TEDSalon London 2010
Brian Cox: Why we need the explorers
Brian Cox: Zašto trebamo istraživače
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U teškim ekonomskim vremenima, naši znanstveno-istraživački programi - od svemirskih sondi do LHC-a - prvi su koji trpe rezove u budžetu. Brian Cox objašnjava kako potaknuta radoznalošću znanost plaća svoj račun, potičući inovacije i duboku zahvalnost za naše postojanje.
Brian Cox - Physicist
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
We live in difficult and challenging
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Živimo u teškim i izazovnim
00:18
economic times, of course.
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ekonomskim vremenima, naravno.
00:20
And one of the first victims
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I jedna od prvih žrtvi
00:23
of difficult economic times,
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teških ekonomskih vremena,
00:25
I think, is public spending of any kind,
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mislim da je javna potrošnja bilo koje vrste,
00:28
but certainly in the firing line at the moment
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ali sigurno je u prvom redu trenutno
00:30
is public spending for science,
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javna potrošnja za znanost,
00:32
and particularly curiosity-led science
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a posebno radoznalošću vođena znanost
00:34
and exploration.
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i istraživanje.
00:36
So I want to try and convince you in about 15 minutes
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Stoga, želim vas u ovih 15 minuta pokušati uvjeriti
00:39
that that's a ridiculous
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da je to smiješna
00:41
and ludicrous thing to do.
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i bedasta stvar koju činimo.
00:43
But I think to set the scene,
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Ali da bih postavio scenu,
00:45
I want to show -- the next slide is not my attempt
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želim pokazati - sljedeći slajd nije moj pokušaj
00:47
to show the worst TED slide in the history of TED,
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da prikažem najgori TED slajd u povijesti TED-a,
00:50
but it is a bit of a mess.
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već je mala zbrka.
00:52
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:54
But actually, it's not my fault; it's from the Guardian newspaper.
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Ali zapravo, nije mojom krivicom, to je iz novina Guardian.
00:57
And it's actually a beautiful demonstration
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I to je zapravo prelijepa demonstracija
00:59
of how much science costs.
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koliko znanost košta.
01:01
Because, if I'm going to make the case
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Jer, ako želim od ovoga napraviti razlog,
01:03
for continuing to spend on curiosity-driven science and exploration,
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da se nastavi trošiti na znanost i istraživanje vođene radoznalošću
01:06
I should tell you how much it costs.
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trebao bih vam reći koliko sve to košta.
01:08
So this is a game called "spot the science budgets."
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Ovo je igra zvana "uoči znanstvene budžete"
01:10
This is the U.K. government spend.
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Ovo je potrošnja vlade UK-a.
01:12
You see there, it's about 620 billion a year.
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Vidite ondje, to je otprilike 620 milijardi na godinu.
01:15
The science budget is actually --
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Znanstveni budžet je zapravo -
01:17
if you look to your left, there's a purple set of blobs
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ako pogledate na vaše lijevo, tamo je set ljubičastih gruda
01:20
and then yellow set of blobs.
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pa onda set žutih gruda.
01:22
And it's one of the yellow set of blobs
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I to je jedna od žutih gruda
01:24
around the big yellow blob.
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oko velike žute grudve.
01:26
It's about 3.3 billion pounds per year
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To je oko 3.3 milijarde funti na godinu
01:28
out of 620 billion.
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od ukupno 620 milijardi.
01:30
That funds everything in the U.K.
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To financira sve u UK-u
01:32
from medical research, space exploration,
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od zdravstvenog istraživanja, istraživanja svemira,
01:35
where I work, at CERN in Geneva, particle physics,
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gdje ja radim, u CERN-u u Ženevi, fiziku čestica,
01:37
engineering, even arts and humanities,
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inžinjering, čak umjetnost i društvene znanosti,
01:40
funded from the science budget,
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sve se financira iz znanstvenog budžeta
01:42
which is that 3.3 billion, that little, tiny yellow blob
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koji je onaj od 3.3 milijarde, ona mala, žuta grudica
01:45
around the orange blob at the top left of the screen.
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oko velike narančaste grude lijevo gore na zaslonu.
01:48
So that's what we're arguing about.
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To je ono oko čega raspravljamo.
01:50
That percentage, by the way, is about the same
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Taj postotak, usput, jednak je
01:52
in the U.S. and Germany and France.
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u SAD-u, Njemačkoj i Frnacuskoj.
01:54
R&D in total in the economy,
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I&R ukupno u ekonomiji
01:56
publicly funded, is about
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javno financirani, čine oko
01:58
0.6 percent of GDP.
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0.6 posto BDP-a.
02:00
So that's what we're arguing about.
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To je ono oko čega mi raspravljamo.
02:02
The first thing I want to say,
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Prvo što želim reći,
02:04
and this is straight from "Wonders of the Solar System,"
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i to je izravno iz "Čuda solarnog sustava"
02:07
is that our exploration of the solar system and the universe
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jest da nam je naše istraživanje solarnog sustava i svemira
02:10
has shown us that it is indescribably beautiful.
