TED2010
Michael Specter: The danger of science denial
Michael Specter: Popierať vedu je nebezpečné
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Tvrdenia o súvise medzi očkovaním a autizmom, zákazy "frankensteinovských" potravín, ošiaľ okolo liečivých bylín: všetko poukazuje na rastúci strach verejnosti z (a často aj prvoplánového popierania) vedy a rozumu, vraví Michael Specter. Varuje, že by tento trend mohol znamenať katastrofu pre ľudský pokrok.
Michael Specter - Writer
Michael Specter is a staff writer for the New Yorker. His new book, Denialism, asks why we have increasingly begun to fear scientific advances instead of embracing them. Full bio
Michael Specter is a staff writer for the New Yorker. His new book, Denialism, asks why we have increasingly begun to fear scientific advances instead of embracing them. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Let's pretend right here we have a machine.
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Predstavme si, že tu máme stroj,
00:18
A big machine, a cool, TED-ish machine,
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veľký stroj, parádny TED-ovský stroj,
00:20
and it's a time machine.
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a je to stroj času.
00:22
And everyone in this room has to get into it.
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A každý v tejto miestnosti doň musí nastúpiť.
00:24
And you can go backwards, you can go forwards;
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A môžete ísť do minulosti, môžete ísť do budúcnosti;
00:26
you cannot stay where you are.
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ale nemôžete ostať tam, kde ste.
00:28
And I wonder what you'd choose, because I've been asking my friends
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Zaujímalo by ma, čo by ste si vybrali, pretože som sa túto otázku
00:30
this question a lot lately and they all want to go back.
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nedávno pýtal svojich priateľov, a všetci chceli ísť späť.
00:33
I don't know. They want to go back before there were automobiles
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Ja neviem. Chceli ísť späť do čias, keď ešte neboli automobily,
00:35
or Twitter or "American Idol."
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ani Twitter ani "American Idol".
00:37
I don't know.
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Neviem.
00:39
I'm convinced that there's some sort of pull
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Som presvedčený, že máme sklon
00:41
to nostalgia, to wishful thinking.
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k nostalgii, k zbožným prianiam.
00:43
And I understand that.
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A rozumiem tomu.
00:45
I'm not part of that crowd, I have to say.
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Musím však povedať, že nepatrím do tejto skupiny.
00:48
I don't want to go back, and it's not because I'm adventurous.
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Nechcem ísť späť, a nie je to tým, že by som bol dobrodruh -
00:50
It's because possibilities on this planet,
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je to preto, lebo možnosti na tejto planéte
00:52
they don't go back, they go forward.
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sa tiež nevracajú späť, ale napredujú.
00:54
So I want to get in the machine, and I want to go forward.
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Takže by som chcel nastúpiť do stroja a ísť vpred.
00:57
This is the greatest time there's ever been on this planet
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Toto je najlepšie obdobie, aké kedy táto planéta zažila,
01:00
by any measure that you wish to choose:
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a to z ktoréhokoľvek pohľadu, aký si vyberiete:
01:02
health, wealth,
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zdravie, bohatstvo,
01:04
mobility, opportunity,
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mobilita, príležitosti,
01:06
declining rates of disease ...
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znižujúci sa počet chorôb.
01:08
There's never been a time like this.
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Takéto časy tu ešte neboli.
01:10
My great-grandparents died, all of them,
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Moji pra-prarodičia všetci zomreli
01:12
by the time they were 60.
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ako šesťdesiatnici.
01:14
My grandparents pushed that number to 70.
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Moji starí rodičia to číslo posunuli na 70.
01:16
My parents are closing in on 80.
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Moji rodičia sa blížia k 80.
01:18
So there better be
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Takže veľmi dúfam,
01:21
a nine at the beginning of my death number.
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že vek môjho úmrtia sa bude začínať deviatkou.
01:24
But it's not even about people like us,
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Toto však nie je o ľuďoch ako sme my,
01:26
because this is a bigger deal than that.
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je to oveľa ďalekosiahlejšia záležitosť.
01:29
A kid born in New Delhi today
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Dieťa, ktoré sa dnes narodí v Naí Dillí
01:31
can expect to live as long as
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môže očakávať rovnako dlhý život
01:33
the richest man in the world did 100 years ago.
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ako najbohatší muž na svete pred sto rokmi.
01:35
Think about that, it's an incredible fact.
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Porozmýšľajte o tom. Je to neuveriteľná skutočnosť.
01:37
And why is it true?
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A prečo je to tak?
01:39
Smallpox. Smallpox killed billions
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Kiahne. Kiahne zabili miliardy
01:41
of people on this planet.
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ľudí na tejto planéte.
01:43
It reshaped the demography of the globe
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Pretvorili demografiu zemegule tak,
01:45
in a way that no war ever has.
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ako sa to nepodarilo žiadnej vojne.
01:47
It's gone. It's vanished.
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A teraz sú preč. Zmizli.
01:49
We vanquished it. Puff.
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Zdolali sme ich. Len tak.
01:51
In the rich world,
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V bohatom svete
01:53
diseases that threatened millions of us just a generation ago
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už viac choroby, ktoré ohrozovali milióny ešte počas predchádzajúcej generácie,
01:56
no longer exist, hardly.
