TEDSalon London 2010
Brian Cox: Why we need the explorers
Zašto su nam potrebni istraživači
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Readability: 4.1
1,935,340 views
U ekonomski teškim vremenima, naši programi istrazivačke nauke, od svemirkih sondi do LHC-a, su prvi koji osete smanjivanje budžeta. Brian Cox objašnjava kako se nauka vođena radoznalošću isplati, kako jača inovacije i razvija svest o našem postojanju.
Brian Cox - Physicist
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
We live in difficult and challenging
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Mi naravno živimo u ekonomski teškim
00:18
economic times, of course.
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i izazovnim vremenima.
00:20
And one of the first victims
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A jedna od prvih žrtava
00:23
of difficult economic times,
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ekonomski teških vremena,
00:25
I think, is public spending of any kind,
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po mom misljenju, je javna potrošnja bilo koje vrste.
00:28
but certainly in the firing line at the moment
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ali sigurno na prvoj liniji trenutno
00:30
is public spending for science,
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je javna potrošnja za nauku,
00:32
and particularly curiosity-led science
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a posebno za nauku koja je vođena radoznalošću
00:34
and exploration.
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i istraživanjem nepoznatog.
00:36
So I want to try and convince you in about 15 minutes
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Tako da ću ja pokušati da vas ubedim u 15 minuta
00:39
that that's a ridiculous
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da je to prosto besmisleno
00:41
and ludicrous thing to do.
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i smešno.
00:43
But I think to set the scene,
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Ali kao uvod,
00:45
I want to show -- the next slide is not my attempt
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hoću da pokažem -- sledeći slajd nije moj pokušaj
00:47
to show the worst TED slide in the history of TED,
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da pokažem najgori TED slajd u istoriji TED-a,
00:50
but it is a bit of a mess.
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nego je prosto zbrka.
00:52
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:54
But actually, it's not my fault; it's from the Guardian newspaper.
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Zapravo, to nije moja greška, slajd je preuzet iz novina Guardian.
00:57
And it's actually a beautiful demonstration
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I u stvari je divna demonstracija
00:59
of how much science costs.
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koliko nauka košta.
01:01
Because, if I'm going to make the case
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Jer, ako ću da zagovaram razloge
01:03
for continuing to spend on curiosity-driven science and exploration,
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za dalju potrošnju na nauku vođenu radoznalošću i istraživanjem,
01:06
I should tell you how much it costs.
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onda bi trebalo i da kažem koliko to košta.
01:08
So this is a game called "spot the science budgets."
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Tako da je ovo igra koja se zove "pronađi budžet za nauku".
01:10
This is the U.K. government spend.
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Ovo je potrošnja britanske vlade
01:12
You see there, it's about 620 billion a year.
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Ovde vidite da je to oko 620 milijardi godišnje.
01:15
The science budget is actually --
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Budžet za nauku je u stvari ....
01:17
if you look to your left, there's a purple set of blobs
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ako pogledate levo, nalazi se ljubičasta grupa krugova
01:20
and then yellow set of blobs.
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i onda žuta grupa krugova.
01:22
And it's one of the yellow set of blobs
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Traženi je jedan u žutoj grupi
01:24
around the big yellow blob.
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smešten oko velikog žutog kruga.
01:26
It's about 3.3 billion pounds per year
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Iznosi oko 3.3 milijarde funti godišnje
01:28
out of 620 billion.
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od ukupno 620 milijardi.
01:30
That funds everything in the U.K.
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To je budžet za sve u Britaniji,
01:32
from medical research, space exploration,
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od medicinskih istraživanja, istraživanje svemira,
01:35
where I work, at CERN in Geneva, particle physics,
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gde ja radim, u CERN-u u Ženevi, fizika čestica,
01:37
engineering, even arts and humanities,
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inžinjerstvo, čak i umetnost i humanitarna pomoć,
01:40
funded from the science budget,
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se finansiraju iz budžeta za nauku,
01:42
which is that 3.3 billion, that little, tiny yellow blob
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koji iznosi 3.3 milijarde, onaj mali, sitni žuti krug
01:45
around the orange blob at the top left of the screen.
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oko narandžastog kruga na gornjoj levoj strani ekrana.
01:48
So that's what we're arguing about.
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Dakle to je to oko čega se raspravljamo.
01:50
That percentage, by the way, is about the same
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Samo da napomenem da je procenat otprilike isti
01:52
in the U.S. and Germany and France.
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u SAD-u, Nemačkoj i Francuskoj.
01:54
R&D in total in the economy,
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Ukupno, istraživanje i razvoj u ekonomiji
01:56
publicly funded, is about
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javno finansirano, iznosi oko
01:58
0.6 percent of GDP.
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0.6 procenata BDP-a.
02:00
So that's what we're arguing about.
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Dakle to je to oko čega se raspravljamo.