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pokazalo da je on neopisivo lijep.
02:13
This is a picture that actually was sent back
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Ovo je slika koja je poslana
02:15
by the Cassini space probe around Saturn,
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sa Cassini svemirske sonde oko Saturna,
02:17
after we'd finished filming "Wonders of the Solar System."
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nakon što smo završili snimanje "Čuda solarnog sustava."
02:19
So it isn't in the series.
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Zato nije u serijalu.
02:21
It's of the moon Enceladus.
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To je slika mjeseca Enceladus.
02:23
So that big sweeping, white
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Ta velika, jureća, bijela
02:25
sphere in the corner is Saturn,
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sfera u kutu je Saturn,
02:27
which is actually in the background of the picture.
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koji je zapravo u pozadini slike.
02:30
And that crescent there is the moon Enceladus,
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A onaj polumjesec tamo je mjesec Enceladus,
02:32
which is about as big as the British Isles.
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koji je veliki poput britanskog otočja.
02:35
It's about 500 kilometers in diameter.
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Promjera je oko 500 km.
02:37
So, tiny moon.
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Znači, maleni mjesec.
02:39
What's fascinating and beautiful ...
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Ono što je fascinantno i lijepo...
02:41
this an unprocessed picture, by the way, I should say,
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usput, trebam dodati da je ovo neobrađena slika
02:43
it's black and white, straight from Saturnian orbit.
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Crno bijela je, izravno iz Saturnove orbite.
02:46
What's beautiful is, you can probably see on the limb there
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Ono što je prelijepo, možete vjerojatno vidjeti onom ekstremitetu
02:48
some faint, sort of,
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poput nejasnog,
02:50
wisps of almost smoke
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pramena dima
02:52
rising up from the limb.
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koji se uzdiže iz ekstremiteta.
02:54
This is how we visualize that in "Wonders of the Solar System."
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Tako mi to vizualiziramo u "Čudima solarnog sustava"
02:57
It's a beautiful graphic.
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To je prekrasna grafika.
02:59
What we found out were that those faint wisps
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Ono što smo pronašli jest da oni nejasni pramenovi
03:01
are actually fountains of ice
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su zapravo fontane leda
03:03
rising up from the surface of this tiny moon.
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koje se uzdižu sa površine malog mjeseca.
03:06
That's fascinating and beautiful in itself,
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To je samo po sebi fascinantno i prelijepo,
03:09
but we think that the mechanism
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ali smatramo da mehanizam
03:11
for powering those fountains
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za pokretanje tih fontana
03:13
requires there to be lakes of liquid water
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zahtijeva postojanje jezera tekuće vode
03:16
beneath the surface of this moon.
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ispod površine tog mjeseca.
03:18
And what's important about that
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I što je važno,
03:20
is that, on our planet, on Earth,
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jest da, na našem planetu, Zemlja,
03:22
wherever we find liquid water,
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gdjegod da pronađemo tekuću vodu,
03:24
we find life.
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pronađemo život.
03:26
So, to find strong evidence
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Znači, pronaći čvrsti dokaz
03:29
of liquid, pools of liquid, beneath the surface of a moon
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tekućine, bezene tekućine, ispod površine mjeseca
03:32
750 million miles away from the Earth
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750 milijuna milja daleko od Zemlje
03:35
is really quite astounding.
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zapravo je zapanjujuće.
03:38
So what we're saying, essentially,
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Što govorimo, zapravo,
03:40
is maybe that's a habitat for life in the solar system.
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jest da je ono možda stanište života u solarnom sustavu.
03:44
Well, let me just say, that was a graphic. I just want to show this picture.
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Dozvolite mi da kažem, ono je bila grafika. Želim samo pokazati ovu fotografiju.
03:47
That's one more picture of Enceladus.
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To je još jedna fotografija Enceladusa.
03:49
This is when Cassini flew beneath Enceladus.
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Ovo je kada je Cassini preletjela ispod Enceladusa.
03:52
So it made a very low pass,
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Učinila je vrlo nizak let,
03:54
just a few hundred kilometers above the surface.
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samo nekoliko stotina kilometara iznad površine.
03:56
And so this, again, a real picture of the ice fountains rising up into space,
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I tako, još jednom, stvarna fotografija ledene fontane koja se uzdiže u svemir,
03:59
absolutely beautiful.
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apsolutno prelijepo.
04:01
But that's not the prime candidate for life in the solar system.
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Ali to nije primarni kandidat za život u solarnom sustavu.
04:04
That's probably this place,
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Vjerojatno je to ovo mjesto,
04:06
which is a moon of Jupiter, Europa.
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jupiterov mjesec, Europa.
