TED Talks Live
Jamila Raqib: The secret to effective nonviolent resistance
贾米拉 ▪ 雷奇布: 非暴力有效抗争之谜
Filmed:
Readability: 4.9
978,122 views
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦研究所执行官坦贾米拉 ▪ 雷奇布说道，我们绝不会告诉人们终结暴力是有悖道德的。相反，我们必须要找到同样既有力又有效的办法来施展暴力。雷奇布向遭受暴行的人们推荐非暴力抗争，除了街头抗议，还有很多其他办法。她向我们分享了很多鼓舞人心的案例，包含着改变世界的创想，以及带来了未来将没有武力冲突的希望。雷奇布说："人性最伟大的希望不在于谴责暴力而在于抛弃暴力。“
Jamila Raqib - Peacemaker
Jamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally. Full bio
Jamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
War has been a part of my life
since I can remember.
since I can remember.
0
1197
2995
自从我记事以来 战争就成了我生活的一部分
00:16
I was born in Afghanistan,
just six months after the Soviets invaded,
just six months after the Soviets invaded,
1
4811
4144
我出生在阿富汗 就在六个月之后苏维埃便入侵了
00:21
and even though I was too young
to understand what was happening,
to understand what was happening,
2
9526
3281
尽管当时我还十分年幼 并不知道发生了什么
00:24
I had a deep sense of the suffering
and the fear around me.
and the fear around me.
3
12831
3321
但我深深的感觉到有种灾难和恐惧萦绕着我
00:29
Those early experiences had a major impact
on how I now think about war and conflict.
on how I now think about war and conflict.
4
17219
5122
这些早期的经历给我对战争和冲突的看法产生了很大影响
00:35
I learned that when people
have a fundamental issue at stake,
have a fundamental issue at stake,
5
23049
3438
我了解到人们在遭遇危险之时
00:38
for most of them,
6
26511
1252
对他们大部分人而言
00:39
giving in is not an option.
7
27787
1632
屈服并非唯一选择
00:41
For these types conflicts --
8
29971
1612
对于这些冲突而言
00:43
when people's rights are violated,
9
31607
1785
当人们的权利受到侵犯之时
00:45
when their countries are occupied,
10
33416
1770
当他们的祖国被占领之时
00:47
when they're oppressed and humiliated --
11
35210
2218
当他们受尽压迫和羞辱之时
00:49
they need a powerful way
to resist and to fight back.
to resist and to fight back.
12
37452
3158
他们迫切需要一种强大的力量去抵抗 去战斗
00:53
Which means that no matter how destructive
and terrible violence is,
and terrible violence is,
13
41308
4263
这也意味着 无论暴力多么凶残可怕
00:57
if people see it as their only choice,
14
45595
2424
只要人们把这当作是他们唯一的退路
01:00
they will use it.
15
48043
1457
他们便会使用暴力
01:02
Most of us are concerned
with the level of violence in the world.
with the level of violence in the world.
16
50074
3576
我们大多数都与这个世界的暴力水平有着丝丝缕缕的联系
01:06
But we're not going to end war
17
54045
1454
但我们不会通过告诉人们
01:07
by telling people
that violence is morally wrong.
that violence is morally wrong.
18
55523
2708
暴力与道德相悖 这样来终结战争
01:10
Instead, we must offer them a tool
19
58883
2399
相反 我们必须给他们工具
01:13
that's at least as powerful
and as effective as violence.
and as effective as violence.
20
61306
3339
至少和暴力一样有力 一样有效的工具
01:17
This is the work I do.
21
65574
1486
这就是我所做的
01:19
For the past 13 years,
22
67717
1539
过去的13年里
01:21
I've been teaching people
23
69280
1285
我一直在教导
01:22
in some of the most difficult
situations around the world
situations around the world
24
70589
3108
全世界某些身陷苦难境地的人们
01:25
how they can use nonviolent
struggle to conduct conflict.
struggle to conduct conflict.
25
73721
3367
告诉他们如何使用非暴力手段与冲突对抗
01:30
Most people associate this type of action
with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
26
78113
4690
多数人会将这种行动与甘地或马丁▪ 路德▪ 金联系在一起
01:35
But people have been using
nonviolent action for thousands of years.
nonviolent action for thousands of years.