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takmer neexistujú.
01:58
Diphtheria, rubella, polio ...
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Záškrt, ružienka, detská obrna...
02:00
does anyone even know what those things are?
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vie dnes vôbec niekto, čo tie veci znamenajú?
02:03
Vaccines, modern medicine,
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Očkovanie, moderná medicína,
02:06
our ability to feed billions of people,
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naša schopnosť nasýtiť miliardy ľudí,
02:08
those are triumphs of the scientific method.
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toto sú triumfy vedeckej metódy.
02:10
And to my mind, the scientific method --
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A čo sa mňa týka, vedecká metóda,
02:12
trying stuff out,
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teda skúšanie vecí,
02:14
seeing if it works, changing it when it doesn't --
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ich funkčnosti, resp. ich pozmenenie, ak nefungujú,
02:17
is one of the great accomplishments of humanity.
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patrí k najväčším úspechom ľudstva.
02:19
So that's the good news.
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Takže toto sú dobré správy.
02:21
Unfortunately, that's all the good news
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Bohužiaľ, tam sa dobré správy končia,
02:23
because there are some other problems, and they've been mentioned many times.
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pretože máme iné problémy, o ktorých sa často hovorí,
02:26
And one of them is that
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a jedným z nich je,
02:28
despite all our accomplishments,
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že napriek všetkým našim úspechom,
02:30
a billion people go to bed hungry
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každý deň na tomto svete
02:32
in this world every day.
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miliarda ľudí zaspáva hladná.
02:34
That number's rising, and it's rising really rapidly, and it's disgraceful.
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To číslo stúpa, a stúpa naozaj rapídne a to je hanebné.
02:37
And not only that, we've used our imagination
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A nielen to, využívame našu predstavivosť
02:40
to thoroughly trash this globe.
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na to, aby sme systematicky pustošili túto planétu.
02:42
Potable water, arable land,
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Pitná voda, orná pôda,
02:44
rainforests, oil, gas:
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dažďové pralesy, ropa, plyn -
02:46
they're going away, and they're going away soon,
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to všetko sa míňa a minie sa čoskoro,
02:49
and unless we innovate our way out of this mess,
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a pokiaľ neprídeme na spôsob, ako sa z tohto dostať,
02:52
we're going away too.
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pominieme sa tiež.
02:54
So the question is: Can we do that? And I think we can.
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Takže otázka je: Dokážeme naň prísť? Myslím, že áno.
02:57
I think it's clear that we can make food
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Myslím, že je jasné, že dokážeme vyrobiť potraviny,
02:59
that will feed billions of people without raping the land that they live on.
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ktoré nasýtia miliardy ľudí bez toho, aby sme zdevastovali pôdu, na ktorej žijú.
03:02
I think we can power this world with energy
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Myslím, že dokážeme zásobiť tento svet energiou,
03:04
that doesn't also destroy it.
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ktorá ho zároveň nezničí.
03:06
I really do believe that, and, no, it ain't wishful thinking.
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Naozaj tomu verím, a nie, nie je to zbožné prianie.
03:09
But here's the thing that keeps me up at night --
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Ale je tu jedna vec, ktorá mi nedáva spávať -
03:12
one of the things that keeps me up at night:
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teda jedna z vecí, ktoré mi nedávajú spávať.
03:16
We've never needed progress in science more than we need it right now. Never.
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Nikdy sme vedecký pokrok nepotrebovali viac, ako práve teraz. Nikdy.
03:19
And we've also never been in a position
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A taktiež sme nikdy neboli schopní
03:21
to deploy it properly in the way that we can today.
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ho využiť tak naplno, ako to vieme urobiť dnes.
03:23
We're on the verge of amazing, amazing events
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Stojíme na prahu úžasných, úžasných udalostí
03:26
in many fields,
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v mnohých oblastiach.
03:28
and yet I actually think we'd have to go back
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A predsa sme presvedčení, že by sme sa mali vrátiť späť
03:30
hundreds, 300 years, before the Enlightenment,
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stovky, 300 rokov, do čias pred osvietenstvom,
03:33
to find a time when we battled progress,
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aby sme sa ocitli v čase, keď sme zápasili s pokrokom,
03:36
when we fought about these things
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keď sme sa o tieto veci bili oveľa
03:38
more vigorously, on more fronts, than we do now.
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viac a na viacerých frontoch než teraz.
03:41
People wrap themselves in their beliefs,
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Ľudia sa zahrabávajú do svojich presvedčení,
03:43
and they do it so tightly that you can't set them free.
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a to tak hlboko, že je priam nemožné ich vyslobodiť.
03:46
Not even the truth will set them free.
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Ani len pravda ich nevyslobodí.
03:48
And, listen, everyone's entitled to their opinion;
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A počúvajte, každý má právo na svoj názor,
03:51
they're even entitled to their opinion about progress.
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každý má tiež právo mať svoj názor na pokrok,
03:53
But you know what you're not entitled to?
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ale viete na čo nemáte nárok?
03:55
You're not entitled to your own facts. Sorry, you're not.
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Nemáte nárok na vlastné fakty. Mrzí ma to, ale nemáte.
