učinkovito kao nasilje.
01:17
This is the work I do.
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To je ono što ja radim
01:19
For the past 13 years,
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Zadnjih 13 godina,
01:21
I've been teaching people
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učim ljude
01:22
in some of the most difficult
situations around the world
situations around the world
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u nekim od najtežih situacija
diljem svijeta
diljem svijeta
01:25
how they can use nonviolent
struggle to conduct conflict.
struggle to conduct conflict.
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kako koristiti nenasilnu borbu
u upravljanju sukobom.
u upravljanju sukobom.
01:30
Most people associate this type of action
with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
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Većina ljudi povezuje ovu vrstu djelovanja
s Gandhijem i Martinom Lutherom Kingom.
s Gandhijem i Martinom Lutherom Kingom.
01:35
But people have been using
nonviolent action for thousands of years.
nonviolent action for thousands of years.
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Ali ljudi koriste nenasilno djelovanje
već tisućama godina.
već tisućama godina.
01:39
In fact, most of the rights
that we have today in this country --
that we have today in this country --
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Zapravo, većina prava
koja mi imamo danas u ovoj državi --
koja mi imamo danas u ovoj državi --
01:44
as women,
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kao žene,
01:45
as minorities,
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kao manjine,
01:46
as workers,
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kao radnici,
01:47
as people of different sexual orientations
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kao ljudi različitih spolnih orijentacija
01:50
and citizens concerned
with the environment --
with the environment --
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i građani zabrinuti
za okoliš --
za okoliš --
01:52
these rights weren't handed to us.
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ova prava nam nisu dodijeljena.
01:55
They were won by people
who fought for them
who fought for them
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Stekli su ih ljudi
koji su se borili za njih
koji su se borili za njih
01:57
and who sacrificed for them.
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i koji su se žrtvovali za njih.
01:59
But because we haven't learned
from this history,
from this history,
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Ali s obzirom da nismo naučili
iz ove povijesti,
iz ove povijesti,
02:01
nonviolent struggle as a technique
is widely misunderstood.
is widely misunderstood.
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nenasilna borba je kao tehnika
općenito pogrešno shvaćena.
općenito pogrešno shvaćena.
02:06
I met recently with a group
of Ethiopian activists,
of Ethiopian activists,
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Nedavno sam upoznala grupu
Etijopijskih aktivista,
Etijopijskih aktivista,
02:09
and they told me something
that I hear a lot.
that I hear a lot.
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i oni su mi rekli nešto
što često čujem.
što često čujem.
02:12
They said they'd already
tried nonviolent action,
tried nonviolent action,
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Rekli su mi da su već pokušali
nenasilno djelovanje,
nenasilno djelovanje,
02:15
and it hadn't worked.
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ali nije uspjelo.
02:16
Years ago they held a protest.
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Godinama ranije su održali prosvijed.
02:18
The government arrested everyone,
and that was the end of that.
and that was the end of that.
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Vlada je uhitila sve,
i to je bio kraj tome.
i to je bio kraj tome.
02:23
The idea that nonviolent struggle
is equivalent to street protests
is equivalent to street protests
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Ideja da je nenasilna borba
isto što i ulični protest
isto što i ulični protest
02:27
is a real problem.
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je pravi problem.
02:29
Because although protests can be a great
way to show that people want change,
way to show that people want change,
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Jer iako protesti mogu biti odličan
način da ljudi pokažu kako žele promjenu,
način da ljudi pokažu kako žele promjenu,
02:33
on their own, they don't
actually create change --
actually create change --
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oni sami po sebi,
ne čine promjenu --
ne čine promjenu --
02:36
at least change that is fundamental.
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barem ne promjenu koja je temeljna.
02:38
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:39
Powerful opponents are not going to give
people what they want
people what they want
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Moćni protivnici neće dati ljudima ono
što oni žele
što oni žele
02:42
just because they asked nicely ...
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samo zato jer su pristojno pitali...
02:45
or even not so nicely.
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ili čak ne tako pristojno.