27
83589
3713
但自从人们开始使用非暴力手段已经有足足几千年了
01:39
In fact, most of the rights
that we have today in this country --
that we have today in this country --
28
87831
4332
事实上 我们在这个国家所拥有的大多数权利
01:44
as women,
29
92187
1151
作为女性
01:45
as minorities,
30
93362
1151
作为少数人群
01:46
as workers,
31
94537
1348
作为工人
01:47
as people of different sexual orientations
32
95909
2566
作为有着不同性取向的人们
01:50
and citizens concerned
with the environment --
with the environment --
33
98499
2458
以及关心环境的普通公民
01:52
these rights weren't handed to us.
34
100981
1857
这些权利并非直接交到我们手中
01:55
They were won by people
who fought for them
who fought for them
35
103226
2160
而是靠为权利而战的人们赢得的
01:57
and who sacrificed for them.
36
105410
1822
也是他们的牺牲所换来的
01:59
But because we haven't learned
from this history,
from this history,
37
107256
2520
但是由于我们并没有从历史中了解到
02:01
nonviolent struggle as a technique
is widely misunderstood.
is widely misunderstood.
38
109800
4041
因而 很多人误解了非暴力抗争这种方法
02:06
I met recently with a group
of Ethiopian activists,
of Ethiopian activists,
39
114488
3122
最近 我认识了一些埃塞俄比亚的行动家
02:09
and they told me something
that I hear a lot.
that I hear a lot.
40
117634
3150
他们告诉了我很多我曾经听说过很多的事情
02:12
They said they'd already
tried nonviolent action,
tried nonviolent action,
41
120808
2326
他们说 他们已经试过非暴力行动了
02:15
and it hadn't worked.
42
123158
1418
但它并不奏效
02:16
Years ago they held a protest.
43
124600
2336
多年前 他们举行过一次抗议
02:18
The government arrested everyone,
and that was the end of that.
and that was the end of that.
44
126960
3708
政府把他们都逮捕了 而这次抗议也就这样结束了
02:23
The idea that nonviolent struggle
is equivalent to street protests
is equivalent to street protests
45
131302
3960
这种认为非暴力抗争等同于街头抗议的观点
02:27
is a real problem.
46
135286
1398
这才是真正的问题
02:29
Because although protests can be a great
way to show that people want change,
way to show that people want change,
47
137204
4400
因为虽然抗议很好地表达了人们想要改变的想法
02:33
on their own, they don't
actually create change --
actually create change --
48
141628
2870
但是对于他们自身来说 他们并没有真正的在创造改变
02:36
at least change that is fundamental.
49
144522
1968
至少 改变这个是最基础的
02:38
(Laughter)
50
146514
1188
(笑声）
02:39
Powerful opponents are not going to give
people what they want
people what they want
51
147726
3109
强大的对手也并不会给人们他们想要的
02:42
just because they asked nicely ...
52
150859
1932
仅仅因为他们要的太温柔了
02:45
or even not so nicely.
53
153519
1877
或许也不那么温柔
02:47
(Laughter)
54
155420
1133
（笑声）
02:48
Nonviolent struggle works
by destroying an opponent,
by destroying an opponent,
55
156577
3044
非暴力抗争要通过摧毁对手才能奏效
02:52
not physically,
56
160018
1312
不仅仅是肉体上的
02:53
but by identifying the institutions
that an opponent needs to survive,
that an opponent needs to survive,
57
161354
4410
而且要确定对手需要存活下去的机制
02:57
and then denying them
those sources of power.
those sources of power.
58
165788
2182
然后否认他们的权利之源
03:00
Nonviolent activists
can neutralize the military
can neutralize the military
59
168470
2764
非暴力行动主义者能扰乱军心
03:03
by causing soldiers to defect.
60
171258
2224
引起士兵的抵抗心理
03:05
They can disrupt the economy
through strikes and boycotts.
through strikes and boycotts.
61
173506
3275
他们可以罢工 抵制 来破坏经济发展
03:09
And they can challenge
government propaganda
government propaganda
62
177190
2302
他们还可以
03:11
by creating alternative media.
63
179516
1866
通过创造其他的媒体方式 挑战政府宣传活动
03:13
There are a variety of methods
that can be used to do this.
that can be used to do this.
64
181829
2844
要达到这些目的 有各种各样的办法
03:17
My colleague and mentor, Gene Sharp,
65
185384
2792
吉恩▪夏普 我的同事 亦是我的导师
03:20
has identified 198 methods
of nonviolent action.
of nonviolent action.
66
188200
4627
已经找到了198种非暴力行动的方式
03:26
And protest is only one.
67
194186
1765
而抗议是唯一的那一个
03:28
Let me give you a recent example.