03:58
And this took me awhile to figure out.
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Chvíľu mi trvalo, kým som na toto prišiel.
04:00
About a decade ago, I wrote a story about vaccines
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Asi pred desiatimi rokmi som napísal článok o očkovaní
04:02
for The New Yorker. A little story.
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pre "The New Yorker", bol to krátky článok.
04:04
And I was amazed to find opposition:
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A bol som ohromený veľkosťou opozície
04:06
opposition to what is, after all,
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k niečomu, čo je, koniec koncov,
04:09
the most effective public health measure in human history.
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najefektívnejším opatrením verejného zdravia v ľudskej histórií.
04:12
I didn't know what to do,
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Nevedel som, ako sa zachovať.
04:14
so I just did what I do: I wrote a story and I moved on.
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Tak som spravil to čo zvyčajne, napísal som článok a šiel som ďalej.
04:17
And soon after that,
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A krátko na to
04:20
I wrote a story about genetically engineered food.
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som napísal článok o geneticky upravených potravinách.
04:22
Same thing, only bigger.
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Tá istá reakcia len vo väčšom meradle.
04:24
People were going crazy.
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Ľudia šaleli.
04:26
So I wrote a story about that too,
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Tak som napísal článok aj o tom
04:28
and I couldn't understand why
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a nemohol som pochopiť, prečo
04:30
people thought this was "Frankenfoods,"
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to ľudia považujú za "frankensteinovské" potraviny.
04:32
why they thought moving molecules around
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Prečo si myslia, že presúvanie molekúl
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in a specific, rather than a haphazard way,
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určitým spôsobom a nie náhodne,
04:37
was trespassing on nature's ground.
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je zasahovaním do vecí prírody.
04:40
But, you know, I do what I do. I wrote the story, I moved on.
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Ale viete, ja si robím svoju prácu. Napísal som článok a šiel som ďalej.
04:42
I mean, I'm a journalist.
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Chcem povedať, som novinár,
04:44
We type, we file, we go to dinner. It's fine.
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napíšeme, pošleme, ideme na večeru, je to super.
04:47
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
04:50
But these stories bothered me,
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Ale tieto články ma trápili
04:52
and I couldn't figure out why, and eventually I did.
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a nevedel som prečo, až som na to prišiel.
04:54
And that's because those fanatics that were driving me crazy
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Dôvodom bolo, že tí fanatici, ktorí ma doháňali do šialenstva,
04:57
weren't actually fanatics at all.
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neboli v skutočnosti vôbec fanatikmi.
04:59
They were thoughtful people, educated people, decent people.
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Boli to premýšľajúci ľudia, vzdelaní, slušní ľudia.
05:02
They were exactly like the people in this room.
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Presne takí ľudia, ako sedia v tejto sále.
05:06
And it just disturbed me so much.
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A toto ma tak veľmi znepokojavalo...
05:08
But then I thought, you know, let's be honest.
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ale potom som si pomyslel, buďme k sebe úprimní:
05:11
We're at a point in this world
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Dospeli sme k bodu,
05:13
where we don't have the same relationship to progress that we used to.
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keď náš vzťah k pokroku už nie je to, čo býval.
05:16
We talk about it ambivalently.
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Máme naň rozporuplné názory.
05:18
We talk about it in ironic terms with little quotes around it:
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Hovoríme o ňom ironicky s malými úvodzovkami:
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"progress."
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"Pokrok".
05:23
Okay, there are reasons for that, and I think we know what those reasons are.
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Jasné, existujú pre to dôvody a myslím, že vieme, aké dôvody to sú.
05:26
We've lost faith in institutions,
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Stratili sme vieru v inštitúcie,
05:28
in authority,
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v úrady
05:30
and sometimes in science itself,
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a občas v samotnú vedu
05:32
and there's no reason we shouldn't have.
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a niet divu, že je to tak.
05:34
You can just say a few names
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Stačí spomenúť pár názvov
05:36
and people will understand.
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a ľudia pochopia.
05:38
Chernobyl, Bhopal, the Challenger,
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Černobyľ, Bhopál, Challenger,
05:41
Vioxx, weapons of mass destruction,
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vioxx, zbrane hromadného ničenia,
05:44
hanging chads.
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"motýlie" hlasovacie lístky (použité v prezidentských voľbách na Floride v r. 2000, pozn. prekl.)
05:46
You know, you can choose your list.
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Chcem povedať, môžete si urobiť vlastný zoznam.
05:49
There are questions and problems
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Objavujú sa otázky a problémy
05:51
with the people we used to believe were always right,
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týkajúce sa ľudí, pri ktorých sme boli zvyknutí, že sa nemýlia.
05:53
so be skeptical.
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Takže buďte skeptickí.
05:56
Ask questions, demand proof, demand evidence.
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Pýtajte sa otázky, žiadajte dôkazy, žiadajte potvrdenia.
05:59
Don't take anything for granted.
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Nepovažujte nič za isté.
06:01
But here's the thing: When you get proof,
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Problém však je v tom, že keď už máte dôkaz,
06:04
you need to accept the proof, and we're not that good at doing that.
