Anjali Tripathi: Why Earth may someday look like Mars
Аньяли Трипатхи: Почему Земля может когда-то стать похожей на Марс?
Anjali Tripathi explores planets to uncover the processes that make and destroy them. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
at the stars at night,
is what you can't see,
что скрыто от нашего взора:
or almost every star,
we tend to think of faraway things
мысли о чём-то далёком
что есть у нас.
that are amazing about Earth
потрясающих вещей,
to find things that are like that.
we're finding amazing things.
с потрясающими вещами.
about an amazing thing here on Earth.
явлении, происходящем здесь, на Земле:
and never coming back.
as the Earth's atmosphere.
что мы называем атмосферой Земли.
that form a thin blue line
сформированная из этих газов,
the International Space Station,
from too many impacts,
метеоритов и тому подобного.
at least a little bit.
is not specific to planet Earth.
to be a planet, if you ask me,
особенность планет,
but throughout the universe,
включая Землю,
about planets themselves.
рассказывает о самой планете.
about the solar system,
there are eight planets, maybe nine.
возможно девять, планет.
who are stressed by this picture,
кого напрягает эта картинка,
we're including Pluto.
добавляем Плутон.
and atmospheric escape,
around other stars that we can't see
основополагающими характеристиками,
just stuck together
держатся вместе благодаря
and have so much gravity.
is really at play here.
characteristic about planets
особенность планет,
in the solar system are orbiting around.
все планеты Солнечной системы.
atmospheric escape.
планетарного ветра.
drive atmospheric escape from planets
на планетарный ветер состоит в том,
particles and light and heat
частицы, свет и тепло,
of lanterns in Thailand at a festival,
с фестиваля в Таиланде.
can propel gasses upward.
может заставлять газ двигаться вверх.
and only bound by gravity,
удерживаемый лишь гравитацией,
causing atmospheric escape
between heating from the star
of gravity on the planet.
a minute for hydrogen
НАСА Dynamic Explorer.
of escaping hydrogen looks like,
like oxygen and nitrogen
вокруг тропиков.
that conclusively show us
убедительно показывают,
tightly bound to us here on Earth
не привязана прочно к Земле,
reaching out far into space,
in undergoing atmospheric escape.
претерпевает планетарный ветер.
is much smaller than Earth,
намного меньше Земли,
with which to hold on to its atmosphere.
удерживающая его атмосферу, слабее.
than the Earth's.
that it didn't have an atmosphere
что у него не было атмосферы,
Mars used to have a wetter past,
на Марсе было более влажно,
it broke up into hydrogen and oxygen,
она распалась на водород и кислород.
it escaped into space,
поэтому он улетел в космос,
rusty red color that we see.
знакомый красно-ржавый цвет.
там был планетарный ветер.
probably happened,
at Mars called the MAVEN satellite,
есть зонд MAVEN.
is to study atmospheric escape.
планетарного ветра.
and Volatile Evolution spacecraft.
атмосферы и летучих веществ на Марсе».
shown pictures very similar
очень похожи на то,
was losing its atmosphere,
теряет атмосферу, но теперь
you can see in the red circle
escaping away from the planet.
утечку водорода с планеты.
the size of the planet,
в 10 раз превышающее размер Марса —
no longer bound to that planet.
чтобы потерять связь с планетой.
from that lost hydrogen.
the only gas that's lost.
утекают и другие газы.
and some oxygen and nitrogen,
а также кислород и водород,
at the oxygen being lost from Mars.
что и Марс теряет кислород.
that because oxygen is heavier,
что кислород из-за своей тяжести
так же далеко, как водород,
away from the planet.
into that red circle.
тем красным кругом.
atmospheric escape on our own planet
планетарный ветер на нашей планете,
and send spacecraft
а запуск космических аппаратов
about the past of planets
can learn about the future
за пределами нашего поля видимости.
that we can't see.
before I go on to that,
photos like this of Pluto,
как в случае с Плутоном.