04:08
And again, we had to fly to the Jovian system
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I ponovo, morali smo letjeti u Jovianski sustav
04:11
to get any sense that this moon, as most moons,
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da bismo shvatili da ovaj mjesec, kao i većina mjeseca,
04:14
was anything other than a dead ball of rock.
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jest sve samo ne mrtva kamena kugla.
04:16
It's actually an ice moon.
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To je zapravo ledeni mjesec.
04:18
So what you're looking at is the surface of the moon Europa,
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Ono što gledate jest površina mjeseca Europe,
04:21
which is a thick sheet of ice, probably a hundred kilometers thick.
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koja je debeli sloj leda, vjerojatno stotinu kilometara debeli.
04:24
But by measuring the way that
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Ali prema mjeri kako
04:26
Europa interacts
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Europa međusobno djeluje
04:28
with the magnetic field of Jupiter,
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sa magnetskim omotačem Jupitera
04:30
and looking at how those cracks in the ice
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i promatrajući kako one pukotine u ledu
04:32
that you can see there on that graphic move around,
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koje možete vidjeti kako se pomiču na grafici,
04:35
we've inferred very strongly
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čvrsto smo zaključili
04:37
that there's an ocean of liquid surrounding
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da postoji jedan ocean tekućine koji opasuje
04:39
the entire surface of Europa.
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čitavu površinu Europe.
04:42
So below the ice, there's an ocean of liquid around the whole moon.
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Ispod leda, nalazi se ocean tekućine oko cijelog mjeseca.
04:45
It could be hundreds of kilometers deep, we think.
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Smatramo da bi mogao biti stotine kilometara dubok.
04:48
We think it's saltwater, and that would mean that
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Vjerujemo da je slanovodan, a to bi značilo da
04:50
there's more water on that moon of Jupiter
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ima više vode na jupiterovom mjesecu
04:53
than there is in all the oceans of the Earth combined.
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nego što je ima u svim oceanima na Zemlji.
04:56
So that place, a little moon around Jupiter,
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Ono mjesto, mali mjesec oko Jupitera
04:59
is probably the prime candidate
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je vjerojatno primarni kandidat
05:02
for finding life on a moon
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za pronalaženje života na mjesecu
05:04
or a body outside the Earth, that we know of.
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ili tijelu izvan Zemlje, a kojega mi poznajemo.
05:07
Tremendous and beautiful discovery.
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Strašno i prelijepo otkriće.
05:10
Our exploration of the solar system
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Naše istraživanje solarnog sustava
05:12
has taught us that the solar system is beautiful.
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naučilo nas je da je solarni sustav prelijep.
05:14
It may also have pointed the way to answering
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Također nam je možda ukazalo na odgovor
05:17
one of the most profound questions that you can possibly ask,
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na najtemeljnije pitanje koje si možemo postaviti,
05:20
which is: "Are we alone in the universe?"
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a to je "Jesmo li sami u svemiru?"
05:23
Is there any other use to exploration and science,
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Postoji li bilo koja druga svrha znanosti i istraživanja,
05:25
other than just a sense of wonder?
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osim čuđenja?
05:27
Well, there is.
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E, pa ima.
05:29
This is a very famous picture
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Ovo je vrlo popularna fotografija
05:31
taken, actually, on my first Christmas Eve,
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snimljena, zapravo, na moj prvi Božić
05:33
December 24th, 1968,
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24. prosinca 1968.,
05:36
when I was about eight months old.
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kada sam imao otprilike osam mjeseci.
05:38
It was taken by Apollo 8
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Snimio ju je Apollo 8
05:40
as it went around the back of the moon.
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dok je prolazio iza mjeseca.
05:42
Earthrise from Apollo 8.
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Uspon Zemlje iz Apolla 8.
05:44
A famous picture; many people have said that it's the picture
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Famozna fotografija; mnogi ljudi kažu da je to fotografija
05:46
that saved 1968,
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koja je spasila 1968.
05:48
which was a turbulent year --
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turbulentnu godinu -
05:50
the student riots in Paris,
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pobune studenata u Parizu,
05:52
the height of the Vietnam War.
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vrhunac Vijetnamskog rata.
05:54
The reason many people think that about this picture,
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Razlog zbog kojega ljudi misle tako o toj fotografiji
05:57
and Al Gore has said it many times, actually, on the stage at TED,
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a Al Gore je to mnogo puta rekao, zapravo, ovdje na pozornici TED-a,
06:00
is that this picture, arguably, was
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jest to da je ova slika, pravo rečeno,
06:02
the beginning of the environmental movement.
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bila početak pokreta za okoliš.
06:04
Because, for the first time,
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Jer, po prvi puta,
06:06
we saw our world,
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vidjeli smo naš svijet,
06:08
not as a solid, immovable,
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ne kao čvrsto, nepomično,
06:11
kind of indestructible place,
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gotovo neuništivo mjesto,
06:13
but as a very small, fragile-looking world
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nego poput malog, krhkog svijeta
06:16
just hanging against the blackness of space.