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mali by ste ho akceptovať. A práve v tomto veľmi nevynikáme.
06:07
And the reason that I can say that is because
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A dôvod, prečo to vravím, je,
06:09
we're now in an epidemic of fear
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že žijeme v epidémii strachu,
06:11
like one I've never seen and hope never to see again.
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akú som ešte nezažil a dúfam už ani nezažijem.
06:14
About 12 years ago, there was a story published,
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Asi pred 12 rokmi bol publikovaný jeden článok,
06:16
a horrible story,
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strašný článok,
06:18
that linked the epidemic of autism
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ktorý spájal epidémiu autizmu
06:21
to the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine shot.
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s očkovaním proti osýpkam, mumpsu a červienke.
06:24
Very scary.
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Veľmi desivé.
06:26
Tons of studies were done to see if this was true.
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Vypracovali sa tony štúdií, aby sa zistilo či je to pravda.
06:29
Tons of studies should have been done; it's a serious issue.
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Vypracovať tony štúdií bolo namieste, je to závažný problém.
06:32
The data came back.
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Prišli výsledky.
06:34
The data came back from the United States, from England,
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Prišli výsledky z USA, z Anglicka,
06:36
from Sweden, from Canada,
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zo Švédska, z Kanady.
06:38
and it was all the same: no correlation,
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A všetky boli rovnaké: žiadna korelácia,
06:40
no connection, none at all.
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žiadne spojenie, vôbec nič.
06:42
It doesn't matter. It doesn't matter
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Ale na tom nezáleží. Nezáleží na tom,
06:44
because we believe anecdotes,
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lebo my veríme povedačkám,
06:46
we believe what we see, what we think we see,
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my veríme tomu, čo vidíme, čo si myslíme, že vidíme,
06:48
what makes us feel real.
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čo nám dáva pocit reálnosti.
06:50
We don't believe a bunch of documents
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Neveríme hŕbe dokumentov
06:52
from a government official giving us data,
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od vládnych zamestnancov, ktoré nám poskytujú informácie,
06:54
and I do understand that, I think we all do.
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a ja to chápem. Myslím, že všetci to chápeme.
06:56
But you know what?
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Ale viete čo?
06:58
The result of that has been disastrous.
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Dôsledky toho sú katastrofálne.
07:00
Disastrous because here's a fact:
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Katastrofálne a tu je dôvod:
07:03
The United States is one of the only countries in the world
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Spojené štáty sú jednou z mála krajín na svete,
07:05
where the vaccine rate for measles is going down.
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v ktorých očkovanosť proti osýpkam klesá.
07:08
That is disgraceful,
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To je neslýchané
07:10
and we should be ashamed of ourselves.
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a mali by sme sa za seba hanbiť.
07:12
It's horrible.
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Je to strašné.
07:14
What kind of a thing happened
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Ako sa mohlo stať, že sme to
07:16
that we could do that?
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dopustili?
07:18
Now, I understand it. I do understand it.
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Ako, ja to chápem. Chápem to.
07:21
Because, did anyone have measles here?
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Pretože, má tu niekto osýpky?
07:23
Has one person in this audience ever seen someone die of measles?
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Videl niekto z publika niekedy niekoho umrieť na osýpky?
07:26
Doesn't happen very much.
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Často sa to nestáva.
07:28
Doesn't happen in this country at all,
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V tejto krajine sa to nestáva vôbec,
07:30
but it happened 160,000 times in the world last year.
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ale vo svete sa to v priebehu minulého roka stalo 160 000 krát.
07:32
That's a lot of death of measles --
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To je veľa úmrtí na osýpky.
07:34
20 an hour.
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20 každú hodinu.
07:36
But since it didn't happen here, we can put it out of our minds,
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Ale keďže sa to nedeje tu, môžme to pustiť z hlavy,
07:39
and people like Jenny McCarthy
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a ľudia ako Jenny McCarthy
07:41
can go around preaching messages
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môžu ďalej hlásať posolstvá
07:43
of fear and illiteracy from platforms
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strachu a nevedomosti z pódií
07:45
like "Oprah" and "Larry King Live."
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u Oprah a u Larryho Kinga Live.
07:48
And they can do it because
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A môžu to robiť, lebo
07:50
they don't link causation and correlation.
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nespájajú navzájom kauzalitu a koreláciu.
07:52
They don't understand that these things seem the same,
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Nechápu, že tieto veci sa javia rovnaké,
07:55
but they're almost never the same.
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ale takmer nikdy nie sú.
07:57
And it's something we need to learn, and we need to learn it really soon.
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A toto je niečo, čo sa musíme naučiť, a musíme sa to naučiť naozaj rýchlo.
08:00
This guy was a hero, Jonas Salk.
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Tento chlapík, Jonas Salk, bol hrdina.
08:03
He took one of the worst scourges of mankind away from us.
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Sňal z ľudstva jednu z najhorších pohrôm.
08:06
No fear, no agony. Polio -- puff, gone.
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Žiadny strach, žiadna agónia, obrna je preč.
08:09
That guy in the middle, not so much.
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Tento muž v strede už nie je taký hrdina.
08:12
His name is Paul Offit.
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Volá sa Paul Offit.