02:47
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:48
Nonviolent struggle works
by destroying an opponent,
by destroying an opponent,
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Nenasilna borba funkcionira na način
da uništava protivnika,
da uništava protivnika,
02:52
not physically,
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ne fizički,
02:53
but by identifying the institutions
that an opponent needs to survive,
that an opponent needs to survive,
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već identificirajući institucije
koje protivniku trebaju kako bi opstao,
koje protivniku trebaju kako bi opstao,
02:57
and then denying them
those sources of power.
those sources of power.
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a potom im uskraćujući
te izvore moći.
te izvore moći.
03:00
Nonviolent activists
can neutralize the military
can neutralize the military
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Nenasilni aktivisti
mogu neutralizirati vojsku
mogu neutralizirati vojsku
03:03
by causing soldiers to defect.
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potičući vojnike na dezerterstvo.
03:05
They can disrupt the economy
through strikes and boycotts.
through strikes and boycotts.
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Mogu poremetiti ekonomiju
kroz štrajkove i bojkote.
kroz štrajkove i bojkote.
03:09
And they can challenge
government propaganda
government propaganda
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Mogu izazvati vladinu propagandu
03:11
by creating alternative media.
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stvarajući alternativne medije.
03:13
There are a variety of methods
that can be used to do this.
that can be used to do this.
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Postoje različite metode koje
se mogu koristiti kako bi se to postiglo.
se mogu koristiti kako bi se to postiglo.
03:17
My colleague and mentor, Gene Sharp,
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Moja kolegica i mentorica, Gene Sharp,
03:20
has identified 198 methods
of nonviolent action.
of nonviolent action.
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je identificirala 198 metoda
nenasilnoga djelovanja.
nenasilnoga djelovanja.
03:26
And protest is only one.
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Prosvjed je tek jedna.
03:28
Let me give you a recent example.
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Dopustite mi da vam dam nedavni primjer.
03:30
Until a few months ago,
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Do prije nekoliko mjeseci,
03:32
Guatemala was ruled
by corrupt former military officials
by corrupt former military officials
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Guatemalom su vladali korumpirani
bivši vojni dužnosnici
bivši vojni dužnosnici
03:35
with ties to organized crime.
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s vezama s organiziranim kriminalom.
03:38
People were generally aware of this,
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Ljudi su bili općenito svjesni toga,
03:39
but most of them felt powerless
to do anything about it --
to do anything about it --
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ali ih se većina osjećala nemoćnima
da nešto učine po tom pitanju --
da nešto učine po tom pitanju --
03:44
until one group of citizens,
just 12 regular people,
just 12 regular people,
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sve dok jedna grupa građana,
tek 12 običnih ljudi,
tek 12 običnih ljudi,
03:48
put out a call on Facebook
to their friends
to their friends
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nisu poslali poziv na Facebooku
svojim prijateljima
svojim prijateljima
03:51
to meet in the central plaza,
holding signs with a message:
holding signs with a message:
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da se nađu na centralnom trgu,
držeći znakove s porukom:
držeći znakove s porukom:
03:55
"Renuncia YA" --
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"Renuncia YA" --
03:57
resign already.
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daj više ostavku.
03:59
To their surprise,
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Na njihovo iznenađenje,
04:00
30,000 people showed up.
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pojavilo se 30 000 ljudi.
04:03
They stayed there for months
as protests spread throughout the country.
as protests spread throughout the country.
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Ostali su tu mjesecima
jer se prosvjed proširio na cijelu zemlju.
jer se prosvjed proširio na cijelu zemlju.
04:06
At one point,
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U jednom trenutku,
04:08
the organizers delivered hundreds of eggs
to various government buildings
to various government buildings
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organizatori su donijeli tisuće jaja
ispred različitih vladinih zgrada
ispred različitih vladinih zgrada
04:12
with a message:
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s porukom:
04:13
"If you don't have the huevos" --
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"Ako vi nemate huevos" --
04:15
the balls --
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jaja
04:17
"to stop corrupt candidates
from running for office,
from running for office,
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"da zaustavite korumpirane
u kandidaturi za ministarstva,
u kandidaturi za ministarstva,
04:20
you can borrow ours."
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možete posuditi naša."
04:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:23
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
04:28
President Molina responded
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Predsjednik Molina je odgovorio
04:30
by vowing that we would never step down.
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zaklinjući se da se nikad neće povući.
