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Jamila Raqib: The secret to effective nonviolent resistance
賈米拉 拉齊步: 有效非暴力抗爭背後的秘密
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暴力不會隨著我們告訴別人這是錯誤的而結束，賈米拉 拉齊步，一位阿爾伯特愛因斯坦機構的行政領導人員說。事實上，我們需要找到一個有效並並且合適的解決方式來結束爭端。拉齊步認為非暴力抗爭是人們對抗暴政的有效辦法，並且相比街頭抗議非暴力抗爭能帶來更多。她分享了一些激勵人心的改變了世界的例子，和人們在未來可以和平地解決爭端的訊息。“人性上最期望的不是對暴力的譴責，而是讓暴力永遠停留在過去” 拉齊步說到。
Jamila Raqib - Peacemaker
Jamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally. Full bio
Jamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
自我有記憶以來
戰爭就是我生活的一部分
戰爭就是我生活的一部分
00:13
War has been a part of my life
since I can remember.
since I can remember.
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00:16
I was born in Afghanistan,
just six months after the Soviets invaded,
just six months after the Soviets invaded,
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就在蘇維埃入侵六個月之後
我出生於阿富汗
我出生於阿富汗
00:21
and even though I was too young
to understand what was happening,
to understand what was happening,
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儘管當時我還年幼
並不知道發生了什麼
並不知道發生了什麼
00:24
I had a deep sense of the suffering
and the fear around me.
and the fear around me.
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但我深深地感覺到
災難和恐懼在我周邊
災難和恐懼在我周邊
00:29
Those early experiences had a major impact
on how I now think about war and conflict.
on how I now think about war and conflict.
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這些早期的經歷 讓我現在對戰爭和衝突的看法
產生了重要的影響
產生了重要的影響
00:35
I learned that when people
have a fundamental issue at stake,
have a fundamental issue at stake,
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我了解到人們遭遇到危險時
00:38
for most of them,
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對他們大部分人而言
00:39
giving in is not an option.
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屈服不是一個選擇
00:41
For these types conflicts --
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對於以下幾種類型的衝突
00:43
when people's rights are violated,
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當人們的權利受到侵害時
00:45
when their countries are occupied,
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當他們的國家被佔領時
00:47
when they're oppressed and humiliated --
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當他們受到壓迫和受到羞辱時
00:49
they need a powerful way
to resist and to fight back.
to resist and to fight back.
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他們需要一個強有力的方式
去抵制和反抗
去抵制和反抗
00:53
Which means that no matter how destructive
and terrible violence is,
and terrible violence is,
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這就意味著無論暴力有多麼兇殘可怕
00:57
if people see it as their only choice,
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如果人們認為暴力是
他們唯一的選擇
他們唯一的選擇
01:00
they will use it.
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他們就會使用暴力
01:02
Most of us are concerned
with the level of violence in the world.
with the level of violence in the world.
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我們絕大部分人都對
存在於世界上的暴力感到擔心
存在於世界上的暴力感到擔心
01:06
But we're not going to end war
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但告訴人們戰爭是錯誤的
01:07
by telling people
that violence is morally wrong.
that violence is morally wrong.
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並不能結束戰爭
01:10
Instead, we must offer them a tool
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取而代之的 我們必須
給他們一個工具
給他們一個工具
01:13
that's at least as powerful
and as effective as violence.
and as effective as violence.
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至少是一個與暴力
有相同效力的工具
有相同效力的工具
01:17
This is the work I do.
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這是我的工作
01:19
For the past 13 years,
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在過去的十三年裡
01:21
I've been teaching people
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我在一些有著最困難處境的地區
01:22
in some of the most difficult
situations around the world
situations around the world
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教導人們 怎樣可以
01:25
how they can use nonviolent
struggle to conduct conflict.
struggle to conduct conflict.
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用非暴力手段來結束分歧
01:30
Most people associate this type of action
with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
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很多人使用這種手段 比如
甘地和馬丁路德金
甘地和馬丁路德金
01:35
But people have been using
nonviolent action for thousands of years.
nonviolent action for thousands of years.