08:14
He just developed a rotavirus vaccine with a bunch of other people.
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Spolu so skupinou iných ľudí len vyvinuli vakcínu proti rotavíru (hnačka).
08:16
It'll save the lives of 400 to 500,000 kids
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Každý rok to zachráni život 400-500 000 deťom
08:19
in the developing world every year.
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v krajinách tretieho sveta.
08:21
Pretty good, right?
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Celkom dobré, však?
08:23
Well, it's good, except that Paul goes around talking about vaccines
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No, je to dobré, až na to, že Paul stále rozpráva o očkovaní
08:25
and says how valuable they are
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a o tom, aké je užitočné a
08:27
and that people ought to just stop the whining.
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a že ľudia by mali prestať fňukať.
08:29
And he actually says it that way.
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Vraví to presne týmto spôsobom.
08:31
So, Paul's a terrorist.
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Takže, Paul je terorista.
08:34
When Paul speaks in a public hearing,
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Keď Paul svedčí na verejnom pojednávaní,
08:36
he can't testify without armed guards.
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musí mať pri sebe ozbrojenú ochranku.
08:38
He gets called at home
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Dostáva telefonáty domov,
08:40
because people like to tell him
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pretože ľudia mu radi pripomínajú,
08:42
that they remember where his kids go to school.
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že vedia, kam jeho deti chodia do školy.
08:44
And why? Because Paul made a vaccine.
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A prečo? Lebo Paul vyvinul vakcínu.
08:47
I don't need to say this, but vaccines are essential.
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Nemusím to hovoriť, ale vakcíny sú nevyhnutné.
08:50
You take them away, disease comes back,
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Odstránite ich a choroba sa vráti,
08:52
horrible diseases. And that's happening.
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strašné choroby. A to sa práve deje.
08:55
We have measles in this country now.
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V tejto krajine už máme osýpky.
08:57
And it's getting worse, and pretty soon kids
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A zhoršuje sa to, čoskoro na ne začnú deti
08:59
are going to die of it again because it's just a numbers game.
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znovu zomierať, lebo je to len hra s číslami.
09:01
And they're not just going to die of measles.
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A nebudú zomierať len na osýpky.
09:03
What about polio? Let's have that. Why not?
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Čo detská obrna? Sem s ňou. Prečo nie?
09:05
A college classmate of mine wrote me a couple weeks ago and said
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Spolužiačka z vysokej mi pred pár týždňami písala a povedala,
09:08
she thought I was a little strident.
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že si myslí, že som trochu otravný.
09:10
No one's ever said that before.
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Nikto mi to predtým nepovedal.
09:13
She wasn't going to vaccinate her kid against polio,
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Nemala v úmysle zaočkovať svoje dieťa proti obrne.
09:15
no way.
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V žiadnom prípade.
09:17
Fine.
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Fajn.
09:19
Why? Because we don't have polio. And you know what?
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Prečo? Lebo nemáme detskú obrnu. A viete čo?
09:21
We didn't have polio in this country yesterday.
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Možno sme nemali detskú obrnu v tejto krajine včera.
09:24
Today, I don't know, maybe a guy got on a plane in Lagos this morning,
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Dnes, čo ja viem, možno dnes ráno chlapík nastúpil na lietadlo v Lagose
09:27
and he's flying to LAX, right now he's over Ohio.
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a mieri na medzinárodné letisko v LA, práve je nad Ohiom.
09:29
And he's going to land in a couple of hours, he's going to rent a car,
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A o pár hodín pristane, prenajme si auto
09:32
and he's going to come to Long Beach,
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a príde na Long Beach
09:34
and he's going to attend one of these fabulous TED dinners tonight.
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a zúčastní sa na jednej z týchto úžasných TEDovských večerí.
09:37
And he doesn't know that he's infected with a paralytic disease,
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A nevie, že je nainfikovaný paralytickou chorobou
09:40
and we don't either because that's the way the world works.
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a my to tiež nevieme, lebo takto funguje svet.
09:43
That's the planet we live on. Don't pretend it isn't.
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Taká je planéta, na ktorej žijeme. Netvárte sa, že nie.
09:46
Now, we love to wrap ourselves in lies. We love to do it.
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Radi sa zahrabávame do lží. Zbožňujeme to.
09:49
Everyone take their vitamins this morning?
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Nikto si nezabudol vziať ráno svoje vitamíny?
09:51
Echinacea, a little antioxidant
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Echinaceu, trochu antioxidantu,
09:53
to get you going.
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ktorý by vás nakopol.
09:55
I know you did because half of Americans do every day.
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Viem, že áno, lebo polka Američanov to robí každý deň.
09:58
They take the stuff, and they take alternative medicines,
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Užívajú tieto veci a užívajú alternatívnu medicínu,
10:01
and it doesn't matter how often
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a vôbec nezáleží na tom, ako často
10:03
we find out that they're useless.
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zistíme, že vôbec nezaberajú.
10:05
The data says it all the time.
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Údaje to neustále potvrdzujú.
10:07
They darken your urine. They almost never do more than that.
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Akurát vám z toho stmavne moč. Takmer nikdy to nemá väčší efekt.
10:10
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
10:12
It's okay, you want to pay 28 billion dollars for dark urine?