02:02
The first thing I want to say,
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Prva stvar koju hoću da kažem,
02:04
and this is straight from "Wonders of the Solar System,"
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a to dolazi pravo iz "Čuda sučevog sistema",
02:07
is that our exploration of the solar system and the universe
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je to da je naše istraživanje sunčevog sistema i svemira
02:10
has shown us that it is indescribably beautiful.
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pokazalo da su oni neverovatno lepi.
02:13
This is a picture that actually was sent back
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Ovo je slika koju je poslala nazad na zemlju
02:15
by the Cassini space probe around Saturn,
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svemirska misija Kasini oko Saturna,
02:17
after we'd finished filming "Wonders of the Solar System."
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ali tek pošto smo završili izradu filma "Čuda sučevog sistema".
02:19
So it isn't in the series.
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Tako da to nije u filmu.
02:21
It's of the moon Enceladus.
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Napravljena je sa mesaca Enceladus.
02:23
So that big sweeping, white
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Dakle ova velika čista, bela
02:25
sphere in the corner is Saturn,
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kugla u uglu je Saturn,
02:27
which is actually in the background of the picture.
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i nalazi se, u stvari, u pozadini slike.
02:30
And that crescent there is the moon Enceladus,
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A ovo tamo u obliku polumeseca je mesec Enceladus,
02:32
which is about as big as the British Isles.
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koji je otprilike po velicini kao Britanska ostrva.
02:35
It's about 500 kilometers in diameter.
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Precnik mu je oko 500km.
02:37
So, tiny moon.
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Dakle, sićušni mesec.
02:39
What's fascinating and beautiful ...
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Ono što je fascinantno i predivno ...
02:41
this an unprocessed picture, by the way, I should say,
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a ovo je neobrađena slika, samo da napomenem.
02:43
it's black and white, straight from Saturnian orbit.
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Crno bela je, direktno iz orbite Saturna.
02:46
What's beautiful is, you can probably see on the limb there
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Ono što je predivno, verovatno ga možete videti u produžetku ovde
02:48
some faint, sort of,
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neki bledi, kao neki
02:50
wisps of almost smoke
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pramenovi nečega kao dim
02:52
rising up from the limb.
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koji se dižu sa ispupčenja.
02:54
This is how we visualize that in "Wonders of the Solar System."
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Ovo je kako smo to predsatvili vizuelno u "Čudima solarnog sistema".
02:57
It's a beautiful graphic.
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Stvarno je divna grafika.
02:59
What we found out were that those faint wisps
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Ono što smo otkrili je da su ti bledi pramenovi
03:01
are actually fountains of ice
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u stvari fontane leda
03:03
rising up from the surface of this tiny moon.
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koje se dižu sa površine ovog sićušnog meseca.
03:06
That's fascinating and beautiful in itself,
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To je već fascinantno i predivno samo od sebe,
03:09
but we think that the mechanism
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ali mi mislimo da je mehanizam
03:11
for powering those fountains
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koji pokreće te fontane
03:13
requires there to be lakes of liquid water
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takav da su mu potrebna jezera tečne vode
03:16
beneath the surface of this moon.
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ispod površine ovog meseca.
03:18
And what's important about that
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I ono što je važno u vezi toga
03:20
is that, on our planet, on Earth,
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je da na našoj planeti, na Zemlji,
03:22
wherever we find liquid water,
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gde god nađemo vodu u tečnom stanju,
03:24
we find life.
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nađemo i život.
03:26
So, to find strong evidence
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Dakle, naći jake dokaze
03:29
of liquid, pools of liquid, beneath the surface of a moon
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za postojanje tečnosti, bazena tečnosti, ispod površine meseca
03:32
750 million miles away from the Earth
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750 miliona milja udaljenog od zemlje
03:35
is really quite astounding.
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je zaista nešto zapanjujuće.
03:38
So what we're saying, essentially,
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Ono što mi u stvari želimo da kažemo,
03:40
is maybe that's a habitat for life in the solar system.
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je da je to možda postojbina života u solarnom sistemu.
03:44
Well, let me just say, that was a graphic. I just want to show this picture.
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Ali, samo da napomenem, to je bila grafika. Hoću još da pokažem ovu sliku.
03:47
That's one more picture of Enceladus.
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To je još jedna slika meseca Enceladusa.
03:49
This is when Cassini flew beneath Enceladus.
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Napravljena je kad je Kasini proletela ispod Enceladusa.
03:52
So it made a very low pass,
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Kad je prošla jako nisko,
03:54
just a few hundred kilometers above the surface.
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samo nekoliko stotina kilometara iznad površine.
03:56
And so this, again, a real picture of the ice fountains rising up into space,
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Prema tome, ponovo realna slika fonatana leda koje se dižu u svemir,
03:59
absolutely beautiful.
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apsolutno prekrasno.
04:01
But that's not the prime candidate for life in the solar system.
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Ali ovo nije glavni kandidat za život u solarnom sistemu.
04:04
That's probably this place,
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Ali ovo mesto verovatno jeste,
04:06
which is a moon of Jupiter, Europa.
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a to je Evropa, Jupiterov mesec.