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人們已經使用非暴力手段近千年
01:39
In fact, most of the rights
that we have today in this country --
that we have today in this country --
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事實上 今天在這個國家裡
大部分的權利
大部分的權利
01:44
as women,
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作為女性
01:45
as minorities,
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作為少數族群
01:46
as workers,
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作為工人
01:47
as people of different sexual orientations
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作為性少數人群
01:50
and citizens concerned
with the environment --
with the environment --
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還有擔心環境的人們
01:52
these rights weren't handed to us.
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這些權利沒有直接給到我們
01:55
They were won by people
who fought for them
who fought for them
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這些是經過人們奮鬥而來的
01:57
and who sacrificed for them.
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還有為此犧牲的人們
01:59
But because we haven't learned
from this history,
from this history,
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但是因為我們還沒有從
這歷史當中學到教訓
這歷史當中學到教訓
02:01
nonviolent struggle as a technique
is widely misunderstood.
is widely misunderstood.
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非暴力鬥爭被廣泛的誤解
02:06
I met recently with a group
of Ethiopian activists,
of Ethiopian activists,
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我最近見了一個埃塞俄比亞積極團體
02:09
and they told me something
that I hear a lot.
that I hear a lot.
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然後他們跟我說了些我常聽到的事情
02:12
They said they'd already
tried nonviolent action,
tried nonviolent action,
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他們說他們已經嘗試過非暴力手段
02:15
and it hadn't worked.
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但它沒有效果
02:16
Years ago they held a protest.
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幾年前 他們發起了抗議活動
02:18
The government arrested everyone,
and that was the end of that.
and that was the end of that.
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政府把他們全部都逮捕了去來
這就是故事的結果
這就是故事的結果
02:23
The idea that nonviolent struggle
is equivalent to street protests
is equivalent to street protests
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非暴力鬥爭的想法
是跟街頭抗議一樣的
是跟街頭抗議一樣的
02:27
is a real problem.
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這是一個問題
02:29
Because although protests can be a great
way to show that people want change,
way to show that people want change,
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因為抗議會是一個很好的方式來
表達人們想要變革的意願
表達人們想要變革的意願
02:33
on their own, they don't
actually create change --
actually create change --
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靠人們自己
他們並不能改變任何事情
他們並不能改變任何事情
02:36
at least change that is fundamental.
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至少改變一些基礎的東西
02:38
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:39
Powerful opponents are not going to give
people what they want
people what they want
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太過強勢的對手不會給抗議者
帶來他們所想要的東西
帶來他們所想要的東西
02:42
just because they asked nicely ...
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僅僅是因為他們抗議得太過禮貌
02:45
or even not so nicely.
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或者太過火
02:47
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:48
Nonviolent struggle works
by destroying an opponent,
by destroying an opponent,
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非暴力鬥爭通過非武力方式
02:52
not physically,
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打擊對手來取勝
02:53
but by identifying the institutions
that an opponent needs to survive,
that an opponent needs to survive,
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但是要給他們的對手留一些顏面
02:57
and then denying them
those sources of power.
those sources of power.
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然後否定他們的權利
03:00
Nonviolent activists
can neutralize the military
can neutralize the military
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非暴力積極人士可以
通過使士兵叛變
通過使士兵叛變
03:03
by causing soldiers to defect.
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來擊潰軍隊
03:05
They can disrupt the economy
through strikes and boycotts.
through strikes and boycotts.
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他們可以通過
罷工和抵制來搗亂經濟
罷工和抵制來搗亂經濟
03:09
And they can challenge
government propaganda
government propaganda
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他們還可以通過其他媒體來
03:11
by creating alternative media.
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挑戰政府的宣傳
03:13
There are a variety of methods
that can be used to do this.
that can be used to do this.
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有很多方法可以達成這樣的效果
03:17
My colleague and mentor, Gene Sharp,
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我的同事和導師 基恩 夏普
03:20
has identified 198 methods
of nonviolent action.
of nonviolent action.
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已經發現了198種非暴力手段
03:26
And protest is only one.
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然而抗議是唯一一個
03:28
Let me give you a recent example.
