TEDWomen 2018
Karissa Sanbonmatsu: The biology of gender, from DNA to the brain
Karisa Sanbonmacu (Karissa Sanbonmatsu): Biologija pola, od DNK do mozga
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Kako tačno pol funkcioniše? Ne radi se samo o našim hromozomima, kaže biološkinja Karisa Sanbonmatsu. Ona u vizionarskom govoru deli nova otkrića iz epigenetike, nove studije o tome kako aktivnost DNK može da se trajno promeni na osnovu društvenih faktora poput traume ili ishrane. Saznajte kako životna iskustva oblikuju način na koji su geni izraženi, i šta to znači za naše razumevanje pola.
Karissa Sanbonmatsu - Structural biologist
Karissa Sanbonmatsu investigates how DNA allows cells in our body to remember events that take place. Full bio
Karissa Sanbonmatsu investigates how DNA allows cells in our body to remember events that take place. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:14
So what does it mean to be a woman?
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Dakle, šta znači biti žena?
00:19
We all have XX chromosomes, right?
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Svi imamo hromozome XX, zar ne?
00:22
Actually, that's not true.
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Zapravo, to nije tačno.
00:25
Some women are mosaics.
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Neke žene su mozaici.
00:26
They have a mix of chromosome types
with X, with XY or with XXX.
with X, with XY or with XXX.
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Imaju mešavinu tipova hromozoma
sa X, XY ili XXX.
sa X, XY ili XXX.
00:33
If it's not just
about our chromosomes,
about our chromosomes,
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Ako se ne radi samo o našim hromozima,
00:35
then what is being a woman about?
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šta onda znači biti žena?
00:38
Being feminine?
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Biti ženstvena?
00:40
Getting married?
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Biti venčana?
00:41
Having kids?
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Imati decu?
00:43
You don't have to look far
to find fantastic exceptions
to find fantastic exceptions
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Ne moram da tražim puno
da bih našla fantastične izuzetke
da bih našla fantastične izuzetke
00:47
to these rules,
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od ovih pravila,
00:48
but we all share something
that makes us women.
that makes us women.
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ali svi delimo nešto što nas čini ženama.
00:53
Maybe that something is in our brains.
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Možda je to nešto u našim mozgovima.
00:57
You might have heard theories
from last century
from last century
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Možda ste čuli teorije iz prošlog veka
01:00
about how men are better
at math than women
at math than women
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kako su muškarci bolji
u matematici od žena
u matematici od žena
01:03
because they have bigger brains.
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jer imaju veće mozgove.
01:05
These theories have been debunked.
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Ove teorije su opovrgnute.
01:07
The average man has a brain
about three times smaller
about three times smaller
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Prosečan muškarac ima mozak tri puta manji
01:10
than the average elephant,
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od prosečnog slona,
01:12
but that doesn't mean
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ali to ne znači da je prosečan muškarac
tri puta gluplji od slona...
tri puta gluplji od slona...
01:13
the average man is three times
dumber than an elephant ...
dumber than an elephant ...
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ili znači?
01:16
or does it?
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01:17
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:20
There's a new wave
of female neuroscientists
of female neuroscientists
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Postoji novi talas neuronaučnica
01:25
that are finding important differences
between female and male brains
between female and male brains
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koje pronalaze važne razlike
između ženskog i muškog mozga
između ženskog i muškog mozga
01:29
in neuron connectivity,
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u povezanosti neurona,
01:31
in brain structure, in brain activity.
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u strukturi mozga, u aktivnosti mozga.
01:34
They're finding that the brain
is like a patchwork mosaic --
is like a patchwork mosaic --
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Otkrile su da je mozak
kao krpljeni mozaik,
kao krpljeni mozaik,
01:38
a mixture.
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mešavina.
01:40
Women have mostly female patches
and a few male patches.
and a few male patches.
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Žene imaju uglavnom ženske zakrpe,
a malo muških zakrpa.
a malo muških zakrpa.
01:44
With all this new data,
what does it mean to be a woman?
what does it mean to be a woman?
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Sa svim ovim novim podacima,
šta znači biti žena?
šta znači biti žena?
01:49
This is something that I've been
thinking about almost my entire life.
thinking about almost my entire life.
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Ovo je nešto o čemu sam mislila
maltene ceo svoj život.
maltene ceo svoj život.
01:53
When people learn that I'm a woman
who happens to be transgender,
who happens to be transgender,
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Kad ljudi saznaju da sam žena,
koja je usput transrodna osoba,
koja je usput transrodna osoba,
01:57
they always ask,
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uvek pitaju:
01:59
"How do you know you're a woman?"
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„Kako znaš da si žena?"