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koji stoji nasuprot tami svemira.
06:19
What's also not often said
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Ono što se često ne kaže
06:21
about the space exploration, about the Apollo program,
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o istraživanju svemira, o programu Apollo,
06:24
is the economic contribution it made.
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jest njegov ekonomski doprinos.
06:26
I mean while you can make arguments that it was wonderful
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Mislim, možete dokazivati kako je to čudesno
06:29
and a tremendous achievement
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i strašno postignuće
06:31
and delivered pictures like this,
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koje je omogućilo slike poput ovih,
06:33
it cost a lot, didn't it?
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ali to je i koštalo, zar ne?
06:35
Well, actually, many studies have been done
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Pa, zapravo, napravljene su mnoge studije
06:37
about the economic effectiveness,
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o ekonomskoj efektivnosti,
06:39
the economic impact of Apollo.
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ekonomskom utjecaju Apolla.
06:41
The biggest one was in 1975 by Chase Econometrics.
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Najveći je bio 1975. prema Chase Econometricsu.
06:44
And it showed that for every $1 spent on Apollo,
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Pokazalo se da za svaki dolar potrošen na Apollo,
06:47
14 came back into the U.S. economy.
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14 ih se vratilo u ekonomiju SAD-a.
06:50
So the Apollo program paid for itself
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Znači Apollov program se isplatio
06:52
in inspiration,
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u inspiraciji,
06:54
in engineering, achievement
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u inženjerstvu, postignuću
06:56
and, I think, in inspiring young scientists and engineers
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i, mislim, u nadahnuću mladih znanstvenika i inženjera
06:59
14 times over.
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svih 14 puta.
07:01
So exploration can pay for itself.
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Istraživanje može biti isplativo.
07:03
What about scientific discovery?
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Što je sa znanstvenim otkrićima?
07:06
What about driving innovation?
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Što je sa usmjeravanjem inovacija?
07:08
Well, this looks like a picture of virtually nothing.
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Pa, ovo izgleda poput fotografije gotovo ničega.
07:11
What it is, is a picture of the spectrum
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To je slika spektra
07:13
of hydrogen.
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vodika.
07:16
See, back in the 1880s, 1890s,
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Vidite, 1880-ih, 1890-ih godina
07:19
many scientists, many observers,
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mnogo znanstvenika, mnogo promatrača
07:22
looked at the light given off from atoms.
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gledalo je svjetlost koju isijavaju atomi.
07:24
And they saw strange pictures like this.
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I vidjeli su čudne stvari poput ovih.
07:26
What you're seeing when you put it through a prism
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Ono što vidite kada svjetlost pustite kroz prizmu
07:28
is that you heat hydrogen up and it doesn't just glow
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i kada zagrijete vodik on neće samo isijavati
07:31
like a white light,
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bijelu svjetlost,
07:33
it just emits light at particular colors,
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već emitira svjetlost posebnih boja,
07:35
a red one, a light blue one, some dark blue ones.
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crvenu, svjetlo plavu, tamno plavu.
07:38
Now that led to an understanding of atomic structure
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To je dovelo do razumijevanja strukture atoma
07:41
because the way that's explained
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jer način na koji je to objašnjeno
07:43
is atoms are a single nucleus
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jest da je atom jedinstvena jezgra
07:45
with electrons going around them.
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sa elektronima koji kruže nje.
07:47
And the electrons can only be in particular places.
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A elektroni mogu biti samo na posebnim mjestima.
07:50
And when they jump up to the next place they can be,
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I kada oni poskoče na slijedeće mjesto na kojem mogu biti
07:52
and fall back down again,
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i pasti opet natrag,
07:54
they emit light at particular colors.
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oni stvaraju svjetlost osebujnih boja.
07:56
And so the fact that atoms, when you heat them up,
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I činjenica da atomi, kada ih zagrijete,
07:58
only emit light at very specific colors,
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emitiraju svjetlost samo specifičnih boja,
08:01
was one of the key drivers
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bila je jedna od ključnih vodilja
08:03
that led to the development of the quantum theory,
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koja je dovela do razvoja kvantne teorije
08:05
the theory of the structure of atoms.
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teorije atomske strukture.
08:08
I just wanted to show this picture because this is remarkable.
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Ovu sam fotografiju htjeo pokazati zato što je izvanredna.
08:11
This is actually a picture of the spectrum of the Sun.
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Ovo je zapravo fotografija sunčevog spektra.
08:13
And now, this is a picture of atoms in the Sun's atmosphere
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A sada, ovo je slika atoma u sunčevoj atmosferi
08:16
absorbing light.
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koji apsorbiraju svjetlost.
08:18
And again, they only absorb light at particular colors
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I opet, oni apsorbiraju samo svjetlost posebnih boja
08:20
when electrons jump up and fall down,
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kada elektroni poskoče i opet padnu.