04:08
And again, we had to fly to the Jovian system
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I ponovo, morali smo da letimo do sistema Jovian,
04:11
to get any sense that this moon, as most moons,
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da bi stekli utisak da ovaj mesec, kao i većina meseca,
04:14
was anything other than a dead ball of rock.
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nije samo mrtva kamena lopta.
04:16
It's actually an ice moon.
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U stvari je ledeni mesec.
04:18
So what you're looking at is the surface of the moon Europa,
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Ovo što vidite je površima meseca Evropa,
04:21
which is a thick sheet of ice, probably a hundred kilometers thick.
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a to je debela ledena kora, verovatno stotinu kilometara debela.
04:24
But by measuring the way that
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Ali merenjem uzajamnog dejstva
04:26
Europa interacts
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Evrope sa
04:28
with the magnetic field of Jupiter,
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magnetnim poljem Jupitera,
04:30
and looking at how those cracks in the ice
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i posmatrajući kako se pomeraju ove pukotine u ledu
04:32
that you can see there on that graphic move around,
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koje možete da vidite na grafici,
04:35
we've inferred very strongly
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možemo da dosta pouzdano zaključimo
04:37
that there's an ocean of liquid surrounding
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da se tamo nalazi čitav okean tečnosti
04:39
the entire surface of Europa.
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ispod čitave površinu Evrope.
04:42
So below the ice, there's an ocean of liquid around the whole moon.
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Dakle ispod leda, imamo okean tečnosti oko čitavog meseca.
04:45
It could be hundreds of kilometers deep, we think.
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Mislimo da on može biti stotinama kilometara dubok.
04:48
We think it's saltwater, and that would mean that
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Smatramo da je to slana voda, a to bi značilo
04:50
there's more water on that moon of Jupiter
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da ima više vode na tom Jupiterovom mesecu
04:53
than there is in all the oceans of the Earth combined.
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nego na svim okeanima na Zemlji zajedno.
04:56
So that place, a little moon around Jupiter,
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Dakle to mesto, mali mesec oko Jupitera,
04:59
is probably the prime candidate
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je verovatno glavni kandidat
05:02
for finding life on a moon
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za pronalazak života na mesecu
05:04
or a body outside the Earth, that we know of.
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ili nebeskom telu van zemlje, za koji znamo.
05:07
Tremendous and beautiful discovery.
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Ogromno i predivno otkriće.
05:10
Our exploration of the solar system
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Naše istraživanje solarnog sistema,
05:12
has taught us that the solar system is beautiful.
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naučilo nas je da je on prelep.
05:14
It may also have pointed the way to answering
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Takođe bi moglo da nas uputi u pravcu odgovora
05:17
one of the most profound questions that you can possibly ask,
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na jedno od najznačajnijih pitanja koje uopšte možete da postavite,
05:20
which is: "Are we alone in the universe?"
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a to je: "Da li smo sami u svemiru?"
05:23
Is there any other use to exploration and science,
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Da li postoji ikakva druga korist od istraživanja i nauke,
05:25
other than just a sense of wonder?
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osim pukog osećaja divljenja?
05:27
Well, there is.
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Pa, postoji.
05:29
This is a very famous picture
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Ovo je vrlo poznata slika
05:31
taken, actually, on my first Christmas Eve,
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napravljena na moje prvo Badnje Veče,
05:33
December 24th, 1968,
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24. decembra 1968 godine,
05:36
when I was about eight months old.
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kad sam imao oko 8 meseci.
05:38
It was taken by Apollo 8
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napravio ju je Apolo 8
05:40
as it went around the back of the moon.
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kad se kretao oko pozadine meseca.
05:42
Earthrise from Apollo 8.
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Svitanje zemlje sa Apola 8.
05:44
A famous picture; many people have said that it's the picture
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Čuvena slika, mnogi ljudi su rekli da je to slika
05:46
that saved 1968,
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koja je spasila 1968.
05:48
which was a turbulent year --
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koja je bila turbulentna godina,
05:50
the student riots in Paris,
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studentski nemiri u Parizu,
05:52
the height of the Vietnam War.
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vrhunac vijetnamskog rata.
05:54
The reason many people think that about this picture,
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Razlog zašto mnogi ljudi tako misle,
05:57
and Al Gore has said it many times, actually, on the stage at TED,
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a Al Gore je to rekao mnogo puta, u stvari i na bini TED-a,
06:00
is that this picture, arguably, was
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je to da je ova slika verovatno bila
06:02
the beginning of the environmental movement.
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sam početak pokreta za životnu sredinu.
06:04
Because, for the first time,
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Jer, po prvi put,
06:06
we saw our world,
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smo videli naš svet,
06:08
not as a solid, immovable,
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ne kao čvrst, nepokretan,
06:11
kind of indestructible place,
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ne kao neko neuništivo mesto,
06:13
but as a very small, fragile-looking world
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nego kao vrlo mali, naizgled lomljivi svet
06:16
just hanging against the blackness of space.