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讓我來給你們一個最近的例子
03:30
Until a few months ago,
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直到幾個月以前
03:32
Guatemala was ruled
by corrupt former military officials
by corrupt former military officials
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瓜地馬拉是被一個腐敗的前軍官統治
03:35
with ties to organized crime.
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與有關聯的有組織犯罪
03:38
People were generally aware of this,
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人們普遍的知曉此事
03:39
but most of them felt powerless
to do anything about it --
to do anything about it --
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但是大部分人們都不敢有任何舉措
03:44
until one group of citizens,
just 12 regular people,
just 12 regular people,
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直到一個由12個普通人組成的團體
03:48
put out a call on Facebook
to their friends
to their friends
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在臉書上告訴他們的朋友
03:51
to meet in the central plaza,
holding signs with a message:
holding signs with a message:
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在中心廣場舉牌
03:55
"Renuncia YA" --
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牌上寫著
03:57
resign already.
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立刻辭職
03:59
To their surprise,
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讓他們驚喜的是
04:00
30,000 people showed up.
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30000人出現在廣場
04:03
They stayed there for months
as protests spread throughout the country.
as protests spread throughout the country.
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他們在那裡待了幾個月
抗議也擴散到了全國
抗議也擴散到了全國
04:06
At one point,
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有一天
04:08
the organizers delivered hundreds of eggs
to various government buildings
to various government buildings
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組織者給政府部門送了幾百個雞蛋
04:12
with a message:
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帶著一條訊息
04:13
"If you don't have the huevos" --
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如果你沒有
04:15
the balls --
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雞蛋
04:17
"to stop corrupt candidates
from running for office,
from running for office,
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來阻止那些腐敗份子來糟蹋政府部門
04:20
you can borrow ours."
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你可以借我們的
04:21
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:23
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
04:28
President Molina responded
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莫里納總統回應
04:30
by vowing that we would never step down.
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發誓說他絕不退讓
04:32
And the activists realized
that they couldn't just keep protesting
that they couldn't just keep protesting
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然後抗議者意識到他們不能
僅僅停留在抗議上
僅僅停留在抗議上
04:36
and ask the president to resign.
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然後讓總統下台
04:38
They needed to leave him no choice.
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他們得讓總統別無他選
04:40
So they organized a general strike,
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所以他們阻止了大範圍的罷工
04:42
in which people throughout
the country refused to work.
the country refused to work.
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整個國家的人們拒絕工作
04:45
In Guatemala City alone,
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僅在危地馬拉的城市
04:46
over 400 businesses
and schools shut their doors.
and schools shut their doors.
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超過400所公司和學校關門了
04:50
Meanwhile,
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同時
04:51
farmers throughout the country
blocked major roads.
blocked major roads.
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全國的農民阻斷了公路
04:54
Within five days,
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罷工持續了五天
04:55
the president,
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總統
04:56
along with dozens of other
government officials,
government officials,
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和其他數十個政府官員
04:59
resigned already.
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下台了
05:01
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
05:05
I've been greatly inspired
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我已經極大的被
使用非暴力手段的抗議者
使用非暴力手段的抗議者
05:07
by the creativity and bravery
of people using nonviolent action
of people using nonviolent action
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和其他勇敢的人們所鼓舞
05:11
in nearly every country in the world.
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基本上這放生在世界上所有的國家
05:13
For example,
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舉個例子
05:14
recently a group of activists in Uganda
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最近一組在烏干達的行動家
05:17
released a crate of pigs in the streets.
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在街上放了一箱子的豬
05:20
You can see here that the police
are confused about what to do with them.
are confused about what to do with them.
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你可以看到警察對於那些豬顯得
不知所措
不知所措
05:23
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:24
The pigs were painted
the color of the ruling party.
the color of the ruling party.
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豬被劃上了執政黨的顏色
05:27
One pig was even wearing a hat,
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有一頭豬甚至戴上了一頂帽子
05:29
a hat that people recognized.