04:32
And the activists realized
that they couldn't just keep protesting
that they couldn't just keep protesting
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Aktivisti su shvatili
da ne mogu samo nastaviti prosvjedovati
da ne mogu samo nastaviti prosvjedovati
04:36
and ask the president to resign.
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i tražiti od predsjednika ostavku.
04:38
They needed to leave him no choice.
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Trebali su ga ostaviti bez izbora.
04:40
So they organized a general strike,
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Stoga su organizirali opći štrajk,
04:42
in which people throughout
the country refused to work.
the country refused to work.
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u kojem su ljudi diljem zemlje
odbili raditi.
odbili raditi.
04:45
In Guatemala City alone,
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Samo u Guatemala Cityju,
04:46
over 400 businesses
and schools shut their doors.
and schools shut their doors.
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preko 400 tvrtki i škola
su zatvorili svoja vrata.
su zatvorili svoja vrata.
04:50
Meanwhile,
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U međuvremenu,
04:51
farmers throughout the country
blocked major roads.
blocked major roads.
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farmeri diljem zemlje
su blokirali glavne ceste.
su blokirali glavne ceste.
04:54
Within five days,
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Kroz pet dana,
04:55
the president,
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predsjednik,
04:56
along with dozens of other
government officials,
government officials,
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zajedno s desetcima ostalih
vladinih dužnosnika,
vladinih dužnosnika,
04:59
resigned already.
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su napokon dali ostavku.
05:01
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
05:05
I've been greatly inspired
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Inspirirana sam
05:07
by the creativity and bravery
of people using nonviolent action
of people using nonviolent action
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kreativnošću i hrabrošću
ljudi koji koriste nenasilno djelovanje
ljudi koji koriste nenasilno djelovanje
05:11
in nearly every country in the world.
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u gotovo svakoj državi u svijetu.
05:13
For example,
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Primjerice,
05:14
recently a group of activists in Uganda
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nedavno je grupa aktivista u Ugandi
05:17
released a crate of pigs in the streets.
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pustila sanduk svinja na ulice.
05:20
You can see here that the police
are confused about what to do with them.
are confused about what to do with them.
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Možete vidjeti ovdje kako je policija
zbunjena jer ne znaju što učiniti s njima.
zbunjena jer ne znaju što učiniti s njima.
05:23
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:24
The pigs were painted
the color of the ruling party.
the color of the ruling party.
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Svinje su obojene
u boju vladajuće stranke.
u boju vladajuće stranke.
05:27
One pig was even wearing a hat,
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Jedna svinja je čak nosila šešir,
05:29
a hat that people recognized.
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šešir kojeg ljudi prepoznaju.
05:32
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:34
Activists around the world
are getting better at grabbing headlines,
are getting better at grabbing headlines,
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Aktivisti diljem svijeta
su sve bolji u osvajanju naslovnica,
su sve bolji u osvajanju naslovnica,
05:37
but these isolated actions do very little
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ali te izolirane akcije ne čine mnogo
05:40
if they're not part of a larger strategy.
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ako nisu dio veće strategije.
05:42
A general wouldn't march
his troops into battle
his troops into battle
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Vojskovođa ne vodi
svoje trupe u bitku
svoje trupe u bitku
05:45
unless he had a plan to win the war.
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ako nema plan kako dobiti rat.
05:47
Yet this is how most of the world's
nonviolent movements operate.
nonviolent movements operate.
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Ipak, to je način na koji većina
nenasilnih pokreta djeluje.
nenasilnih pokreta djeluje.
05:50
Nonviolent struggle is just as complex
as military warfare,
as military warfare,
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Nenasilna borba je jednako kompleksna
kao i vojno ratovanje,
kao i vojno ratovanje,
05:55
if not more.
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ako ne i više.
05:56
Its participants must be well-trained
and have clear objectives,
and have clear objectives,
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Njeni sudionici moraju biti dobro obučeni
i imati jasne ciljeve,
i imati jasne ciljeve,
06:00
and its leaders must have a strategy
of how to achieve those objectives.
of how to achieve those objectives.
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a njeni vođe moraju imati strategiju
kako doći do tih ciljeva.
kako doći do tih ciljeva.