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koji samo stoji nasuprot tame svemira u pozadini.
06:19
What's also not often said
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Ono što takođe nije tako često rečeno
06:21
about the space exploration, about the Apollo program,
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o istraživanju svemira, o programu Apolo,
06:24
is the economic contribution it made.
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je njegov ekonomski uticaj.
06:26
I mean while you can make arguments that it was wonderful
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Mislim, vi možete da diskutujete da je taj program bio krasno
06:29
and a tremendous achievement
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i ogromno dostignuće
06:31
and delivered pictures like this,
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i da je napravio slike poput ove,
06:33
it cost a lot, didn't it?
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ali je i jako mnogo koštao, zar ne?
06:35
Well, actually, many studies have been done
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E pa u stvari, mnoge su studije urađene
06:37
about the economic effectiveness,
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o ekonomskoj efikasnosti,
06:39
the economic impact of Apollo.
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o Apolovom uticaju na ekonomiju.
06:41
The biggest one was in 1975 by Chase Econometrics.
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Najveća je urađena 1975., uradio ju je Čejs Ekonometriks.
06:44
And it showed that for every $1 spent on Apollo,
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I ona je pokazala da se za svaki dolar potrošen na Apolo,
06:47
14 came back into the U.S. economy.
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14 dolara vratilo nazad u ekonomiju SAD-a.
06:50
So the Apollo program paid for itself
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Dakle program Apolo se sam otplatio
06:52
in inspiration,
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u inspiraciji,
06:54
in engineering, achievement
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u inženejrstvu, dostignuću
06:56
and, I think, in inspiring young scientists and engineers
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i, mislim, u inspiraciji za mlade naučnike i inžinjere
06:59
14 times over.
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i to 14 puta.
07:01
So exploration can pay for itself.
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Prema tome, istraživanje može da otplati samo sebe.
07:03
What about scientific discovery?
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Kakva je situacija sa naučnim otkrićem?
07:06
What about driving innovation?
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A šta sa pokretanjem inovacija?
07:08
Well, this looks like a picture of virtually nothing.
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Pa, ovo izgleda kao slika bukvalno ničega.
07:11
What it is, is a picture of the spectrum
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U stvari, to je slika spektra
07:13
of hydrogen.
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hidrogena.
07:16
See, back in the 1880s, 1890s,
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Vidite, negde 1880-tih, 1890-tih,
07:19
many scientists, many observers,
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mnogi naučnici, mnogi posmatrači,
07:22
looked at the light given off from atoms.
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posmatrali su svetlost koju stvaraju atomi.
07:24
And they saw strange pictures like this.
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I videli su čudne slike poput ove.
07:26
What you're seeing when you put it through a prism
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Ono što vidite kad propustite ovu sliku kroz prizmu
07:28
is that you heat hydrogen up and it doesn't just glow
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ja da ste zagrejali hidrogen i da on ne samo što svetli
07:31
like a white light,
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kao bela svetlost,
07:33
it just emits light at particular colors,
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nego i emituje svetlost tačno odredjenih boja,
07:35
a red one, a light blue one, some dark blue ones.
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crvenu, svetlo plavu, neke tamno plave.
07:38
Now that led to an understanding of atomic structure
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A to je dovelo do razumevanja strukture atoma
07:41
because the way that's explained
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jer je način na koji je to objašnjeno
07:43
is atoms are a single nucleus
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taj da se atomi sastoje od jednog jezgra
07:45
with electrons going around them.
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sa elektronima koji se kreću oko njega.
07:47
And the electrons can only be in particular places.
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A elektroni mogu biti samo na tačno određenim mestima.
07:50
And when they jump up to the next place they can be,
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I kad skoče uvis na sledeće mesto na kome mogu da budu
07:52
and fall back down again,
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i kad ponovo padnu nazad,
07:54
they emit light at particular colors.
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mogu da emituju svetlost tačno određenih boja.
07:56
And so the fact that atoms, when you heat them up,
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Prema tome, činjenica da atomi, kad ih zagrejete,
07:58
only emit light at very specific colors,
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emituju svetlost samo na tačno određenim bojama,
08:01
was one of the key drivers
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je bila odlučujući pokretač
08:03
that led to the development of the quantum theory,
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koji je doveo do razvoja kvantne teorije,
08:05
the theory of the structure of atoms.
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i teorije o strukturi atoma.
08:08
I just wanted to show this picture because this is remarkable.
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Želeo sam samo da pokažem ovu sliku jer je izvanredna.
08:11
This is actually a picture of the spectrum of the Sun.
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Ovo je u stari slika spektra sunca.
08:13
And now, this is a picture of atoms in the Sun's atmosphere
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Ali to je i slika atoma u sunčevoj atmosferi
08:16
absorbing light.
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koji apsorbuju svetlost.
08:18
And again, they only absorb light at particular colors
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I da ponovim, oni apsorbuju samo svetlost tačno određenih boja
08:20
when electrons jump up and fall down,
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kad elektroni skoče i padnu nazad,
08:22
jump up and fall down.
