Fred Jansen: How to land on a comet
Fred Jansen: Jak wylądować na komecie
As manager of the Rosetta mission, Fred Jansen is in charge of the project that could be instrumental in uncovering clues to the origins of life on Earth. Full bio
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of the Rosetta spacecraft.
podróż sondy kosmicznej Rosetty.
i wylądowanie nim na komecie:
for the past two years.
about the origin of the solar system.
o początkach Układu Słonecznego.
four and a half billion years,
our sun formed and ignited.
i zaczęło działać Słońce.
as planets, comets and asteroids formed.
komety i asteroidy.
a bit after its formation,
and delivered water to Earth.
dostarczając wodę.
complex organic material to Earth,
złożony materiał organiczny,
the emergence of life.
to solve a 250-piece puzzle
do układanki z 250 elementów,
like Jupiter and Saturn,
where they are now,
of the solar system clean,
called the Kuiper Belt,
beyond the orbit of Neptune.
run into each other,
zmienia ich trajektorię,
pulls them back into the solar system.
do Układu Słonecznego.
as we see them in the sky.
które widzimy na niebie.
is that in the meantime,
on the outside of the solar system,
which is blown away by the solar wind.
rozwiewany przez wiatr słoneczny.
which is charged particles,
naładowane cząsteczki,
in the solar system.
Układu Słonecznego.
i jądro, zbyt małe by je dostrzec.
which here is too small to see,
that in the case of Rosetta,
away from the comet.
from which our solar system was formed,
z czasów formowania Układu Słonecznego,
when Earth, and life, started.
i gdy powstawało życie.
which may have bootstrapped life.
z których powstało życie.
its long-term Horizon 2000 program,
długoterminowy program Horizon 2000,
which would be a mission to a comet.
była misja na kometę.
what you see here, Giotto, was launched,
przeleciała obok komety Halleya
with an armada of other spacecraft.
it became immediately clear
to understand our solar system.
do badania Układu Słonecznego.
was approved in 1993,
to be launched in 2003,
with an Ariane rocket.
z rakietą Ariane.
in its enthusiasm,
1,000 Delft Blue plates
1000 ceramicznych talerzy
That's the positive part.
kupować nowej zastawy, ma to swoje zalety.
Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
Czuriumow-Gierasimienko.
be able to get to it,
przebywać w Układzie Słonecznym.
in the solar system too long.
in the solar system since 1959.
when it was deflected by Jupiter,
przyciągnął ją Jowisz
to the sun to start changing.
by zacząć się zmieniać.
pod wieloma względami.
krążący wokół komety,
its whole tour through the solar system --
przez Układ Słoneczny.
as we will see in August,
lądowanie na komecie.
using something which is not
metodami nie stosowanymi zwykle
where you point and where you are.
gdzie patrzymy i gdzie jesteśmy.
at landmarks on the comet.
punkty orientacyjne na komecie.
boulders, craters --
takie jak głazy czy kratery,
respective to the comet.
gdzie jesteśmy w odniesieniu do niej.
to go beyond the orbit of Jupiter
używający paneli słonecznych.
than it actually is,
to use radio isotope thermal generators
generatorów termoelektrycznych
so there was no choice.
specially selected small people.
a ludzie obok wcale nie są niscy.
65 square meters.
po 65 metrów kwadratowych.
when we got to the comet,
is not always a very handy choice.
nie jest zbyt poręcznym pomysłem.
for the Rosetta scientific objectives
dla celów naukowych Rosetty.
of the Earth to the sun --
od Ziemi do Słońca.
than we could achieve with fuel,
niż pozwala zwykłe paliwo.
much fuel as the whole spacecraft weighed.
at very low altitude,
na niskiej wysokości,
of that planet around the sun for free.
okrąża Słońce, i to za darmo.
we did twice Earth again,
potem znów dwa razy Ziemi.
Lutetia and Steins.
Lutecji i Steins.
that if the spacecraft got into trouble,
że gdyby statek wpadł w tarapaty,
save the spacecraft anymore,
except for one clock.
oprócz jednego zegara.
and the way this works.
oraz jak to wszystko działa.
the circle where we started,
more and more and more elliptical,
po coraz większych elipsach,
doing the rendezvous maneuvers.
przygotowywać się do spotkania.
took a few pictures to test our cameras.
przetestowaliśmy kamery.
that word didn't exist. (Laughter)
by the CIVA camera.
and the solar array in the distance.
of hibernation in January 2014,
w styczniu 2014,
from the comet in May.
the spacecraft had was much too fast.
faster than the comet, so we had to brake.
niż kometa. Musieliśmy wyhamować.
some of them were really big.
by a few hundred kilometers per hour,
kilkaset kilometrów na godzinę,
was seven hours,
hours, because in 2007,
bo w roku 2007
of the propulsion of Rosetta,
operating at a pressure
or qualified for.
i nieprzystosowanym dla statku.
and these were the first pictures we saw.
oto pierwsze widoki.
is 12 and a half hours,
our flight dynamics engineers thought,
od dynamiki lotu przewidywali,
an easy thing to land on.
of spud-like thing
będzie wyglądać jak ziemniak,
że będzie chociaż równa i gładka.
it was clearly unavoidable:
in all the detail you could get,
jak najdokładniejszą mapę,
which is 500 meters in diameter and flat.