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一頂所有人都可以認出的帽子
05:32
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:34
Activists around the world
are getting better at grabbing headlines,
are getting better at grabbing headlines,
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世界上的行動家們變得
越來越能佔據頭條
越來越能佔據頭條
05:37
but these isolated actions do very little
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但是這些孤立的活動能做的卻很少
05:40
if they're not part of a larger strategy.
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如果他們不能有更深遠的戰略
05:42
A general wouldn't march
his troops into battle
his troops into battle
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一個將軍如果沒考慮過怎麼贏，
05:45
unless he had a plan to win the war.
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他不會帶著他的士兵進入戰場。
05:47
Yet this is how most of the world's
nonviolent movements operate.
nonviolent movements operate.
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事實上這是世界上大部分
的非暴力運動的工作方式
的非暴力運動的工作方式
05:50
Nonviolent struggle is just as complex
as military warfare,
as military warfare,
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非暴力鬥爭就跟打仗一樣複雜
05:55
if not more.
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如果沒有比打仗更多的話
05:56
Its participants must be well-trained
and have clear objectives,
and have clear objectives,
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參與者必須是受過良好培訓
並且條例清晰的人
並且條例清晰的人
06:00
and its leaders must have a strategy
of how to achieve those objectives.
of how to achieve those objectives.
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領導人必須有一個戰略
來達到這些目標
來達到這些目標
06:05
The technique of war has been developed
over thousands of years
over thousands of years
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戰爭的戰略已經經過幾千年的發展
06:08
with massive resources
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伴隨著大量的資源
06:10
and some of our best minds
dedicated to understanding
dedicated to understanding
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還有最聰明的人來致力於學習
06:13
and improving how it works.
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以及它是怎樣工作的
06:15
Meanwhile, nonviolent struggle
is rarely systematically studied,
is rarely systematically studied,
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同時 非暴力鬥爭是基本上沒有
系統性地研究過的
系統性地研究過的
06:20
and even though the number is growing,
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雖然現在使用的人越來越多
06:22
there are still only a few dozen people
in the world who are teaching it.
in the world who are teaching it.
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但是世界上也只有十幾人真正地
在教授它
在教授它
06:26
This is dangerous,
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這是很危險的
06:28
because we now know that our old
approaches of dealing with conflict
approaches of dealing with conflict
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因為我們知道以前用來解決爭端的方法
06:32
are not adequate for the new
challenges that we're facing.
challenges that we're facing.
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並不能應對這些新的挑戰
06:35
The US government recently admitted
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美國政府最近承認
06:37
that it's in a stalemate
in its war against ISIS.
in its war against ISIS.
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現在對於打擊伊斯蘭國
處在一個膠著的狀態
處在一個膠著的狀態
06:41
But what most people don't know
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但是大部分人不知道的
06:43
is that people have stood up to ISIS
using nonviolent action.
using nonviolent action.
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是有些人在用非暴力手段與伊斯蘭國抗爭
06:47
When ISIS captured Mosul in June 2014,
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當伊斯蘭國在2014年
佔領摩蘇里時
佔領摩蘇里時
06:50
they announced that they were putting
in place a new public school curriculum,
in place a new public school curriculum,
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他們宣布要在公立學校裡
實施新標準
實施新標準
06:54
based on their own extremist ideology.
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建立在他們自己的極端主義形態上
06:57
But on the first day of school,
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但是在開學的第一天
06:59
not a single child showed up.
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沒有一個孩子出現
07:02
Parents simply refused to send them.
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家長不讓他們的孩子去上學
07:05
They told journalists they would rather
homeschool their children
homeschool their children
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家長們告訴記者他們
寧願在家裡教他們的孩子
寧願在家裡教他們的孩子
07:08
than to have them brainwashed.
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也不希望他們被洗腦
07:10
This is an example
of just one act of defiance
of just one act of defiance
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這是一個抗爭的例子
07:13
in just one city.
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僅僅在摩蘇里這一座城市裡
07:15
But what if it was coordinated
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但 如果他們妥協了
07:17
with the dozens of other acts
of nonviolent resistance
of nonviolent resistance
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與其他數十個抵抗伊斯蘭國
07:19
that have taken place against ISIS?