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V poriadku, ak chcete platiť 28 miliárd dolárov za tmavý moč,
10:15
I'm totally with you.
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ja som za.
10:17
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
10:19
Dark urine. Dark.
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Tmavý moč. Tmavý.
10:22
Why do we do that? Why do we do that?
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Prečo to robíme? Prečo to robíme?
10:24
Well, I think I understand, we hate Big Pharma.
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No, myslím, že tomu rozumiem, nenávidíme veľké farmaceutické spoločnosti.
10:26
We hate Big Government. We don't trust the Man.
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Nenávidíme veľkú vládu. Nevdôverujeme človeku.
10:28
And we shouldn't: Our health care system sucks.
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A ani by sme nemali. Náš zdravotný systém nestojí za nič.
10:31
It's cruel to millions of people.
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Necháva trpieť milióny ľudí.
10:33
It's absolutely astonishingly cold
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Je absolútne neskutočne chladný
10:36
and soul-bending to those of us who can even afford it.
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a ubíjajúci aj pre tých, ktorí si ho môžu dovoliť.
10:39
So we run away from it, and where do we run?
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Takže od neho utekáme. A kam utekáme?
10:42
We leap into the arms of Big Placebo.
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Skáčeme do náručia veľkému placebu.
10:44
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
10:47
That's fantastic. I love Big Placebo.
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To je úplne skvelé. Milujem veľké placebo.
10:49
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
10:54
But, you know, it's really a serious thing
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Lenže, viete, toto je vážna vec,
10:57
because this stuff is crap,
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pretože tieto produkty sú odpad
10:59
and we spend billions of dollars on it.
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a my na ne míňame miliardy dolárov.
11:01
And I have all sorts of little props here.
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Mám tu so sebou pár takýchto rekvizít.
11:04
None of it ... ginkgo, fraud;
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Nič z toho - ginko, podvod,
11:06
echinacea, fraud;
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echinacea, podvod,
11:08
acai -- I don't even know what that is
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acai, ani neviem, čo to je, ale
11:10
but we're spending billions of dollars on it -- it's fraud.
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míňame na to miliardy dolárov, je to podvod.
11:13
And you know what? When I say this stuff, people scream at me,
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A viete čo? Keď rozprávam o týchto veciach, ľudia na mňa kričia
11:15
and they say, "What do you care? Let people do what they want to do.
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a vravia: "Čo sa staráš? Nechaj ľudí nech robia čo chcú.
11:18
It makes them feel good."
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Majú z toho dobrý pocit."
11:20
And you know what? You're wrong.
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A viete čo? Mýlite sa.
11:22
Because I don't care
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Lebo mňa nezaujíma,
11:24
if it's the secretary of HHS
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či je to tajomník HHS (Ministerstvo zdravotníctva a soc. služieb)
11:26
who's saying, "Hmm, I'm not going to take the evidence
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čo vraví: "Hmmm, nebudem brať ohľad na dôkazy
11:29
of my experts on mammograms,"
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mojich odborníkov na mamogramy",
11:31
or some cancer quack who wants to treat his patient
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alebo nejaký šarlatánsky liečiteľ rakoviny, ktorý chce liečiť svojho pacienta
11:34
with coffee enemas.
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pomocou kávových klystírov.
11:36
When you start down the road
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Keď sa pustíte cestou,
11:38
where belief and magic replace evidence and science,
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na ktorej viera a mágia nahrádzajú dôkazy a vedu,
11:41
you end up in a place you don't want to be.
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skončíte na mieste, kde nechcete byť.
11:43
You end up in Thabo Mbeki South Africa.
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Skončíte v Južnej Afrike za Thaba Mbekiho.
11:45
He killed 400,000 of his people
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Zabil 400 000 svojich ľudí tým,
11:48
by insisting that beetroot,
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že trval na tom, že cvikla,
11:50
garlic and lemon oil
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cesnak a citrónový olej
11:52
were much more effective than the antiretroviral drugs
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sú oveľa efektívnejšie, ako antiretrovirálne lieky,
11:54
we know can slow the course of AIDS.
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o ktorých vieme, že môžu spomaliť priebeh AIDS.
11:56
Hundreds of thousands of needless deaths
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Stovky tisícov zbytočných úmrtí
11:58
in a country that has been plagued
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v krajine, ktorá bola touto chorobou
12:01
worse than any other by this disease.
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zamorená horšie ako ktorákoľvek iná.
12:03
Please, don't tell me
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Prosím, nehovorte mi,
12:05
there are no consequences to these things.
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že tieto veci nemajú následky.
12:07
There are. There always are.
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Majú. Vždy majú.
12:09
Now, the most mindless epidemic
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A úplne najnezmyselnejšiou epidémiou,
12:11
we're in the middle of right now
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uprostred ktorej sa nachádzadme,
12:13
is this absurd battle
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je táto absurdná bitka
12:15
between proponents of genetically engineered food
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medzi zástancami geneticky modifikovaných potravín
12:18
and the organic elite.
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a bio elitou.
12:20
It's an idiotic debate. It has to stop.
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Táto debata je idiotská. Musí sa skončiť.