08:22
jump up and fall down.
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poskoče i padnu dolje.
08:24
But look at the number of black lines in that spectrum.
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Ali pogledajte broj crnih linija u tom spektru.
08:27
And the element helium
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Kemijski element Helij
08:29
was discovered just by staring at the light from the Sun
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otkriven je samo zureći u svjetlost sunca
08:32
because some of those black lines were found
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iz razloga što su pronađene crne linije
08:34
that corresponded to no known element.
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koje nisu odgovarale niti jednom poznatom elementu.
08:36
And that's why helium's called helium.
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I zato je Helij nazvan Helij.
08:38
It's called "helios" -- helios from the Sun.
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Zove se "helios" - helios sa sunca.
08:41
Now, that sounds esoteric,
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Sada, to zvuči ezoterično,
08:43
and indeed it was an esoteric pursuit,
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i bila je to ezoterična potjera
08:46
but the quantum theory quickly led
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ali je kvantna teorija brzo dovela
08:48
to an understanding of the behaviors of electrons in materials
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do razumijevanja ponašanja elektrona u raznim materijalima
08:51
like silicon, for example.
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poput npr. silicija.
08:53
The way that silicon behaves,
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Način na koji se silicij ponaša,
08:55
the fact that you can build transistors,
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činjenica da možete izrađivati tranzistore
08:57
is a purely quantum phenomenon.
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jest čisti kvantni fenomen.
08:59
So without that curiosity-driven
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Stoga, bez radoznaslošću-pobuđenog
09:01
understanding of the structure of atoms,
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razumijevanja strukture atoma
09:03
which led to this rather esoteric theory, quantum mechanics,
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koja je dovela do prilično ezoterične teorije, kvantne mehanike,
09:06
then we wouldn't have transistors, we wouldn't have silicon chips,
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ne bismo imali tranzistore, silicijske čipove,
09:09
we wouldn't have pretty much the basis
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ne bismo imali temelj
09:12
of our modern economy.
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naše moderne ekonomije.
09:14
There's one more, I think, wonderful twist to that tale.
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Ima još jedan prekrasan zaokret u toj priči.
09:17
In "Wonders of the Solar System,"
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U "Čudima solarnog sustava"
09:19
we kept emphasizing the laws of physics are universal.
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naglašavali smo univerzalnost zakona fizike.
09:22
It's one of the most incredible things about the physics
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To je jedna je od najnevjerojatnijih stvari u fizici
09:25
and the understanding of nature that you get on Earth,
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i razumijevanje prirode koje steknete na Zemlji
09:28
is you can transport it, not only to the planets,
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možete transportirati, ne samo na planete,
09:31
but to the most distant stars and galaxies.
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već i na najdalje zvijezde i galaksije.
09:33
And one of the astonishing predictions
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Jedno zapanjujuće predviđanje
09:35
of quantum mechanics,
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kvantne mehanike,
09:37
just by looking at the structure of atoms --
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samo gledajući strukturu atoma -
09:39
the same theory that describes transistors --
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jedna te ista teorija koja opisuje tranzistore -
09:41
is that there can be no stars in the universe
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jest da u svemiru ne mogu postojati zvijezde
09:44
that have reached the end of their life
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koje su dostigle kraj svojeg života
09:46
that are bigger than, quite specifically, 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.
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a da su, specifično, 1.4 puta veće od mase Sunca.
09:49
That's a limit imposed on the mass of stars.
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To je limit koji je nametnut masi zvijezda.
09:52
You can work it out on a piece of paper in a laboratory,
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Možete to izračunati na komadiću papira u laboratoriju,
09:55
get a telescope, swing it to the sky,
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uzmite teleskop, okrenite ga ka nebu
09:57
and you find that there are no dead stars
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i vidjeti ćete da nema mrtvih zvijezda
10:00
bigger than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.
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većih od 1.4 puta mase Sunca.
10:02
That's quite an incredible prediction.
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To je nevjerojatno predskazanje.
10:05
What happens when you have a star that's right on the edge of that mass?
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Što se dogodi kada imate zvijezdu koja je na rubu te mase?
10:08
Well, this is a picture of it.
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Pa, ovo je fotografija jedne takve zvijezde.
10:10
This is the picture of a galaxy, a common "our garden" galaxy
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Ovo je fotografija galaksije, uobičajena "iz našeg vrta" galaksija
10:13
with, what, 100 billion
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sa, koliko?, 100 milijardi
10:15
stars like our Sun in it.
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zvijezda poput našeg sunca.
10:17
It's just one of billions of galaxies in the universe.
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Samo je jedna od milijardu galaksija u svemiru.
10:20
There are a billion stars in the galactic core,
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Ima miijardu zvijezda u središtu galaksije
10:22
which is why it's shining out so brightly.
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i zato tako jako blješte.