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的非暴力抵抗行為
07:21
What if the parents' boycott
was part of a larger strategy
was part of a larger strategy
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如果家長的抵制是大戰略的一部分
07:25
to identify and cut off the resources
that ISIS needs to function;
that ISIS needs to function;
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用來切斷伊斯蘭國的資源
07:30
the skilled labor needed to produce food;
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伊斯蘭國指望
有經驗的國人需要來製造食物
有經驗的國人需要來製造食物
07:32
the engineers needed
to extract and refine oil;
to extract and refine oil;
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工程師們需要提煉過的油
07:36
the media infrastructure
and communications networks
and communications networks
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媒體基礎設施還有通訊網絡
07:38
and transportation systems,
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還有運輸系統
07:40
and the local businesses
that ISIS relies on?
that ISIS relies on?
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還有當地的公司
07:43
It may be difficult
to imagine defeating ISIS
to imagine defeating ISIS
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也許很難想像通過非暴力手段
07:47
with action that is nonviolent.
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來擊潰伊斯蘭國
07:49
But it's time we challenge
the way we think about conflict
the way we think about conflict
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但是這是挑戰我們
如何面對分歧的時機
如何面對分歧的時機
07:52
and the choices we have in facing it.
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我們選擇了去面對
07:56
Here's an idea worth spreading:
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這裡是一個值得傳播的想法
07:58
let's learn more about where
nonviolent action has worked
nonviolent action has worked
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讓我們學習更多非暴力手段
成功的事蹟
成功的事蹟
08:01
and how we can make it more powerful,
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還有我們怎樣讓它變得更加有效
08:04
just like we do with other
systems and technologies
systems and technologies
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就像我們對待其它系統和技術的時候
08:07
that are constantly being refined
to better meet human needs.
to better meet human needs.
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他們總是可以隨著人類
需求來更新換代
需求來更新換代
08:11
It may be that we can improve
nonviolent action
nonviolent action
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我們也可以讓非暴力行動得意昇華
08:14
to a point where it is increasingly
used in place of war.
used in place of war.
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達到替代戰爭的效果
08:18
Violence as a tool of conflict
could then be abandoned
could then be abandoned
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用暴力解決紛爭的手段將被拋棄
08:22
in the same way that bows and arrows were,
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就像是弓箭一樣
08:25
because we have replaced them
with weapons that are more effective.
with weapons that are more effective.
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但是我們用更加有效
的武器代替了它們
的武器代替了它們
08:29
With human innovation, we can make
nonviolent struggle more powerful
nonviolent struggle more powerful
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伴隨著人類的革新 我們可以
讓非暴力手段變得比
讓非暴力手段變得比
08:34
than the newest and latest
technologies of war.
technologies of war.
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最新的戰爭技術更加有效
08:38
The greatest hope for humanity
lies not in condemning violence
lies not in condemning violence
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人性上最期望的不是對暴力的譴責
08:42
but in making violence obsolete.
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而是讓暴力永遠停留在過去
08:46
Thank you.
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（謝謝）
08:47
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jamila Raqib - PeacemakerJamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally.
Why you should listen
Jamila Raqib is the executive director of the Albert Einstein Institution, which promotes the study and strategic use of nonviolent action worldwide. Since 2002, she has worked closely with Dr. Gene Sharp, the world's foremost scholar on strategic nonviolent action. Together, they developed a curriculum titled Self-Liberation: A Guide to Strategic Planning for Action to End a Dictatorship or Other Oppression. The publication is intended to provide in-depth guidance for planning a strategic nonviolent struggle.
Raqib represents the Institution at a number of domestic and international forums such as the Oslo Freedom Forum and the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. Her work centers on presenting a pragmatic approach to nonviolent action to activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments. She travels throughout the world conducting consultations and workshops for individuals and groups seeking to achieve diverse goals such as opposing dictatorship, combatting corruption, attaining political rights, economic justice, environmental protection and women's empowerment.
She holds a B.A. in Management from Simmons College in Boston, MA, and is a Research Affiliate of the Center for International Studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Jamila Raqib | Speaker | TED.com