12:22
It's a debate about words, about metaphors.
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Je to debata o slovíčkach, o metaforách.
12:25
It's ideology, it's not science.
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Je to o ideológii, nie o vede.
12:27
Every single thing we eat, every grain of rice,
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Každá jedna vec, čo zjeme, každé zrnko ryže,
12:29
every sprig of parsley,
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každá petržlnenová vňať,
12:31
every Brussels sprout
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každá ružičková kapusta
12:33
has been modified by man.
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bola modifikovaná človekom.
12:35
You know, there weren't tangerines in the garden of Eden.
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Viete, v rajskej záhrade nemali žiadne mandarínky.
12:37
There wasn't any cantaloupe. (Laughter)
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Nemali tam žlté melóny.
12:39
There weren't Christmas trees. We made it all.
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Ani vianočné stromčeky. Všetko sme vytvorili my.
12:42
We made it over the last 11,000 years.
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Vytvorili sme to za posledných 11 000 rokov.
12:45
And some of it worked, and some of it didn't.
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A niečo z toho bolo dobré, niečo nie.
12:47
We got rid of the stuff that didn't.
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Toho, čo nebolo dobré, sme sa zbavili.
12:49
Now we can do it in a more precise way --
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A teraz to môžeme robiť ešte efektívnejšie.
12:51
and there are risks, absolutely --
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A sú v tom riziká, súhlasím.
12:53
but we can put something like vitamin A into rice,
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Ale môžeme vložiť niečo ako vitamín A do ryže
12:56
and that stuff can help millions of people,
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a toto môže pomôcť miliónom,
12:59
millions of people, prolong their lives.
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miliónom ľudí predĺžiť ich život.
13:02
You don't want to do that?
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Nechcete to spraviť?
13:04
I have to say, I don't understand it.
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Musím povedať, že tomu nerozumiem.
13:07
We object to genetically engineered food.
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Namietame proti geneticky modifikovaným potravinám.
13:09
Why do we do that?
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Prečo to robíme?
13:11
Well, the things I constantly hear are:
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Stále počúvam o tom istom:
13:13
Too many chemicals,
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priveľa chemikálií
13:15
pesticides, hormones,
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pesticídov, hormónov,
13:17
monoculture, we don't want giant fields
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monokultúra, nechceme obrovské polia,
13:19
of the same thing, that's wrong.
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na ktorých sa pestuje to isté, je to nesprávne.
13:21
We don't companies patenting life.
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Nechceme, aby nám spoločnosti patentovali život.
13:23
We don't want companies owning seeds.
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Nechceme, aby spoločnosti vlastnili osivá.
13:25
And you know what my response to all of that is?
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A viete, čo si o tom všetkom myslím ja?
13:27
Yes, you're right. Let's fix it.
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Áno, máte pravdu. Napravme to.
13:30
It's true, we've got a huge food problem,
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Je to tak, máme obrovský potravinový problém,
13:32
but this isn't science.
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ale toto nie je veda.
13:34
This has nothing to do with science.
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Toto nemá s vedou nič spoločné.
13:36
It's law, it's morality, it's patent stuff.
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Toto je o zákone, o morálke, o patentoch.
13:39
You know science isn't a company.
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Viete, veda nie je organizácia.
13:41
It's not a country.
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Nie je to krajina.
13:43
It's not even an idea; it's a process.
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Nie je to ani myšlienka, je to proces.
13:46
It's a process, and sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't,
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Je to proces, ktorý niekedy funguje a niekedy nie,
13:49
but the idea that we should not allow
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ale myšlienka, že by sme mali brániť
13:52
science to do its job
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vede v jej poslaní,
13:54
because we're afraid,
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pretože sa bojíme,
13:56
is really very deadening,
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je naozaj veľmi ochromujúca
13:58
and it's preventing millions of people
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a nedovoľuje prosperovať miliónom
14:00
from prospering.
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ľudí.
14:02
You know, in the next 50 years
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Viete, v najbližších 50 rokoch
14:04
we're going to have to grow 70 percent more food than we do right now,
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budeme musieť vypestovať o 70 percent viac potravín ako teraz...
14:07
70 percent.
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70 percent.
14:09
This investment in Africa over the last 30 years.
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Táto investícia do Afriky za posledných 30 rokov?
14:12
Disgraceful. Disgraceful.
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Hanebné. Hanebné.
14:14
They need it, and we're not giving it to them.
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Potrebujú to a my im to nedávame.
14:16
And why? Genetically engineered food.
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A prečo? Geneticky modifikované potraviny.
14:19
We don't want to encourage people
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Nechceme podporovať ľudí,
14:21
to eat that rotten stuff, like cassava for instance.
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aby jedli taký odpad, ako je napríklad kasava.
14:24
Cassava's something that half a billion people eat.
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Kasavou sa živí pol miliardy ľudí.
14:26
It's kind of like a potato.
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Je to niečo ako zemiak.
14:28
It's just a bunch of calories. It sucks.
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Je to len kopec kalórií. O ničom.
14:30
It doesn't have nutrients, it doesn't have protein,
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Nemá žiadnu výživovú hodnotu, nemá proteíny.