10:25
This is about 50 million light years away,
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To je otprilike 50 milijuna svjetlosnih godina udaljena,
10:27
so one of our neighboring galaxies.
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pa je jedna od naših susjednih galaksija.
10:29
But that bright star there
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Ali ona svijetla zvijezda tamo
10:31
is actually one of the stars in the galaxy.
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jest zapravo jedna od zvijedza u galaksiji.
10:34
So that star is also
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I ta zvijezda je također
10:36
50 million light years away.
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udaljena 50 milijuna svjetlosnih godina.
10:38
It's part of that galaxy, and it's shining as brightly
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Dio je one galaksije, i sjaji žarko
10:41
as the center of the galaxy
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kao i centar galaksije
10:43
with a billion suns in it.
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sa svojih milijardu sunca.
10:45
That's a Type Ia supernova explosion.
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Ono je vrsta 1a supernova eksplozije.
10:48
Now that's an incredible phenomena,
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To je nevjerojatan fenomen,
10:50
because it's a star that sits there.
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jer to je zapravo zvijezda.
10:52
It's called a carbon-oxygen dwarf.
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zove se patuljak od ugljika i kisika.
10:54
It sits there about, say, 1.3 times the mass of the Sun.
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On je, recimo, 1.3 puta veći od mase Sunca.
10:57
And it has a binary companion that goes around it,
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I ima binarnog druga koji se kreće oko njega,
11:00
so a big star, a big ball of gas.
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velika zvijezda, velika lopta plina.
11:03
And what it does is it sucks gas
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I ono što čini jest isisuje plin
11:05
off its companion star,
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iz svog druga,
11:07
until it gets to this limit called the Chandrasekhar limit,
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dok ne dostigne limit nazvan Chandrasekarov limit,
11:10
and then it explodes.
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i onda eksplodira.
11:12
And it explodes, and it shines as brightly
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Eksplodira, i sjaji tako žarko
11:14
as a billion suns for about two weeks,
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poput milijarde sunca gotovo dva tjedna,
11:16
and releases, not only energy,
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i otpušta, ne samo energiju,
11:19
but a huge amount of chemical elements into the universe.
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već veliku količinu kemijskih elemenata u svemir.
11:22
In fact, that one is a carbon-oxygen dwarf.
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Zapravo, to je patuljak od ugljika i kisika.
11:25
Now, there was no carbon and oxygen
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Sada, nije bilo ugljika i kisika
11:27
in the universe at the Big Bang.
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u svemiru za vrijeme Big Banga.
11:29
And there was no carbon and oxygen in the universe
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I nije bilo ugljika i kisika u svemiru
11:31
throughout the first generation of stars.
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kroz prvu generaciju zvijezdi.
11:34
It was made in stars like that,
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Stvoreni su u zvijezdama poput ovih,
11:36
locked away and then returned to the universe
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zaključani, pa onda vraćeni svemiru
11:38
in explosions like that
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u takvim eksplozijama
11:40
in order to recondense into planets,
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da bi se opet zgusnuli u planete,
11:42
stars, new solar systems
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zvijezde, nove solarne sustave,
11:44
and, indeed, people like us.
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i, zapravo, u ljude poput nas.
11:47
I think that's a remarkable demonstration of the power
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Smatram to izvanrednom demonstracijom moći,
11:49
and beauty and universality of the laws of physics,
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ljepote i univerzalnosti zakona fizike,
11:52
because we understand that process,
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jer mi smo taj proces razumijeli
11:54
because we understand
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zato što razumijemo
11:56
the structure of atoms here on Earth.
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strukturu atoma ovdje na Zemlji.
11:58
This is a beautiful quote that I found --
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Ovo je lijepi citat kojeg sam pronašao-
12:00
we're talking about serendipity there -- from Alexander Fleming:
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ovdje je govor o slučajom otkriću - Aleksandra Fleminga.
12:03
"When I woke up just after dawn
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"Kada sam se probudio odmah nakon sumraka
12:05
on September 28, 1928,
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28 rujna 1928.,
12:07
I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine
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svakako nisam planirao preokrenuti medicinu
12:09
by discovering the world's first antibiotic."
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pronalaskom prvog svjetskog antibiotika."
12:12
Now, the explorers of the world of the atom
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Istraživači svijeta atoma
12:14
did not intend to invent the transistor.
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nisu namjeravali izumiti tranzistor.
12:16
And they certainly didn't intend to
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I sigurno nisu naumili
12:18
describe the mechanics of supernova explosions,
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opisati mehaniku supernova eksplozije,
12:21
which eventually told us where
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koja nam je na kraju pokazala gdje
12:23
the building blocks of life
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su se temelji života
12:25
were synthesized in the universe.
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sintetizirali u svemiru.
12:28
So, I think science can be --
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Smatram da znanost može biti -
12:30
serendipity is important.
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slučajna otkrića su važna.
12:32
It can be beautiful. It can reveal quite astonishing things.