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skoče i padnu nazad.
08:24
But look at the number of black lines in that spectrum.
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Ali pogledajte broj tamnih linija u tom spektru.
08:27
And the element helium
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A hemijski element helijum
08:29
was discovered just by staring at the light from the Sun
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je otkriven samo gledajući svetlost sunca
08:32
because some of those black lines were found
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jer je pronađeno da neke od tih tamnih linija
08:34
that corresponded to no known element.
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odgovaraju poznatom hemijskom elementu.
08:36
And that's why helium's called helium.
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I zato se helijum zove helijum.
08:38
It's called "helios" -- helios from the Sun.
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Od "helios" - helios kao sunce.
08:41
Now, that sounds esoteric,
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Dobro, to zvuči kao nešto usko specijalizovano,
08:43
and indeed it was an esoteric pursuit,
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to je stvarno i bio usko specijalizovani poduhvat,
08:46
but the quantum theory quickly led
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ali kvantna teorija je brzo dovela do
08:48
to an understanding of the behaviors of electrons in materials
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razumevanja kako se ponašaju elektroni u materijalima,
08:51
like silicon, for example.
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kao što je na primer silicijum.
08:53
The way that silicon behaves,
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Način na koji se silicijum ponaša,
08:55
the fact that you can build transistors,
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činjenica da od njega možete napraviti tranzistor,
08:57
is a purely quantum phenomenon.
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je čisto kvantni fenomen.
08:59
So without that curiosity-driven
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Dakle, bez tog radoznalošću pokretanog
09:01
understanding of the structure of atoms,
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razumevanja strukture atoma,
09:03
which led to this rather esoteric theory, quantum mechanics,
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koje je dovelo do ove prilično usko specijalizovane teorije, kvantne mehanike,
09:06
then we wouldn't have transistors, we wouldn't have silicon chips,
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ne bismo imali tranzistore, ne bismo imali silicijumske čipove,
09:09
we wouldn't have pretty much the basis
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ne bismo imali praktično osnovu
09:12
of our modern economy.
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naše moderne ekonomije.
09:14
There's one more, I think, wonderful twist to that tale.
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Postoji još jedan, po mom mišljenju, divan preokret u toj priči.
09:17
In "Wonders of the Solar System,"
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U "Čudima solarog sistema",
09:19
we kept emphasizing the laws of physics are universal.
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smo stalno naglašavali da su zakoni fizike univerzalni.
09:22
It's one of the most incredible things about the physics
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Jedna od najneverovatnijih stvari u vezi fizike
09:25
and the understanding of nature that you get on Earth,
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i razumevanja prirode koju imate na Zemlji,
09:28
is you can transport it, not only to the planets,
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je da možete da ih primenite, ne samo na planete,
09:31
but to the most distant stars and galaxies.
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nego i na najudaljenije zvezde i galaksije.
09:33
And one of the astonishing predictions
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A jedno od zadivljujućih predviđanja
09:35
of quantum mechanics,
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kvantne mehanike
09:37
just by looking at the structure of atoms --
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samo gledajući strukturu atoma -
09:39
the same theory that describes transistors --
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iste teorije koja objašnjava rad tranzistora -
09:41
is that there can be no stars in the universe
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je da ne mogu postojati zvezde u svemiru
09:44
that have reached the end of their life
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koje su dosegle kraj svog života
09:46
that are bigger than, quite specifically, 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.
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a koje imaju masu 1.4 puta veće od mase sunca.
09:49
That's a limit imposed on the mass of stars.
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To je granica postavljena za masu zvezda.
09:52
You can work it out on a piece of paper in a laboratory,
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To možete da izvedete na komadu papira u laboratoriji,
09:55
get a telescope, swing it to the sky,
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da zmete teleskop, uperite ga ka nebu
09:57
and you find that there are no dead stars
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i naći ćete da nema niti jedne mrtve zvezde
10:00
bigger than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.
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sa masom većom od 1.4 mase sunca.
10:02
That's quite an incredible prediction.
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To je stvarno neverovatno predviđanje.
10:05
What happens when you have a star that's right on the edge of that mass?
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Šta se desi kad imate zvezdu koja je tačno na granici mase?
10:08
Well, this is a picture of it.
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E pa, ovo je slika jedne od njih.
10:10
This is the picture of a galaxy, a common "our garden" galaxy
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Ovo je slika galaksije, uobičajene galaksije
10:13
with, what, 100 billion
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sa koliko?, recimo 100 milijardi
10:15
stars like our Sun in it.
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zvezda kao što je naše sunce u njoj.
10:17
It's just one of billions of galaxies in the universe.
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To je samo jedna od milijardi galaksija u svemiru.
10:20
There are a billion stars in the galactic core,
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Ima milijardu zvezda u jezgru galaksije,
10:22
which is why it's shining out so brightly.
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što je i razlog zašto ono svetli tako jako.