как раз изучает планетарный ветер,
is currently studying atmospheric escape
that I did want to talk about
that's not our Sun
вокруг другой звезды, а не нашего Солнца,
or extrasolar planet.
или внесолнечной планетой.
at that star in the middle,
that are going past it all the time,
проходят мимо неё,
the light from the star
in the night sky
to detect over 5,000 planets
более 5 000 планет
many more out there, like I mentioned.
множество звёзд и за его пределами.
from these stars,
is not the planet itself,
a dimming of the light
decreases in front of the star,
проходит перед звездой —
that you saw before.
в волнах разной длины.
in different wavelengths.
and Mars in ultraviolet light.
за Землёй и Марсом в ультрафиолете.
with the Hubble Space Telescope,
через телескоп «Хаббл»,
much less light from the star,
а света от звезды меньше,
an extended atmosphere of hydrogen
слое водорода в атмосфере
more of the light that you see.
we've actually been able to discover
that are undergoing atmospheric escape.
с планетарным ветром.
can be called hot Jupiters,
раскалёнными Юпитерами
являются газовыми планетами,
they're gas planets like Jupiter,
lightweight gas that's ready to escape,
катастрофические.
of atmospheric escape.
of hydrogen being lost on Earth,
180 кг водорода в минуту,
pounds of hydrogen every minute.
does this make the planet cease to exist?
приведёт ли это к гибели планеты?
that people wondered
ближе к Солнцу, каменистые,
closer to the Sun are rocky,
are bigger and more gaseous.
находятся в отдалении.
with something like Jupiter
with something like a hot Jupiter,
вроде раскалённого Юпитера
в Меркурий или Землю.
with Mercury or the Earth.
would have gotten away
испарится достаточно газа,
significantly impacted it
than what you started with.
значительно отличаться от изначального.
with us here on Earth?
is going to become very intense.
станет очень интенсивным.
gas streaming off from a hot Jupiter,
так же стремительно,
that is broken down,
into space more rapidly,
with this dry, reddish planet.
красноватая планета.
несколько миллиардов лет
for a few billion years,
to be aware of what's going on,
что это начнёт происходить
is happening as we speak.
на протяжении нашего разговора.
that you hear about happening in space
удивительных явлений в космосе,
to learn about these worlds.
чтобы узнать эти миры.
or exoplanets like hot Jupiters,
подобных раскалённому Юпитеру,
такие как планетарный ветер,
about our planet here on Earth.
о нашей планете Земле.
you think that space is far away.
подумаете, что космос находится далеко.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anjali Tripathi - AstrophysicistAnjali Tripathi explores planets to uncover the processes that make and destroy them.
Why you should listen
Even though Anjali Tripathi worked on NASA's Mars rovers in high school, the California native never expected to become an astronomer. Unlike the earthquakes she researched early on, astronomy seemed unconnected from daily life. As she has since discovered, exploring distant planets has a lot to do with life itself -- including the fate of the air we breathe. Using some of the most powerful telescopes and supercomputers, Tripathi studies how seemingly permanent planets change over time. She has pioneered the characterization of planet-forming environments and developed computer simulations to trace the 3D structure of planet atmospheres that are shrinking due to evaporation.
A natural teacher, Tripathi makes complex science concepts relevant and easy to understand. She believes that everyone can understand science -- even rocket science. She has partnered with the Smithsonian, Teach for America and others to increase scientific literacy and spread enthusiasm for the subject. Her engaging and humorous talks feature real world connections and unusual props, including a fully functioning Mars Pathfinder rover or full-size solar car.
Tripathi earned degrees in physics and astronomy from M.I.T., the University of Cambridge and Harvard University. Recognized as a promising American leader with a commitment to public service, Tripathi is a 2016-17 White House Fellow.
Anjali Tripathi | Speaker | TED.com