02:02
As a scientist, I'm searching
for a biological basis of gender.
for a biological basis of gender.
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Kao naučnica tragam
za biološkom osnovom pola.
za biološkom osnovom pola.
02:07
I want to understand what makes me me.
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Želim da razumem
zbog čega sam ja ono što jesam.
zbog čega sam ja ono što jesam.
02:12
New discoveries
at the front edge of science
at the front edge of science
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Nova otkrića u vrhu nauke
02:15
are shedding light
on the biomarkers that define gender.
on the biomarkers that define gender.
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objašnjavaju biomarkere koji definišu pol.
02:19
My colleagues and I in genetics,
neuroscience, physiology and psychology,
neuroscience, physiology and psychology,
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Moje kolege i ja u genetici,
neuronaukama, fiziologiji i psihologiji
neuronaukama, fiziologiji i psihologiji
02:26
we're trying to figure out
exactly how gender works.
exactly how gender works.
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pokušavamo da otkrijemo
kako pol tačno funkcioniše.
kako pol tačno funkcioniše.
02:29
These vastly different fields
share a common connection --
share a common connection --
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Ova veoma različita polja
dele zajedničku vezu,
dele zajedničku vezu,
02:33
epigenetics.
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epigenetiku.
02:35
In epigenetics,
we're studying how DNA activity
we're studying how DNA activity
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U epigenetici proučavamo
kako se aktivnost DNK
kako se aktivnost DNK
02:41
can actually radically
and permanently change,
and permanently change,
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može zapravo radikalno i trajno promeniti,
02:44
even though the sequence stays the same.
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iako niz ostaje isti.
02:48
DNA is the long, string-like molecule
that winds up inside our cells.
that winds up inside our cells.
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DNK je dugačak molekul popun vrpce
koji se namotava unutar naših ćelija.
koji se namotava unutar naših ćelija.
02:53
There's so much DNA
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Postoji toliko DNK
02:54
that it actually gets tangled
into these knot-like things --
into these knot-like things --
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da se zapravo zapetljava
u nešto poput čvorova -
u nešto poput čvorova -
02:57
we'll just call them knots.
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zvaćemo ih čvorovi.
03:00
So external factors change
how those DNA knots are formed.
how those DNA knots are formed.
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Dakle, spoljašnji faktori menjaju to
kako se ti DNK čvorovi formiraju.
kako se ti DNK čvorovi formiraju.
Možete da zamislite to na ovaj način:
03:06
You can think of it like this:
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03:08
inside our cells, there's different
contraptions building things,
contraptions building things,
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unutar naših ćelija postoje
različite naprave koji stvaraju stvari,
različite naprave koji stvaraju stvari,
03:14
connecting circuits,
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povezuju procese
03:15
doing all the things they need
to make life happen.
to make life happen.
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i rade sve stvari koje su potrebne
da bi se desio život.
da bi se desio život.
03:19
Here's one that's sort of reading
the DNA and making RNA.
the DNA and making RNA.
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Evo ga jedan koji čita DNK i pravi RNK.
03:25
And then this one is carrying
a huge sac of neurotransmitters
a huge sac of neurotransmitters
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Onda ovaj nosi
veliku kesu neurotransmitera
veliku kesu neurotransmitera
03:29
from one end of the brain cell
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od jednog kraja ćelije mozga
03:30
to the other.
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do drugog.
03:32
Don't they get hazard pay
for this kind of work?
for this kind of work?
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Zar ne zaslužuju ogromnu platu
za ovakav posao?
za ovakav posao?
03:34
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:36
This one is an entire molecular factory --
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Ovaj ovde je čitava fabrika molekula,
03:38
some say it's the secret to life.
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neki kažu da je to tajna života.
03:40
It's call the ribosome.
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Zove se ribozom.
03:42
I've been studying this since 2001.
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Proučavam ovo od 2001. godine.
03:46
One of the stunning
things about our cells
things about our cells
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Jedna divna stvar
u vezi sa našim ćelijama
u vezi sa našim ćelijama
03:49
is that the components inside them
are actually biodegradable.
are actually biodegradable.
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je ta što su sastavni delovi unutar njih
zapravo biorazgradivi.
zapravo biorazgradivi.
03:53
They dissolve,
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Oni se rastvaraju
03:55
and then they're rebuilt each day,
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i ponovo se izgrađuju svakog dana,
03:57
kind of like a traveling carnival
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poput putujućeg karnevala
03:59
where the rides are taken down
and then rebuilt every single day.
and then rebuilt every single day.
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gde se mašine rasklapaju,
a onda ponovo sklapaju svakog dana.
a onda ponovo sklapaju svakog dana.