10:25
This is about 50 million light years away,
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Udaljena je oko 50 miliona svetlosnih godina od nas,
10:27
so one of our neighboring galaxies.
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znači jedna od nama susednih galaksija.
10:29
But that bright star there
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Ali ta sjajna zvezda tamo
10:31
is actually one of the stars in the galaxy.
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je u stvari samo jedna zvezda u galaksiji.
10:34
So that star is also
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Dakle i ta zvezda je takođe
10:36
50 million light years away.
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udaljena 50 miliona svetlosnih godina.
10:38
It's part of that galaxy, and it's shining as brightly
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Ona je deo te galaksije, a svetli toliko jako
10:41
as the center of the galaxy
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koliko i centar same galaksije
10:43
with a billion suns in it.
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sa oko milijardu zvezda u njemu.
10:45
That's a Type Ia supernova explosion.
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To je eksplozija supernova tip 1a.
10:48
Now that's an incredible phenomena,
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Ovo je neverovatna pojava,
10:50
because it's a star that sits there.
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jer imamo zvezdu koja se nalazi ovde.
10:52
It's called a carbon-oxygen dwarf.
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Naziva se karbon-oksigen patuljak.
10:54
It sits there about, say, 1.3 times the mass of the Sun.
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Nalazi se tu, sa masom, recimo 1.3 mase sunca.
10:57
And it has a binary companion that goes around it,
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I ima binarnog pratioca koji se kreće oko nje,
11:00
so a big star, a big ball of gas.
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dakle veliku zvezdu, veliku gasnu kuglu.
11:03
And what it does is it sucks gas
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I dešava se da ona usisava gas
11:05
off its companion star,
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sa svoje zvezde pratioca
11:07
until it gets to this limit called the Chandrasekhar limit,
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dok ne dostigne tu granicu za masu koj se naziva Čandrasekarova granica,
11:10
and then it explodes.
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i onda eksplodira.
11:12
And it explodes, and it shines as brightly
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I eksplodira i svetli tako jarko
11:14
as a billion suns for about two weeks,
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kao i milijardu sunaca i sve to u vremenu od oko 2 nedelje,
11:16
and releases, not only energy,
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i oslobađa, ne samo energiju,
11:19
but a huge amount of chemical elements into the universe.
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nego i ogromnu količinu hemijskih elemenata u svemir.
11:22
In fact, that one is a carbon-oxygen dwarf.
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Ustvari, ova je karbon-oksigen patuljak.
11:25
Now, there was no carbon and oxygen
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Ali nije bilo karbona i oksigena
11:27
in the universe at the Big Bang.
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u svemiru kad se desio veliki prasak.
11:29
And there was no carbon and oxygen in the universe
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A nije bilo karbona ni oksigena u svemiru
11:31
throughout the first generation of stars.
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ni tokom prve generacije zvezda.
11:34
It was made in stars like that,
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Napravljeni su u zvezdama kao ova,
11:36
locked away and then returned to the universe
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zaključanih u njima a onda poslatih nazad u svemir
11:38
in explosions like that
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u eksplozijama kao što je ova
11:40
in order to recondense into planets,
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da bi se kondenzovali ponovo u planete,
11:42
stars, new solar systems
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zvezde, nove solarne sisteme,
11:44
and, indeed, people like us.
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i stvarno u ljude poput nas.
11:47
I think that's a remarkable demonstration of the power
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Ja mislim da je to izvanredna demonstracija moći
11:49
and beauty and universality of the laws of physics,
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i lepote i univerzalnosti zakona fizike,
11:52
because we understand that process,
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jer mi razumemo taj proces,
11:54
because we understand
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jer razumemo
11:56
the structure of atoms here on Earth.
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strukturu atoma ovde na zemlji.
11:58
This is a beautiful quote that I found --
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Ovo je predivan citat koji sam našao -
12:00
we're talking about serendipity there -- from Alexander Fleming:
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govorimo o slučajnom otkriću - od Aleksandera Felminga.
12:03
"When I woke up just after dawn
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"Kad sam se probudio u zoru
12:05
on September 28, 1928,
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28 septembra 1928. godine,
12:07
I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine
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ja sigurno nisam planirao da revolucioniram sve u medicini
12:09
by discovering the world's first antibiotic."
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otkrivanjem prvog svetskog antibiotika".
12:12
Now, the explorers of the world of the atom
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Tako i istraživači sveta atoma
12:14
did not intend to invent the transistor.
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nisu nameravali da otkriju tranzistor.
12:16
And they certainly didn't intend to
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A zasigurno nisu nameravali da
12:18
describe the mechanics of supernova explosions,
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opišu mehanizam supernova eksplozija
12:21
which eventually told us where
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koje su nam na kraju ukazale gde
12:23
the building blocks of life
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se sastavni blokovi života
12:25
were synthesized in the universe.
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stvaraju u svemiru.
12:28
So, I think science can be --
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Prema tome, ja mislim da nauka može biti -
12:30
serendipity is important.
