ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip Zimbardo - Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism.

Why you should listen

Philip Zimbardo knows what evil looks like. After serving as an expert witness during the Abu Ghraib trials, he wrote The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. From Nazi comic books to the tactics of used-car salesmen, he explores a wealth of sources in trying to explain the psychology of evil.

A past president of the American Psychological Association and a professor emeritus at Stanford, Zimbardo retired in 2008 from lecturing, after 50 years of teaching his legendary introductory course in psychology. In addition to his work on evil and heroism, Zimbardo recently published The Time Paradox, exploring different cultural and personal perspectives on time.

Still well-known for his controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo in his new research looks at the psychology of heroism. He asks, "What pushes some people to become perpetrators of evil, while others act heroically on behalf of those in need?"

More profile about the speaker
Philip Zimbardo | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

Philip Zimbardo: The demise of guys?

Philip Zimbardo: A morte dos homens?

Filmed:
2,470,575 views

Psicólogo Philip Zimbardo pergunta, “Por que os meninos estão tendo dificuldades?” Ele compartilha algumas estatísticas (baixos níveis de graduação, maiores preocupações com intimidade e relações) e sugere alguns dos motivos – e pede sua ajuda! Assista esta palestra e em seguida responda ao seu questionário de 10 perguntas:http://on.ted.com/PZSurvey.
- Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
So today, I want us to reflect
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Então hoje eu gostaria que refletíssemos
00:17
on the demise of guys.
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sobre a morte dos homens.
00:19
Guys are flaming out academically;
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Os jovens estão fracassando academicamente;
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they're wiping out socially with girls
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eles estão fracassando socialmente com as meninas
00:23
and sexually with women.
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e sexualmente com as mulheres.
00:25
Other than that, there's not much of a problem.
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Fora disso, não há muito problema.
00:28
So what's the data?
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Então quais são os dados?
00:30
So the data on dropping out is amazing.
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Os dados de evasão escolar são impressionantes.
00:32
Boys are 30 percent more likely than girls
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Meninos têm 30% mais chances do que meninas
00:34
to drop out of school.
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de abandonar a escola.
00:36
In Canada, five boys drop out for every three girls.
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No Canadá, para cada 3 meninas 5 meninos abandonam a escola.
00:39
Girls outperform boys now at every level,
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As meninas superam os meninos em todos os níveis,
00:41
from elementary school to graduate school.
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desde a escola primária até a universidade.
00:43
There's a 10 percent differential
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Há um diferencial de 10%
00:45
between getting BA's and all graduate programs,
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entre a obtenção de diplomas de bacharel e todos os cursos de universidade,
00:48
with guys falling behind girls.
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com os rapazes ficando para trás das jovens
00:51
Two-thirds of all students in special ed. remedial programs are guys.
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Dois terços dos estudantes em programas de educação especial são de meninos.
00:55
And as you all know,
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E como você sabe,
00:57
boys are five times more likely than girls
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meninos tem 5 vezes mais chances do que meninas
00:59
to be labeled as having attention deficit disorder --
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de serem rotulados como tendo transtorno do déficit de atenção –
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and therefore we drug them with Ritalin.
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e por isso nós os drogamos com Ritalina.
01:04
What's the evidence of wiping out?
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Qual é a evidência do fracasso?
01:06
First, it's a new fear of intimacy.
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Primeiro, há um novo medo de intimidade.
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Intimacy means physical, emotional connection
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Intimidade significa conexão física e emocional
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with somebody else --
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com outra pessoa –
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and especially with somebody of the opposite sex
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e especialmente com alguém do sexo oposto
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who gives off ambiguous, contradictory,
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que dá sinais ambíguos, contraditórios,
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phosphorescent signals.
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fluorescentes.
01:20
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
01:24
And every year there's research done
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E todos os anos são feitas pesquisas
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on self-reported shyness among college students.
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em auto-relatos de timidez entre estudantes universitários.
01:29
And we're seeing a steady increase among males.
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E vemos um aumento constante entre os homens.
01:31
And this is two kinds.
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E este é de dois tipos.
01:33
It's a social awkwardness.