o średnicy 500 metrów.
we have on landing the probe.
który ma sonda przy lądowaniu.
and we mapped the comet.
called photoclinometry.
sitting on the surface of the comet,
roughly what the shape of that rock is.
and you can map the comet.
dostajemy mapę.
starting in August.
latać specjalnymi trajektoriami.
of 100 kilometers on a side
po 100 km na każdy bok,
thing at 50 kilometers.
at all kinds of angles,
pod wszystkimi kątami
to map the whole thing.
do zrobienia mapy.
of landing sites.
to go from the mapping of the comet
the final landing site, was 60 days.
minęło 60 dni.
the average Mars mission
for years to meet
miejsce docelowe.
miejsce do lądowania,
for Rosetta to launch Philae.
żeby wystrzeliła lądownik Philae.
has to be at the right point in space,
Rosetta musiała być we właściwym miejscu,
because the lander is passive.
ponieważ lądownik jest pasywny.
and moves towards the comet.
w stronę komety.
at Philae while it was departing
prosto na odlatującego Philae,
of the whole trajectory was seven hours.
by one centimeter per second,
spada o centymetr na sekundę,
względem komety.
one centimeter per second,
niż centymetr na sekundę,
better than 100 meters
niż do 100 metrów
some of the science and the instruments.
jak działają te instrumenty.
of all the instruments,
we can measure dust particles,
mierzyć cząsteczki pyłu,
an instrument which measures gas density
przez instrument badający gęstość gazów
is September of last year.
which in itself is not surprising,
co nie jest zaskakujące,
on the evaporation of gas
and then cools down on the back side.
i ochładza po drugiej stronie.
the density variations of this.
and the organic compounds
much more to come,
going on in Houston at the moment
look very impressive,
when they saw this.
and they shot it with tantalum
zestawili jej zdjęcie z tantalem,
the concentration of these two materials
which materials were there
elements is the imaging.
jest fotografia.
the OSIRIS camera,
of Science magazine
na okładce magazynu "Science"
this body to look like this.
że kometa będzie tak wyglądać.
more like the Half Dome in Yosemite
Half Dome w Parku Narodowym Yosemite.
on the righthand side, wind-blown shadows.
jak ślady ukształtowane przez wiatr.
but this comet doesn't have an atmosphere,
kometa nie ma atmosfery.
a wind-blown shadow.
ukształtowane wiatrem.
a lot to investigate.
you see in the middle a pit.
if you carefully look,
of the bottom of that pit.
is where the active regions are,
evaporates into space.
do przestrzeni kosmicznej.
in the neck of the comet.
w przesmyku komety.
and it's two and a half meters wide.
i dwa i pół metra szerokości.
which hammer in the ground and drill, etc.
because you want to compare
bo chcemy porównywać to,
with what you find on the comet.
z tym, co znajdziemy na komecie.
ground truth measurements.
and further away from Rosetta.
taken at 60 meters by the lander,
zrobione na 60 metrach,
before we landed on the comet.
przed lądowaniem.
but from a different perspective,
ale z innej perspektywy,
from the bottom-left to the middle
od dołu do środka.
over the surface of the comet.
nad powierzchnią komety.
and an after image of the landing.
przed i po lądowaniu.
there is no lander.
nie widać lądownika.
at the right-hand side of this image,
but it had bounced.
to have a lander which would bounce.
żeby się odbijał.
it was way too expensive.
bo był zbyt drogi.
ale on wiedział swoje.
in the magnetometers,
magnetometry wykazały różne dane,
from the three axes, x, y and z.
is during the first bounce,
with one of the legs of the lander,
of the lander changed.
the iconic images of Rosetta.
zdjęć Rosetty.
a leg of the lander,
nóżka lądownika,
images of space science I have ever seen.
astronomicznych, jakie widziałem.
is to actually find the lander.
is where we know it must be.
gdzie ma się znajdować.
but the search is continuing,
ale poszukiwania trwają.
the lander to work again.
and somewhere in April,
we found on the comet:
a very big rock, but it's not.
ale nim nie jest.
in June, July, August last year
lipca i sierpnia zeszłego roku
a second leaving this comet:
250 TV crews in Germany.
250 ekip telewizyjnych w Niemczech.
who was following me all day
która towarzyszyła mi cały dzień,
for the whole day.
when leaving the control room,
na opuszczaniu sali kontroli
and I still feel this.
landing day without crying,
bez ronienia łez.
I would like to leave you.
z tym oto zdjęciem komety.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fred Jansen - Space explorerAs manager of the Rosetta mission, Fred Jansen is in charge of the project that could be instrumental in uncovering clues to the origins of life on Earth.
Why you should listen
Fred Jansen manages the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission, which guided a probe into orbit around a comet and dispatched a lander to its surface -- both firsts in space exploration. Although the lander Philae could not accomplish its full mission before going into hibernation, the data it’s already gathered will immeasurably multiply our knowledge of comets and their contributions to the ingredients of life on Earth.
In addition to his work with the Rosetta Mission, Jansen oversees the ESA’s XMM-Newton, an orbiting x-ray space observatory delving into the most elusive secrets of the universe, including black holes and dark matter.
Fred Jansen | Speaker | TED.com