04:04
A big difference between our cells
and the traveling carnival
and the traveling carnival
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Velika razlika između naših ćelija
i putujućeg karnevala
i putujućeg karnevala
04:08
is that in the carnival,
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je ta što na karnevalu
04:10
there are skilled craftsmen
that rebuild the rides each day.
that rebuild the rides each day.
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postoje vešti majstori
koji ponovo grade mašine svaki dan.
koji ponovo grade mašine svaki dan.
04:15
In our cells, there are
no such skilled craftsmen,
no such skilled craftsmen,
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U našim ćelijama
ne postoje takvi vešti majstori,
ne postoje takvi vešti majstori,
04:17
only dumb builder machines
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samo neme mašine za izgradnju
04:19
that build whatever's
written in the plans,
written in the plans,
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koje grade šta god
da je napisano u planovima,
da je napisano u planovima,
04:21
no matter what those plans say.
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bez obzira na to šta ti planovi kažu.
04:24
Those plans are the DNA.
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Ti planovi su DNK.
04:27
The instructions for every
nook and cranny inside our cells.
nook and cranny inside our cells.
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Uputstva za svaki ćošak
i pukotinu unutar naših ćelija.
i pukotinu unutar naših ćelija.
04:32
If everything in, say,
our brain cells
our brain cells
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Ako se sve u, recimo, našim ćelijama mozga
04:35
dissolves almost every day,
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rastavlja skoro svakog dana,
04:37
then how can the brain remember
anything past one day?
anything past one day?
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kako onda mozak može da zapamti
bilo šta od prošlog dana?
bilo šta od prošlog dana?
04:40
That's where DNA comes in.
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Tada DNK nastupa.
04:42
DNA is one of the those things
that does not dissolve.
that does not dissolve.
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DNK je jedna od onih stvari
koje se ne rastavljaju.
koje se ne rastavljaju.
04:46
But for DNA to remember
that something happened,
that something happened,
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Ali da bi DNK zapamtila
da se nešto desilo,
da se nešto desilo,
04:48
it has to change somehow.
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mora da se promeni nekako.
04:51
We know the change
can't be in the sequence;
can't be in the sequence;
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Znamo da promena
ne može da se desi u nizu;
ne može da se desi u nizu;
04:53
if it changed sequence all the time,
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da menja nizove sve vreme,
04:55
then we might be growing like, a new ear
or a new eyeball every single day.
or a new eyeball every single day.
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možda bi nam možda izraslo novo uvo,
ili nova očna jabučica svakog dana.
ili nova očna jabučica svakog dana.
05:00
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:01
So, instead it changes shape,
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Umesto toga menja oblik,
05:03
and that's where those DNA knots come in.
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a tada oni čvorovi DNK nastupaju.
05:05
You can think of them like DNA memory.
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Možete razmišljati o njima
kao o memoriji DNK.
kao o memoriji DNK.
05:09
When something big
in our life happens,
in our life happens,
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Kad se nešto veliko desi u našim životima,
05:11
like a traumatic childhood event,
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poput traumatičnog događaja iz detinjstva,
05:14
stress hormones flood our brain.
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hormoni stresa preplavljuju naš mozak.
05:16
The stress hormones
don't affect the sequence of DNA,
don't affect the sequence of DNA,
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Hormoni stresa ne deluju na niz DNK,
05:19
but they do change the shape.
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ali menjaju oblik.
05:21
They affect that part of DNA
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Deluju na taj deo DNK
05:24
with the instructions for molecular
machines that reduce stress.
machines that reduce stress.
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sa upustvima za molekularne mašine
koje umanjuju stres.
koje umanjuju stres.
05:28
That piece of DNA
gets wound up into a knot,
gets wound up into a knot,
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Taj deo DNK biva zamotan u čvor,
05:31
and now the dumb builder machines
can't read the plans they need
can't read the plans they need
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pa mašina za izgradnju ne može
da čita planove koji su joj potrebni
da čita planove koji su joj potrebni
05:35
to build the machines that reduce stress.
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da bi izgradila naprave
koje smanjuju stres.
koje smanjuju stres.
Zvuči složeno, ali to je ono
što se dešava na mikro nivou.
što se dešava na mikro nivou.
05:38
That's a mouthful, but it's
what's happening on the microscale.
what's happening on the microscale.
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05:41
On the macroscale, you practically lose
the ability to deal with stress,
the ability to deal with stress,
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Na makro nivou, praktično gubite
sposobnost da se nosite sa stresom,
sposobnost da se nosite sa stresom,
05:44
and that's bad.
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a to je loše.