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slučajno otkriće je važno.
12:32
It can be beautiful. It can reveal quite astonishing things.
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Može biti predivna. Može da otkrije stvarno izvanredne stvari.
12:35
It can also, I think, finally
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Konačno, ja mislim da ona može
12:38
reveal the most profound
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da otkrije i najdublje
12:40
ideas to us
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ideje za nas
12:42
about our place in the universe
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o našem mestu u svemiru
12:44
and really the value of our home planet.
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i stvarnu važnost naše planete.
12:46
This is a spectacular picture of our home planet.
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Ovo je spektakularna slika naše planete.
12:49
Now, it doesn't look like our home planet.
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Ali ne liči na nju.
12:51
It looks like Saturn because, of course, it is.
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Liči na Saturn, jer naravno, to i jeste Saturn.
12:54
It was taken by the Cassini space probe.
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Napravila ju je Kasini svemirska sonda.
12:56
But it's a famous picture, not because of
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Ali to je čuvena slika, ne zbog
12:58
the beauty and majesty of Saturn's rings,
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lepote i veličanstvenih Saturnovih prstenova
13:01
but actually because of a tiny, faint blob
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nego u stvari zbog ove sićušne, blede tačke
13:04
just hanging underneath one of the rings.
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koja leži tu negde ispod jednog od prstenova
13:06
And if I blow it up there, you see it.
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I ako je uvećam ovde, možete da je vidite.
13:08
It looks like a moon,
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Liči na mesec,
13:10
but in fact, it's a picture of Earth.
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ali u stvari je to slika zemlje.
13:12
It was a picture of Earth captured in that frame of Saturn.
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To je slika zemlje uhvaćene na slici Saturna.
13:15
That's our planet from 750 million miles away.
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To je naša planeta sa 750 miliona milja udaljenosti.
13:19
I think the Earth has got a strange property
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Ja mislim da je zemlja dobila tu čudnu osobinu,
13:21
that the farther away you get from it,
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da što je gledate sa veće udaljenosti,
13:23
the more beautiful it seems.
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to ona još lepše izgleda.
13:25
But that is not the most distant or most famous picture of our planet.
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Ali to nije najudaljenija ili najčuvenija slika naše planete koja je ikad snimljena.
13:28
It was taken by this thing, which is called the Voyager spacecraft.
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Nju je napravila ova stvar, koja se naziva svemirski brod Vojadžer.
13:31
And that's a picture of me in front of it for scale.
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Ovo je slika mene pored njega da uporedite veličinu.
13:34
The Voyager is a tiny machine.
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Vojadžer je mala mašina.
13:36
It's currently 10 billion miles away from Earth,
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Trenutno je na 10 milijardi milja od zemlje,
13:39
transmitting with that dish, with the power of 20 watts,
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emitujući sa ovim tanjirom, snage 20 vati,
13:42
and we're still in contact with it.
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i mi smo i dalje u kontaktu s njim.
13:44
But it visited Jupiter, Saturn,
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A on je već posetio Jupiter, Saturn,
13:46
Uranus and Neptune.
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Uran i Neptun.
13:48
And after it visited all four of those planets,
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I pošto je posetio ove sve četiri planete,
13:51
Carl Sagan, who's one of my great heroes,
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Karl Sagan, koji je jedan od mojih velikih heroja,
13:54
had the wonderful idea
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došao je na prelepu ideju
13:56
of turning Voyager around
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da se Vojadžer okrene unazad
13:58
and taking a picture of every planet it had visited.
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i da snimi sliku svake planete koju je posetio.
14:00
And it took this picture of Earth.
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I on je snimio ovu sliku zemlje.
14:02
Now it's very hard to see the Earth there, it's called the "Pale Blue Dot" picture,
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E sad, vrlo je teško videti zemlju ovde, zovu je slika "blede plave tačke",
14:05
but Earth is suspended in that red shaft of light.
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ali zemlja je skrivena u ovom zraku svetlosti.
14:08
That's Earth from four billion miles away.
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To je zemlja sa udaljenosti od 4 milijarde milja.
14:11
And I'd like to read you what
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A ja bih hteo da vam pročitam šta je
14:13
Sagan wrote about it, just to finish,
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Sagan napisao o njoj, i tako i da završim,
14:15
because I cannot say words as beautiful as this
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jer ja ne mogu da iskažem reči tako predivno
14:18
to describe what he saw
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i da opišem šta je on video
14:20
in that picture that he had taken.
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u ovoj slici koju je snimio.
14:22
He said, "Consider again that dot.
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Rekao je: "Pogledaj ponovo tu tačku.
14:24
That's here. That's home. That's us.
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To je ovde. To je dom. To smo mi.
14:27
On it, everyone you love,
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Na njoj, svi koje volimo,
14:29
everyone you know, everyone you've ever heard of,
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svi koje poznajemo, svi za koje smo ikada čuli,
14:32
every human being who ever was
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svako ljudsko biće koje je ikad
14:34
lived out their lives.