68
196376
1997
让我向大家举一个最近的例子吧
03:30
Until a few months ago,
69
198885
1469
直到几个月前
03:32
Guatemala was ruled
by corrupt former military officials
by corrupt former military officials
70
200378
3217
危地马拉还由腐败的前军事官员统治着
03:35
with ties to organized crime.
71
203619
1811
他们还与团伙犯罪有关
03:38
People were generally aware of this,
72
206071
1793
人们已经普遍意识到了这一点
03:39
but most of them felt powerless
to do anything about it --
to do anything about it --
73
207888
3350
但是他们大多数觉得无能为力
03:44
until one group of citizens,
just 12 regular people,
just 12 regular people,
74
212401
4081
直到由12个普通人组成的市民小组
03:48
put out a call on Facebook
to their friends
to their friends
75
216506
2742
在脸书上号召他们的朋友
03:51
to meet in the central plaza,
holding signs with a message:
holding signs with a message:
76
219272
3239
在中央广场聚集 举着牌子 上面写着
03:55
"Renuncia YA" --
77
223046
1385
下台
03:57
resign already.
78
225024
1416
尽管已经下台了
03:59
To their surprise,
79
227199
1409
但令他们惊讶的是
04:00
30,000 people showed up.
80
228632
1760
这得到了3万多人的支援
04:03
They stayed there for months
as protests spread throughout the country.
as protests spread throughout the country.
81
231045
3437
他们在广场上呆了几个月 随后抗议蔓延至全国
04:06
At one point,
82
234932
1156
某天
04:08
the organizers delivered hundreds of eggs
to various government buildings
to various government buildings
83
236112
4188
组织者给政府大楼送了很多鸡蛋
04:12
with a message:
84
240324
1167
附信：
04:13
"If you don't have the huevos" --
85
241960
1886
如果您们差这些鸡蛋
04:15
the balls --
86
243870
1206
（胆量）
04:17
"to stop corrupt candidates
from running for office,
from running for office,
87
245100
3054
去阻止贪官污吏腐蚀国家的话
04:20
you can borrow ours."
88
248178
1458
你可以向我们借
04:21
(Laughter)
89
249660
1659
（笑声）
04:23
(Applause)
90
251343
3355
（鼓掌）
04:28
President Molina responded
91
256469
1519
莫利纳总统回应道
04:30
by vowing that we would never step down.
92
258012
2136
我发誓 我们绝不下台
04:32
And the activists realized
that they couldn't just keep protesting
that they couldn't just keep protesting
93
260674
3601
活动家们意识到 要让总统下台
04:36
and ask the president to resign.
94
264299
2014
他们绝不能只是抗议
04:38
They needed to leave him no choice.
95
266337
1996
他们需要让总统无路可走
04:40
So they organized a general strike,
96
268793
1931
于是 他们组织了全体罢工
04:42
in which people throughout
the country refused to work.
the country refused to work.
97
270748
2647
全国上下 人们纷纷拒绝工作
04:45
In Guatemala City alone,
98
273419
1402
仅仅在瓜地马拉市
04:46
over 400 businesses
and schools shut their doors.
and schools shut their doors.
99
274845
2949
就有400多家商店和学校关门
04:50
Meanwhile,
100
278367
1181
与此同时
04:51
farmers throughout the country
blocked major roads.
blocked major roads.
101
279572
2629
全国的农民封锁了主要道路
04:54
Within five days,
102
282225
1478
就在五天之内
04:55
the president,
103
283727
1177
总统
04:56
along with dozens of other
government officials,
government officials,
104
284928
2723
携十多位其他政府官员
04:59
resigned already.
105
287675
1469
宣布卸任
05:01
(Applause)
106
289168
4283
（鼓掌）
05:05
I've been greatly inspired
107
293475
1603
我受到了深深的鼓舞
05:07
by the creativity and bravery
of people using nonviolent action
of people using nonviolent action
108
295102
3903
人们的创造力和勇气被运用在了非暴力行动中
05:11
in nearly every country in the world.
109
299029
2223
这几乎发生在了世界上的每一个国家
05:13
For example,
110
301718
1151
举例来说
05:14
recently a group of activists in Uganda
111
302893
2557
最近 乌干达的一些活动家
05:17
released a crate of pigs in the streets.
112
305474
2133
在街上放出了一群猪
05:20
You can see here that the police
are confused about what to do with them.
are confused about what to do with them.
113
308096
3438
你们可以看到 警察对它们手足无措
05:23
(Laughter)
114
311558
1036
（笑声）
05:24
The pigs were painted
the color of the ruling party.
the color of the ruling party.