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može biti lijepa. može razotkriti zapanjujuće stvari.
12:35
It can also, I think, finally
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Može također, u konačnici
12:38
reveal the most profound
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otkriti najvažnije
12:40
ideas to us
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ideje
12:42
about our place in the universe
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o našem mjestu u svemiru
12:44
and really the value of our home planet.
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i stvarnu vrijednost našeg rodnog planeta.
12:46
This is a spectacular picture of our home planet.
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Ovo je spektakularna fotografija nešeg rodnog planeta.
12:49
Now, it doesn't look like our home planet.
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Ne izgleda poput našeg planeta.
12:51
It looks like Saturn because, of course, it is.
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Već izgleda poput Saturna, jer zapravo, to i jest.
12:54
It was taken by the Cassini space probe.
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Snimljena je svemirskom sondom Cassini.
12:56
But it's a famous picture, not because of
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Ali popularna je fotografija, ne zbog
12:58
the beauty and majesty of Saturn's rings,
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ljepote i veličanstva Saturnovih prstena,
13:01
but actually because of a tiny, faint blob
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ali zapravo zbog sičušne, naprimjetne grudice
13:04
just hanging underneath one of the rings.
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koja stoji ispod jednog prstena.
13:06
And if I blow it up there, you see it.
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I ako uvećam, vidite ga.
13:08
It looks like a moon,
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Izgleda poput mjeseca,
13:10
but in fact, it's a picture of Earth.
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ali zapravo, to je fotografija Zemlje.
13:12
It was a picture of Earth captured in that frame of Saturn.
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Bila je to fotografija Zemlje snimljena u Saturnovom okruženju.
13:15
That's our planet from 750 million miles away.
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To je naš planet na udaljenosti od 750 milijuna milja.
13:19
I think the Earth has got a strange property
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mislim da Zemlja ima čudnu osobitost
13:21
that the farther away you get from it,
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da što se više od nje udaljite
13:23
the more beautiful it seems.
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sve je ljepša.
13:25
But that is not the most distant or most famous picture of our planet.
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Ali to nije najdalja i najpopularnija fotografija našeg planeta.
13:28
It was taken by this thing, which is called the Voyager spacecraft.
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Snimljena je ovom svemirskom letjelicom, koja se zove Voyager.
13:31
And that's a picture of me in front of it for scale.
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A ovo je fotografija mene ispred nje, radi usporedbe.
13:34
The Voyager is a tiny machine.
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Voyager je mali stroj.
13:36
It's currently 10 billion miles away from Earth,
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Trenutno je 10 milijardi milja udaljen od Zemlje,
13:39
transmitting with that dish, with the power of 20 watts,
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odašiljajući sa onim tanjurom, snage 20 wata,
13:42
and we're still in contact with it.
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i još smo u kontaktu s njim.
13:44
But it visited Jupiter, Saturn,
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A posjetio je Jupiter, Saturn,
13:46
Uranus and Neptune.
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Uran i Neptun.
13:48
And after it visited all four of those planets,
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Nakon što je posjetio sva četiri ta planeta,
13:51
Carl Sagan, who's one of my great heroes,
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Carl Sagan, koji je jedan od mojih heroja,
13:54
had the wonderful idea
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ima je fantastičnu zamisao
13:56
of turning Voyager around
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da okrene Voyager natrag
13:58
and taking a picture of every planet it had visited.
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i da snimi fotografije svakog planeta kojega je posjetio.
14:00
And it took this picture of Earth.
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I snimio je ovu fotografiju Zemlje.
14:02
Now it's very hard to see the Earth there, it's called the "Pale Blue Dot" picture,
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Teško je vidjeti Zemlju, fotografija se zove "Neprimjetna plava točka",
14:05
but Earth is suspended in that red shaft of light.
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ali to je Zemlja uzdignuta u onom svjetlosnom stupu.
14:08
That's Earth from four billion miles away.
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To je Zemlja sa udaljenosti od četiri milijarde milja.
14:11
And I'd like to read you what
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I želio bih vam pročitati
14:13
Sagan wrote about it, just to finish,
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što je Sagan o njoj napisao, za kraj,
14:15
because I cannot say words as beautiful as this
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jer ja neznam izreći riječi lijepe poput ovih
14:18
to describe what he saw
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da bih opisao što smo vidjeli
14:20
in that picture that he had taken.
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u fotografiji koju smo snimili.
14:22
He said, "Consider again that dot.
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Rekao je "Razmotrite ponovo onu točku.
14:24
That's here. That's home. That's us.
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To je ovdje. To je doma. To smo mi.
14:27
On it, everyone you love,
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Na njoj, svi koje volite,
14:29
everyone you know, everyone you've ever heard of,
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svi koje poznajete, svi o kojima ste čuli,
14:32
every human being who ever was
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svako ljudsko biće koje je ikada
14:34
lived out their lives.
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živjelo svoj život.