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É uma inabilidade social.
01:35
The old shyness was a fear of rejection.
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A velha timidez era um medo de rejeição.
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It's a social awkwardness like you're a stranger in a foreign land.
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É uma inabilidade social como se fôssemos um estranho em terra estrangeira.
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They don't know what to say, they don't know what to do,
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Eles não sabem o que dizer, não sabem o que fazer,
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especially one-on-one [with the] opposite sex.
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principalmente com a pessoa do sexo oposto.
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They don't know the language of face contact,
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Eles não conhecem a linguagem do contato face a face,
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the non-verbal and verbal set of rules
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as normas da comunicação não verbal e verbal
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that enable you to comfortably talk to somebody else,
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que nos permitem falar confortavelmente com uma outra pessoa,
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listen to somebody else.
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escutar uma outra pessoa.
01:55
There's something I'm developing here called social intensity syndrome,
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Tem algo que estou desenvolvendo aqui chamado síndrome de intensidade social,
01:58
which tries to account for why guys really prefer
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que tenta explicar por quê rapazes realmente preferem
02:00
male bonding over female mating.
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uma ligação masculina ao relacionamento feminino.
02:03
It turns out, from earliest childhood,
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O que acontece é que desde a infância,
02:05
boys, and then men,
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meninos, e depois homens,
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prefer the company of guys --
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preferem a companhia dos homens –
02:09
physical company.
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companhia física.
02:11
And there's actually a cortical arousal we're looking at,
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E observamos que há de fato uma excitação cortical,
02:14
because guys have been with guys
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porque homens ficam com homens
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in teams, in clubs, in gangs, in fraternities,
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em times, clubes, gangues, repúblicas de estudantes,
02:19
especially in the military, and then in pubs.
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principalmente no exército, e depois em bares.
02:22
And this peaks at Super Bowl Sunday
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E isto atinge o ponto máximo no domingo da decisão do Super Bowl
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when guys would rather be in a bar with strangers,
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quando os jovens preferem ficar num bar com desconhecidos,
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watching a totally overdressed Aaron Rodgers of the Green Bay Packers,
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assistindo a um Aaron Rodgers [jogador de futebol americano] de uniforme completo,
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rather than Jennifer Lopez totally naked in the bedroom.
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em vez de Jennifer Lopez completamente nua no quarto.
02:34
The problem is they now prefer
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O problema é que eles agora preferem
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[the] asynchronistic Internet world
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o mundo da Internet assíncrono
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to the spontaneous interaction
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à interação espontânea
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in social relationships.
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em relações sociais.
02:42
What are the causes? Well, it's an unintended consequence.
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Quais são as causas? Bem, é uma consequência não intencional.
02:45
I think it's excessive Internet use in general, excessive video gaming,
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Penso que é o uso exagerado da Internet em geral, jogos de vídeo em demasia,
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excessive new access to pornography.
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demasiado acesso à pornografia.
02:52
The problem is these are arousal addictions.
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O problema é esse vício da excitação.
02:55
Drug addiction, you simply want more.
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Vício da droga, você simplesmente quer mais.
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Arousal addiction, you want different.
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Vício da excitação, você quer diferente.
02:59
Drugs, you want more of the same -- different.
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Drogas, você quer mais do mesmo – diferente.
03:01
So you need the novelty in order for the arousal to be sustained.
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Então você precisa da novidade para manter a excitação.
03:04
And the problem is the industry is supplying it.
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E o problema é que a indústria está fornecendo isto.
03:07
Jane McGonigal told us last year
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Jane McGonigal nos disse no ano passado
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that by the time a boy is 21,
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que quando o rapaz atinge 21 anos,
03:11