115
312618
2616
猪身上涂着执政党的颜色
05:27
One pig was even wearing a hat,
116
315617
2278
其中一头猪甚至还带着顶帽子
05:29
a hat that people recognized.
117
317919
1880
这顶帽子人们都认识
05:32
(Laughter)
118
320321
1063
（笑声)
05:34
Activists around the world
are getting better at grabbing headlines,
are getting better at grabbing headlines,
119
322264
3369
全世界的活动家都越来越会抢头条了
05:37
but these isolated actions do very little
120
325657
2663
但要是他们没有大计划支撑
05:40
if they're not part of a larger strategy.
121
328344
2183
这些孤立无援的运动则收效甚微
05:42
A general wouldn't march
his troops into battle
his troops into battle
122
330914
2239
一位将军要是没有打胜仗的计划
05:45
unless he had a plan to win the war.
123
333177
2131
绝不会出动军队
05:47
Yet this is how most of the world's
nonviolent movements operate.
nonviolent movements operate.
124
335332
3111
而世界上大多数非暴力运动就是这样做的
05:50
Nonviolent struggle is just as complex
as military warfare,
as military warfare,
125
338896
4320
非暴力抗争就如同军事战争一般复杂
05:55
if not more.
126
343240
1198
甚至不亚于军事战争
05:56
Its participants must be well-trained
and have clear objectives,
and have clear objectives,
127
344462
4195
参与者必须训练有素 有一个清晰的目标
06:00
and its leaders must have a strategy
of how to achieve those objectives.
of how to achieve those objectives.
128
348681
3832
而且领导者必须要有如何实现这些目标的战略和计划
06:05
The technique of war has been developed
over thousands of years
over thousands of years
129
353242
3266
几千年以来 战争的技术不断发展
06:08
with massive resources
130
356532
1547
资源也愈发丰富多样
06:10
and some of our best minds
dedicated to understanding
dedicated to understanding
131
358103
3246
我们的某些想法也致力于理解
06:13
and improving how it works.
132
361373
1725
和提升它的效果
06:15
Meanwhile, nonviolent struggle
is rarely systematically studied,
is rarely systematically studied,
133
363608
4582
然而与此同时 非暴力抗争几乎没有系统地学习
06:20
and even though the number is growing,
134
368214
2010
尽管次数也在不断增多
06:22
there are still only a few dozen people
in the world who are teaching it.
in the world who are teaching it.
135
370248
3785
但世界上仍旧只有小部分人在教我们怎么做
06:26
This is dangerous,
136
374849
1293
这很危险
06:28
because we now know that our old
approaches of dealing with conflict
approaches of dealing with conflict
137
376166
4168
因为我们现在知道以往处理矛盾的方法
06:32
are not adequate for the new
challenges that we're facing.
challenges that we're facing.
138
380358
3418
不足以我们去迎接新的挑战
06:35
The US government recently admitted
139
383800
2083
美国政府最近承认
06:37
that it's in a stalemate
in its war against ISIS.
in its war against ISIS.
140
385907
2913
在对抗ISIS的战争中 他们身陷僵局
06:41
But what most people don't know
141
389318
1744
但很多人不知道的却是
06:43
is that people have stood up to ISIS
using nonviolent action.
using nonviolent action.
142
391086
3514
人们使用了非暴力运动来对抗ISIS
06:47
When ISIS captured Mosul in June 2014,
143
395120
3810
当ISIS在2014年七月逮捕摩苏尔
06:50
they announced that they were putting
in place a new public school curriculum,
in place a new public school curriculum,
144
398954
3731
他们宣称 他们正在建立一个新的公立学校课程
06:54
based on their own extremist ideology.
145
402709
2130
基于他们自己的极端主义思想
06:57
But on the first day of school,
146
405556
1540
但在开学第一天
06:59
not a single child showed up.
147
407672
1686
没有一个孩子来上课
07:02
Parents simply refused to send them.
148
410222
2822
家长就是不愿意送孩子上学
07:05
They told journalists they would rather
homeschool their children
homeschool their children
149
413068
3192
他们告诉记者 他们情愿让孩子在家学习
07:08
than to have them brainwashed.
150
416284
1556
也不愿孩子去洗脑
07:10
This is an example
of just one act of defiance
of just one act of defiance
151
418689
3009
这仅仅是反抗运动中的一例
07:13
in just one city.
152
421722
1355
也只是一个城市中的一例
07:15
But what if it was coordinated
153
423659
1445
但如果大家将众多非暴力对抗运动
07:17
with the dozens of other acts
of nonviolent resistance
of nonviolent resistance
154
425128
2622
联合起来
07:19
that have taken place against ISIS?