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živelo svoj život.
14:36
The aggregates of joy and suffering
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Gomila radosti i patnje
14:38
thousands of confident religions,
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hiljade uverljivih religija,
14:40
ideologies and economic doctrines,
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ideologija i ekonomskih doktrina,
14:43
every hunter and forager, every hero and coward,
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svaki lovac i skupljač hrane, svaki heroj i kukavica,
14:46
every creator and destroyer of civilization,
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svaki graditelj i rušitelj civilizacija,
14:49
every king and peasant, every young couple in love,
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svaki kralj i seljak, svaki mladi ljubavni par,
14:52
every mother and father, hopeful child,
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svaka majka i otac, dete puno nade,
14:54
inventor and explorer,
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pronalazač i istraživač,
14:56
every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician,
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svaki učitelj morala, svaki korumpirani političar,
14:59
every superstar, every supreme leader,
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svaka vodeća zvezda, svaki vodeći lider,
15:02
every saint and sinner in the history of our species,
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svaki svetac i grešnik u istoriji naše vrste,
15:05
lived there, on a mote of dust,
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živeo je ovde, na zrnu prašine
15:07
suspended in a sunbeam.
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koje lebdi na sunčevoj svetlosti.
15:09
It's been said that astronomy's a humbling
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Već je rečeno da je astronomija ponižavajuće
15:11
and character-building experience.
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iskustvo i iskustvo koje izgrađuje karakter.
15:13
There is perhaps no better demonstration
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Možda ne postoji bolja demonstracija
15:15
of the folly of human conceits
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besmislenosti ljudske uobraženosti
15:17
than this distant image of our tiny world.
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nego ova udaljena slika našeg sićušnog sveta.
15:19
To me, it underscores our responsibility
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Za mene, ona skreće pažnju na našu odgovornost
15:21
to deal more kindly with one another
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da se ophodimo pažljivije jedni prema drugima
15:24
and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot,
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i da čuvamo i pazimo bledu plavu tačku,
15:27
the only home we've ever known."
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jedini dom za koji smo ikada znali."
15:29
Beautiful words about
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Prelepe reči o
15:31
the power of science and exploration.
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snazi nauke i istraživanja.
15:33
The argument has always been made, and it will always be made,
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Uvek su se iznosili argumenti i uvek će biti iznošeni,
15:35
that we know enough about the universe.
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da znamo dovoljno o univerzumu.
15:37
You could have made it in the 1920s; you wouldn't have had penicillin.
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Mogli smo to zaključiti 1920. godine, ne bismo imali penicilin.
15:40
You could have made it in the 1890s; you wouldn't have the transistor.
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Mogli smo zaključiti 1890-tih, ne bismo imali tranzistor.
15:43
And it's made today in these difficult economic times.
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A to se čini i danas u ovim ekonomski teškim vremenima.
15:46
Surely, we know enough.
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Naravno, već znamo dovoljno.
15:48
We don't need to discover anything else about our universe.
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Ne treba da otkrivamo ništa više o našem univerzumu.
15:50
Let me leave the last words to someone
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Dozvolite mi da završim sa nekim
15:52
who's rapidly becoming a hero of mine,
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ko brzo postaje moj heroj,
15:54
Humphrey Davy, who did his science at the turn of the 19th century.
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Hemfri Dejvi, koji se bavio naukom početkom 19-tog veka.
15:57
He was clearly under assault all the time.
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On je bez sumnje bio stalno napadan svo vreme.
16:00
"We know enough at the turn of the 19th century.
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Već znamo dovoljno na početku 19-tog veka.
16:03
Just exploit it; just build things."
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Samo to iskoristite, samo napravite stvari.
16:05
He said this, he said, "Nothing is more fatal
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On je ovo rekao: "Ništa nije više pogubno
16:07
to the progress of the human mind
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za progres ljudskog roda
16:09
than to presume that our views of science
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nego pretpostaviti da su naša naučna
16:11
are ultimate,
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znanja konačna,
16:13
that our triumphs are complete,
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da su naši uspesi završeni,
16:15
that there are no mysteries in nature,
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da nema više misterija u prirodi
16:17
and that there are no new worlds to conquer."
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i da nema više novih svetova da se osvoje."
16:19
Thank you.
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Hvala.
16:21
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brian Cox - PhysicistPhysicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester.
Why you should listen
Based at the University of Manchester, Brian Cox works at CERN in Geneva on the ATLAS experiment, studying the forward proton detectors for the Large Hadron Collider there. He's a professor at the University of Manchester, working in the High Energy Physics group, and is a research fellow of the Royal Society.
He's also become a vital voice in the UK media for explaining physics to the public. With his rockstar hair and accessible charm, he's the go-to physicist for explaining heady concepts on British TV and radio. (If you're in the UK, watch him on The Big Bang Machine.) He was the science advisor for the 2007 film Sunshine. He answers science questions every Friday on BBC6 radio's Breakfast Show.
Brian Cox | Speaker | TED.com