06:05
The technique of war has been developed
over thousands of years
over thousands of years
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Tehnika ratovanja je razvijana
tisućama godina
tisućama godina
06:08
with massive resources
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s ogromnim resursima
06:10
and some of our best minds
dedicated to understanding
dedicated to understanding
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i nekima od najvećih umova
odlučnih u razumijevanju
odlučnih u razumijevanju
06:13
and improving how it works.
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i unaprjeđivanju njenog djelovanja.
06:15
Meanwhile, nonviolent struggle
is rarely systematically studied,
is rarely systematically studied,
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U međuvremenu, nenasilna borba
je rijetko sistematično proučavana,
je rijetko sistematično proučavana,
06:20
and even though the number is growing,
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i iako broj raste,
06:22
there are still only a few dozen people
in the world who are teaching it.
in the world who are teaching it.
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još uvijek tek nekoliko desetaka ljudi
u svijetu je podučavaju.
u svijetu je podučavaju.
06:26
This is dangerous,
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To je opasno,
06:28
because we now know that our old
approaches of dealing with conflict
approaches of dealing with conflict
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jer znamo da naši stari načini
suočavanja sa sukobom
suočavanja sa sukobom
06:32
are not adequate for the new
challenges that we're facing.
challenges that we're facing.
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nisu adekvatni novim izazovima
s kojima smo suočeni.
s kojima smo suočeni.
06:35
The US government recently admitted
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Vlada SAD-a je nedavno priznala
06:37
that it's in a stalemate
in its war against ISIS.
in its war against ISIS.
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da je u pat poziciji u ratu
protiv ISISa.
protiv ISISa.
06:41
But what most people don't know
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No ono što većina ljudi ne zna
06:43
is that people have stood up to ISIS
using nonviolent action.
using nonviolent action.
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je da su se ljudi suprotstavili ISISu
koristeći nenasilno djelovanje.
koristeći nenasilno djelovanje.
06:47
When ISIS captured Mosul in June 2014,
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Kad je ISIS okupirao Mosul u lipnju 2014. godine,
06:50
they announced that they were putting
in place a new public school curriculum,
in place a new public school curriculum,
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najavili su da će uvesti u škole
novi kurikulum za državno obrazovanje,
novi kurikulum za državno obrazovanje,
06:54
based on their own extremist ideology.
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koji se temelji na njihovoj
ekstremističkoj ideologiji.
ekstremističkoj ideologiji.
06:57
But on the first day of school,
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Ali za prvi dan nastave,
06:59
not a single child showed up.
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ni jedno dijete se nije pojavilo.
07:02
Parents simply refused to send them.
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Roditelji su jednostavno odbili
poslati ih u školu.
poslati ih u školu.
07:05
They told journalists they would rather
homeschool their children
homeschool their children
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Rekli su novinarima da će radije
podučavati svoju djecu kod kuće
podučavati svoju djecu kod kuće
07:08
than to have them brainwashed.
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nego da im se ispire mozak.
07:10
This is an example
of just one act of defiance
of just one act of defiance
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To je primjer
samo jednog čina neposluha
samo jednog čina neposluha
07:13
in just one city.
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u samo jednom gradu.
07:15
But what if it was coordinated
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Ali što da je koordiniran
07:17
with the dozens of other acts
of nonviolent resistance
of nonviolent resistance
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s desecima drugih činova
nenasilnog otpora
nenasilnog otpora
07:19
that have taken place against ISIS?
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koji se vode protiv ISISa?
07:21
What if the parents' boycott
was part of a larger strategy
was part of a larger strategy
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Što da je bojkot roditelja
bio dio veće strategije
bio dio veće strategije
07:25
to identify and cut off the resources
that ISIS needs to function;
that ISIS needs to function;
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kako bi identificirali i odsjekli resurse
koje ISIS treba kako bi djelovao;
koje ISIS treba kako bi djelovao;
07:30
the skilled labor needed to produce food;
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radne snage koje su
potrebne za proizvodnju hrane
potrebne za proizvodnju hrane
07:32
the engineers needed
to extract and refine oil;
to extract and refine oil;
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inženjeri koji su potrebni
za izdvajanje i pročišćavanje nafte;
za izdvajanje i pročišćavanje nafte;
07:36
the media infrastructure
and communications networks
and communications networks
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medijska infrastruktura
i komunikacijske mreže
i komunikacijske mreže
07:38
and transportation systems,
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prijevozni sustavi,
07:40
and the local businesses
that ISIS relies on?
that ISIS relies on?