155
427774
2055
去抵抗ISIS呢？
07:21
What if the parents' boycott
was part of a larger strategy
was part of a larger strategy
156
429853
3435
如果家长的童子军是整个大计划的一部分呢？
07:25
to identify and cut off the resources
that ISIS needs to function;
that ISIS needs to function;
157
433312
4226
他们可以找寻和切断ISIS需要运作的资源
07:30
the skilled labor needed to produce food;
158
438157
2496
阻断生产食物的技术工人
07:32
the engineers needed
to extract and refine oil;
to extract and refine oil;
159
440677
3589
破坏提取和炼油的机器
07:36
the media infrastructure
and communications networks
and communications networks
160
444290
2593
损坏媒体设施和通信网络
07:38
and transportation systems,
161
446907
1973
及交通系统
07:40
and the local businesses
that ISIS relies on?
that ISIS relies on?
162
448904
2504
摧毁ISIS赖以生存的公司
07:43
It may be difficult
to imagine defeating ISIS
to imagine defeating ISIS
163
451911
3121
以非暴力行动
07:47
with action that is nonviolent.
164
455056
1911
对抗ISIS 可能很难想象
07:49
But it's time we challenge
the way we think about conflict
the way we think about conflict
165
457511
3108
但现在正是我们挑战看待冲突的方式
07:52
and the choices we have in facing it.
166
460643
2415
和面对做出选择的时刻了
07:56
Here's an idea worth spreading:
167
464194
2271
这一思想 值得我们广而告之
07:58
let's learn more about where
nonviolent action has worked
nonviolent action has worked
168
466489
3155
让我们来了解更多有关非暴力运动已经在什么地方奏效
08:01
and how we can make it more powerful,
169
469668
2517
以及我们如何让它更加有力的方法吧
08:04
just like we do with other
systems and technologies
systems and technologies
170
472209
3044
就像我们处理其他系统和科技一样
08:07
that are constantly being refined
to better meet human needs.
to better meet human needs.
171
475277
3559
让它们不断更新以满足人们需求
08:11
It may be that we can improve
nonviolent action
nonviolent action
172
479446
3459
我们可能而且可以改善非暴力运动
08:14
to a point where it is increasingly
used in place of war.
used in place of war.
173
482929
3251
让非暴力运动越来越多的走向战地
08:18
Violence as a tool of conflict
could then be abandoned
could then be abandoned
174
486838
4075
暴力作为冲突的工具便可以抛弃
08:22
in the same way that bows and arrows were,
175
490937
2407
弓箭亦是如此
08:25
because we have replaced them
with weapons that are more effective.
with weapons that are more effective.
176
493368
3344
因为我们已经用更有效的武器将它们代替
08:29
With human innovation, we can make
nonviolent struggle more powerful
nonviolent struggle more powerful
177
497427
4879
有人类的创新 我们可以让非暴力抗争
08:34
than the newest and latest
technologies of war.
technologies of war.
178
502330
2624
比最新的战争技术还要有力
08:38
The greatest hope for humanity
lies not in condemning violence
lies not in condemning violence
179
506010
4463
人性最伟大的希望并不在于谴责暴力
08:42
but in making violence obsolete.
180
510497
2363
而是抛弃暴力
08:46
Thank you.
181
514365
1151
谢谢
08:47
(Applause)
182
515540
8395
（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jamila Raqib - PeacemakerJamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally.
Why you should listen
Jamila Raqib is the executive director of the Albert Einstein Institution, which promotes the study and strategic use of nonviolent action worldwide. Since 2002, she has worked closely with Dr. Gene Sharp, the world's foremost scholar on strategic nonviolent action. Together, they developed a curriculum titled Self-Liberation: A Guide to Strategic Planning for Action to End a Dictatorship or Other Oppression. The publication is intended to provide in-depth guidance for planning a strategic nonviolent struggle.
Raqib represents the Institution at a number of domestic and international forums such as the Oslo Freedom Forum and the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. Her work centers on presenting a pragmatic approach to nonviolent action to activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments. She travels throughout the world conducting consultations and workshops for individuals and groups seeking to achieve diverse goals such as opposing dictatorship, combatting corruption, attaining political rights, economic justice, environmental protection and women's empowerment.
She holds a B.A. in Management from Simmons College in Boston, MA, and is a Research Affiliate of the Center for International Studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Jamila Raqib | Speaker | TED.com