he's played 10,000 hours of video games,
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ele já jogou 10 mil horas de jogos de vídeo,
03:13
most of that in isolation.
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na maior parte do tempo isolado.
03:15
As you remember, Cindy Gallop said
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Você deve lembrar quando Cindy Gallop disse
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men don't know the difference
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que os homens não sabem a diferença
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between making love and doing porn.
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entre fazer amor e fazer pornografia.
03:22
The average boy now watches 50 porn video clips a week.
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O rapaz comum agora assiste 50 clipes de vídeos pornográficos por semana.
03:25
And there's some guy watching a hundred, obviously.
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E tem algum cara assistindo 100, claro.
03:28
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
03:30
And the porn industry is the fastest growing industry in America --
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E a indústria pornográfica é a indústria que cresce mais rápido nos EUA –
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15 billion annually.
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15 bilhões anualmente.
03:35
For every 400 movies made in Hollywood,
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Para cada 400 filmes feitos em Hollywood,
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there are 11,000 now made porn videos.
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têm 11 mil vídeos pornográficos feitos agora.
03:40
So the effect, very quickly,
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Portanto o efeito, muito rapidamente,
03:42
is it's a new kind of arousal.
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é um novo tipo de estímulo.
03:44
Boys' brains are being digitally rewired in a totally new way
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O cérebro dos meninos estão sendo religados digitalmente de forma totalmente nova
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for change, novelty, excitement and constant arousal.
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para mudança, novidade, estímulo e constante excitação.
03:50
That means they're totally out of sync in traditional classes,
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Isto significa que estão completamente fora de sincronia nas salas de aulas tradicionais,
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which are analog, static, interactively passive.
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que são analógicas, estáticas e interativamente passivas.
03:55
They're also totally out of sync
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Eles também estão totalmente fora de sincronia
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in romantic relationships,
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com as relações românticas,
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which build gradually and subtly.
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que desenvolvem gradualmente e de forma sutil.
04:01
So what's the solution? It's not my job.
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Então qual é a solução? Isto não é meu trabalho.
04:03
I'm here to alarm. It's your job to solve.
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Estou aqui para alarmar. O seu papel é o de solucionar.
04:05
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
04:08
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
04:10
But who should care? The only people who should care about this
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Mas quem deveria importar-se? As únicas pessoas que deveriam se importar
04:13
is parents of boys and girls,
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são os pais dos meninos e das meninas,
04:15
educators, gamers, filmmakers
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os educadores, os criadores de jogos, os cineastas
04:17
and women who would like a real man
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e as mulheres que gostariam de um homem de verdade
04:19
who they can talk to, who can dance,
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com quem elas possam conversar, dançar,
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who can make love slowly
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possam fazer amor lentamente
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and contribute to the evolutionary pressures
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e contribuir para as pressões evolucionárias
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to keep our species above banana slugs.
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para manter nossa espécie acima das lesmas da banana.
04:28
No offense to banana slug owners. Thank you.
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Sem ofender os donos das lesmas da banana. Obrigado.
04:30
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Nadja Nathan
Reviewed by Marcos Anilton

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip Zimbardo - Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism.

Why you should listen

Philip Zimbardo knows what evil looks like. After serving as an expert witness during the Abu Ghraib trials, he wrote The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. From Nazi comic books to the tactics of used-car salesmen, he explores a wealth of sources in trying to explain the psychology of evil.

A past president of the American Psychological Association and a professor emeritus at Stanford, Zimbardo retired in 2008 from lecturing, after 50 years of teaching his legendary introductory course in psychology. In addition to his work on evil and heroism, Zimbardo recently published The Time Paradox, exploring different cultural and personal perspectives on time.

Still well-known for his controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo in his new research looks at the psychology of heroism. He asks, "What pushes some people to become perpetrators of evil, while others act heroically on behalf of those in need?"

More profile about the speaker
Philip Zimbardo | Speaker | TED.com

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