14:32
and scientists are engineering
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Vedci tam však práve teraz
14:34
all of that into it right now.
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toto všetko pridávajú.
14:36
And then people would be able to eat it and they'd be able to not go blind.
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A ľudia by to potom mohli jesť a nemuseli by oslepnúť.
14:39
They wouldn't starve, and you know what?
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Nemuseli by hladovať, a viete čo?
14:41
That would be nice. It wouldn't be Chez Panisse,
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To by bolo pekné. Nebolo by to Chez Panisse (známa reštaurácia v Berkeley, pozn. prekl.),
14:44
but it would be nice.
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ale bolo by to pekné.
14:48
And all I can say about this is:
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A všetko, čo viem k tomu povedať, je:
14:50
Why are we fighting it?
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Prečo proti tomu bojujeme?
14:52
I mean, let's ask ourselves: Why are we fighting it?
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Teda, spýtajme sa sami seba: Prečo proti tomu bojujeme?
14:54
Because we don't want to move genes around?
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Pretože nechceme posúvať gény?
14:56
This is about moving genes around. It's not about chemicals.
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Toto je o posúvaní génov. Toto nie je o chemikáliách.
14:59
It's not about our ridiculous passion for hormones,
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Toto nie je o našej smiešnej posadnutosti hormónmi,
15:02
our insistence on having bigger food,
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o našom trvaní na tom, mať väčšie potraviny,
15:04
better food, singular food.
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lepšie potraviny, výnimočné potraviny.
15:06
This isn't about Rice Krispies,
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toto nie je o raňajkových cereáliách,
15:08
this is about keeping people alive,
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toto je o tom, udržať ľudí nažive
15:10
and it's about time we started to understand what that meant.
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a už je načase, aby sme začali chápať, čo to znamená.
15:13
Because, you know something?
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Lebo viete čo?
15:15
If we don't, if we continue to act the way we're acting,
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Ak nezačneme, ak budeme pokračovať v našom doterajšom konaní,
15:18
we're guilty of something that I don't think we want to be guilty of:
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budeme vinní z niečoho, z čoho, myslím, nechceme byť vinní,
15:21
high-tech colonialism.
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z high-tech kolonializmu.
15:23
There's no other way to describe what's going on here.
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To, čo sa tu deje, sa nedá inak opísať.
15:25
It's selfish, it's ugly,
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Je to sebecké, je to odporné,
15:27
it's beneath us,
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je to pod našu úroveň
15:29
and we really have to stop it.
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a naozaj to musíme zastaviť.
15:32
So after this amazingly fun conversation,
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Takže, po tejto úžasne zábavnej konverzácii,
15:35
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
15:37
you might want to say, "So, you still want to get in this
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vám možno príde na jazyk: "Takže, ešte stále chceš
15:39
ridiculous time machine and go forward?"
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nastúpiť do tohto absurdného stroja času a ísť do budúcnosti?"
15:41
Absolutely. Absolutely, I do.
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Jednoznačne. Jednoznačne chcem.
15:44
It's stuck in the present right now,
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Zatiaľ je zaseknutý v súčasnosti,
15:46
but we have an amazing opportunity.
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ale my máme úžasnú príležitosť.
15:48
We can set that time machine on anything we want.
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Môžeme ten stroj nastaviť na čokoľvek chceme.
15:51
We can move it where we want to move it,
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Môžeme ho poslať kamkoľvek chceme
15:53
and we're going to move it where we want to move it.
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a aj ho pošleme kamkoľvek chceme.
15:55
We have to have these conversations and we have to think,
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Musíme pokračovať v týchto rozhovoroch a musíme myslieť.
15:58
but when we get in the time machine and we go ahead,
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Ale keď raz nastúpime do stroja času a pôjdeme vpred,
16:01
we're going to be happy we do.
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budeme radi, že sme to urobili.
16:03
I know that we can,
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Ja viem, že sme toho schopní
16:05
and as far as I'm concerned,
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a čo sa týka mňa,
16:07
that's something the world needs right now.
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je to presne to, čo svet práve teraz potrebuje.
16:10
(Applause)
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Ďakujem.
16:12
Thank you.
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(Potlesk)
16:15
Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
16:17
Thank you. Thank you.
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Specter - WriterMichael Specter is a staff writer for the New Yorker. His new book, Denialism, asks why we have increasingly begun to fear scientific advances instead of embracing them.
Why you should listen
Michael Specter's new book, Denialism: How Irrational Thinking Hinders Scientific Progress, Harms the Planet and Threatens Our Lives, dives into a worrisome strain of modern life -- a vocal anti-science bias that may prevent us from making the right choices for our future. Specter studies how the active movements against vaccines, genetically engineered food, science-based medicine and biotechnological solutions to climate change may actually put the world at risk. (For instance, anti-vaccination activists could soon trigger the US return of polio, not to mention the continuing rise of measles.) More insidiously, the chilling effect caused by the new denialism may prevent useful science from being accomplished.
Specter has been a writer for the New Yorker for more than a decade; before that, he was a science writer and then the Moscow bureau chief for the New York Times. He writes about science and politics for the New Yorker, with a fascinating sideline in biographical profiles.
Michael Specter | Speaker | TED.com