14:36
The aggregates of joy and suffering
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Gomile radosti i patnje
14:38
thousands of confident religions,
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tisuće pouzdanih religija,
14:40
ideologies and economic doctrines,
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ideologija i ekonomskih doktrina,
14:43
every hunter and forager, every hero and coward,
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svaki lovac i tragač za hranom, svaki heroj i kukavica,
14:46
every creator and destroyer of civilization,
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svaki stvaraoc i razarač civilizacije,
14:49
every king and peasant, every young couple in love,
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svaki kralj i seljak, svaki mladi zaljubljeni par,
14:52
every mother and father, hopeful child,
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sve majke i očevi, nadobudna djeca,
14:54
inventor and explorer,
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izumitelj i istraživač,
14:56
every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician,
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svaki učitelj morala, svaki korumpirani političar,
14:59
every superstar, every supreme leader,
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svaka "zvijezda", svaki vrhunski vođa,
15:02
every saint and sinner in the history of our species,
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svaki svetac i griješnik u povijesti naše vrste,
15:05
lived there, on a mote of dust,
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živjeli su ondje, na čestici prašine,
15:07
suspended in a sunbeam.
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uzdignutoj zrakom sunca.
15:09
It's been said that astronomy's a humbling
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Rečeno je da je astronomija ponižavajuće
15:11
and character-building experience.
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i iskustvo koje gradi karakter.
15:13
There is perhaps no better demonstration
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Možda nema bolje demonstracije
15:15
of the folly of human conceits
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za glupost ljuske uobraženosti
15:17
than this distant image of our tiny world.
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od ove daleke fotografije našeg sičušnog svijeta.
15:19
To me, it underscores our responsibility
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Za mene, to podcrtava našu odgovornost
15:21
to deal more kindly with one another
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da se što ljubaznije odnosimo jedni prema drugima
15:24
and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot,
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i da očuvamo i njegujemo blijedu plavu točku
15:27
the only home we've ever known."
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jedini dom kojega znamo."
15:29
Beautiful words about
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Lijepe riječi o
15:31
the power of science and exploration.
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snazi znanosti i istraživanja.
15:33
The argument has always been made, and it will always be made,
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Zagovara se da, i uvijek će,
15:35
that we know enough about the universe.
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da mi već dovoljno znamo o svemiru.
15:37
You could have made it in the 1920s; you wouldn't have had penicillin.
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Mogli se tako u 1920-ima; i nebiste imali penicilin.
15:40
You could have made it in the 1890s; you wouldn't have the transistor.
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Mogli ste tako u 1890-ima; i nebiste imali tranzistor.
15:43
And it's made today in these difficult economic times.
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A i danas se tako misli, u ovim teškim ekonomskim vremenima.
15:46
Surely, we know enough.
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Sigurno, znamo dovoljno.
15:48
We don't need to discover anything else about our universe.
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Ne moramo otkriti ništa više o svemiru.
15:50
Let me leave the last words to someone
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Dozvolite da zadnje riječi ostavim nekome
15:52
who's rapidly becoming a hero of mine,
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tko ubrzano postaje mojim herojem,
15:54
Humphrey Davy, who did his science at the turn of the 19th century.
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Humphrey Davy, koji je svoju znanost istraživao na kraju 19-og stoljeća.
15:57
He was clearly under assault all the time.
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Jasno da je stalno bio napadan.
16:00
"We know enough at the turn of the 19th century.
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Mi znamo dovoljno na kraju 19-og stoljeća.
16:03
Just exploit it; just build things."
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Samo iskorištavajte, gradite stvari.
16:05
He said this, he said, "Nothing is more fatal
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Rekao je to, rekao je, "Ništa nije toliko fatalno
16:07
to the progress of the human mind
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za razvoj ljudskog uma
16:09
than to presume that our views of science
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od pretpostavke da su naši pogledi na znanost
16:11
are ultimate,
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konačni,
16:13
that our triumphs are complete,
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da su naše pobjede završene,
16:15
that there are no mysteries in nature,
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da nema misterija u prirodi,
16:17
and that there are no new worlds to conquer."
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i da nema novih svjetova za osvojiti."
16:19
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
16:21
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brian Cox - PhysicistPhysicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester.
Why you should listen
Based at the University of Manchester, Brian Cox works at CERN in Geneva on the ATLAS experiment, studying the forward proton detectors for the Large Hadron Collider there. He's a professor at the University of Manchester, working in the High Energy Physics group, and is a research fellow of the Royal Society.
He's also become a vital voice in the UK media for explaining physics to the public. With his rockstar hair and accessible charm, he's the go-to physicist for explaining heady concepts on British TV and radio. (If you're in the UK, watch him on The Big Bang Machine.) He was the science advisor for the 2007 film Sunshine. He answers science questions every Friday on BBC6 radio's Breakfast Show.
Brian Cox | Speaker | TED.com