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i lokalne tvrtke
na koje se ISIS oslanja?
na koje se ISIS oslanja?
07:43
It may be difficult
to imagine defeating ISIS
to imagine defeating ISIS
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Može biti teško zamisliti
pobjedu nad ISISom
pobjedu nad ISISom
07:47
with action that is nonviolent.
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s djelovanjem koje nije nasilno.
07:49
But it's time we challenge
the way we think about conflict
the way we think about conflict
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Ali, vrijeme je da dovedemo u pitanje
način razmišljanja o sukobu
način razmišljanja o sukobu
07:52
and the choices we have in facing it.
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i izborima koje imamo
u suočavanju s njim.
u suočavanju s njim.
07:56
Here's an idea worth spreading:
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Evo ideja koja je vrijedna širenja:
07:58
let's learn more about where
nonviolent action has worked
nonviolent action has worked
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idemo naučiti o tome gdje je
nenasilno djelovanje uspjelo
nenasilno djelovanje uspjelo
08:01
and how we can make it more powerful,
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i kako ga možemo učiniti moćnijim,
08:04
just like we do with other
systems and technologies
systems and technologies
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kao što činimo s ostalim sustavima
i tehnologijama
i tehnologijama
08:07
that are constantly being refined
to better meet human needs.
to better meet human needs.
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koje se stalno prerađuju
kako bi bolje odgovarale ljudskim potrebama.
kako bi bolje odgovarale ljudskim potrebama.
08:11
It may be that we can improve
nonviolent action
nonviolent action
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Možda možemo poboljšati
nenasilno djelovanje
nenasilno djelovanje
08:14
to a point where it is increasingly
used in place of war.
used in place of war.
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do točke gdje se češće koriste
umjesto rata.
umjesto rata.
08:18
Violence as a tool of conflict
could then be abandoned
could then be abandoned
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Nasilje kao oruđe konflikta
bi moglo biti posve napušteno
bi moglo biti posve napušteno
08:22
in the same way that bows and arrows were,
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na isti način kao što su luk i strijele,
08:25
because we have replaced them
with weapons that are more effective.
with weapons that are more effective.
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jer smo ih zamijenili oružjem
koje je mnogo efikasnije.
koje je mnogo efikasnije.
08:29
With human innovation, we can make
nonviolent struggle more powerful
nonviolent struggle more powerful
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S ljudskim inovacijama, možemo učiniti
nenasilnu borbu još moćnijom
nenasilnu borbu još moćnijom
08:34
than the newest and latest
technologies of war.
technologies of war.
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od najnovijih i posljednjih
tehnologija ratovanja.
tehnologija ratovanja.
08:38
The greatest hope for humanity
lies not in condemning violence
lies not in condemning violence
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Najveća nada za čovječanstvo
ne leži u osudi nasilja
ne leži u osudi nasilja
08:42
but in making violence obsolete.
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već čineći nasilje zastarjelim.
08:46
Thank you.
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Hvala.
08:47
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jamila Raqib - PeacemakerJamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally.
Why you should listen
Jamila Raqib is the executive director of the Albert Einstein Institution, which promotes the study and strategic use of nonviolent action worldwide. Since 2002, she has worked closely with Dr. Gene Sharp, the world's foremost scholar on strategic nonviolent action. Together, they developed a curriculum titled Self-Liberation: A Guide to Strategic Planning for Action to End a Dictatorship or Other Oppression. The publication is intended to provide in-depth guidance for planning a strategic nonviolent struggle.
Raqib represents the Institution at a number of domestic and international forums such as the Oslo Freedom Forum and the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. Her work centers on presenting a pragmatic approach to nonviolent action to activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments. She travels throughout the world conducting consultations and workshops for individuals and groups seeking to achieve diverse goals such as opposing dictatorship, combatting corruption, attaining political rights, economic justice, environmental protection and women's empowerment.
She holds a B.A. in Management from Simmons College in Boston, MA, and is a Research Affiliate of the Center for International Studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Jamila Raqib | Speaker | TED.com