05:46
And that's how DNA can remember
what happens in the past.
what happens in the past.
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Na taj način DNK može
da zapamti šta se desilo u prošlosti.
da zapamti šta se desilo u prošlosti.
05:51
This is what I think
was happening to me
was happening to me
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Ovo je ono što mislim da se dešavalo meni
05:53
when I first started my gender transition.
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kad sam započela menjanje pola.
05:57
I knew I was a woman on the inside,
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Znala sam da sam žena iznutra,
05:59
and I wore women's clothes on the outside,
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i nosila sam žensku odeću spolja,
06:02
but everyone saw me as a man in a dress.
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ali svi su me videli
kao muškarca u haljini.
kao muškarca u haljini.
06:07
I felt like no matter
how many things I try,
how many things I try,
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Osećala sam se kao da,
bez obzira koliko stvari da pokušam,
bez obzira koliko stvari da pokušam,
06:12
no one would ever
really see me as a woman.
really see me as a woman.
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niko me nikada
neće zaista videti kao ženu.
neće zaista videti kao ženu.
06:14
In science, your credibility
is everything,
is everything,
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U nauci, kredibilitet je sve,
06:17
and people were
snickering in the hallways,
snickering in the hallways,
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a ljudi su se kikotali u hodnicima,
06:21
giving me stares,
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buljili u mene,
06:23
looks of disgust --
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zgađenim pogledima,
06:25
afraid to be near me.
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u strahu da budu oko mene.
06:28
I remember my first big talk
after transition.
after transition.
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Sećam se mog prvog
velikog govora posle promene.
velikog govora posle promene.
06:31
It was in Italy.
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Bilo je to u Italiji.
06:32
I'd given prestigious talks before,
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Držala sam prestižne govore i ranije,
06:34
but this one, I was terrified.
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ali za ovaj sam bila uplašena.
06:37
I looked out into the audience,
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Gledala sam u publiku
06:39
and the whispers started --
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i šapati su krenuli,
06:42
the stares,
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zurenja,
06:43
the smirks, the chuckles.
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podla smeškanja, cerekanja.
06:46
To this day, I still have social anxiety
around my experience eight years ago.
around my experience eight years ago.
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I dan-danas sam nervozna među ljudima
zbog iskustva od pre osam godina.
zbog iskustva od pre osam godina.
06:53
I lost hope.
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Izgubila sam nadu.
06:56
Don't worry,
I've had therapy so I'm OK --
I've had therapy so I'm OK --
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Ne brinite.
Bila sam na terapiji,
tako da sam okej, u redu sam sada.
tako da sam okej, u redu sam sada.
06:59
I'm OK now.
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07:01
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:02
(Cheers)
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(Ovacije)
07:04
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
07:08
But I felt enough is enough:
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Ali što je dosta, dosta je,
07:10
I'm a scientist,
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naučnica sam,
07:12
I have a doctorate in astrophysics,
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imam doktorat iz astrofizike,
objavljivala sam radove
u najboljim časopisima,
u najboljim časopisima,
07:14
I've published in the top journals,
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07:16
in wave-particle interactions,
space physics,
space physics,
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o interakciji između talasa
i čestica, fizici svemira,
i čestica, fizici svemira,
07:18
nucleic acid biochemistry.
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biohemiji nukleinske kiseline.
07:20
I've actually been trained
to get to the bottom of things, so --
to get to the bottom of things, so --
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Zapravo sam obučena
da otkrijem stvari koje su sakrivene.
da otkrijem stvari koje su sakrivene.
07:23
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:25
I went online --
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Otišla sam na internet -
07:26
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
07:31
So I went online, and I found
fascinating research papers.
fascinating research papers.
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Dakle, otišla sam na internet
i našla sam fascinantan istraživački rad.
i našla sam fascinantan istraživački rad.
07:35
I learned that these DNA knot things
are not always bad.
are not always bad.
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Naučila sam da ti čvorovi DNK
nisu uvek loši.
nisu uvek loši.
07:38
Actually, the knotting and unknotting --
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Zapravo, vezivanje i odvezivanje
07:40
it's like a complicated computer language.
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je kao komplikovan programski jezik.
07:43
It programs our bodies
with exquisite precision.
with exquisite precision.
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Programira naša tela
sa neverovatnom preciznošću.
sa neverovatnom preciznošću.
07:47
So when we get pregnant,
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Kad zatrudnimo,
07:49
our fertilized eggs grow
into newborn babies.
into newborn babies.
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naša oplođena jaja prerastu u bebe.
07:53
This process requires
thousands of DNA decisions to happen.
thousands of DNA decisions to happen.
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Ovaj proces zahteva
hiljade odluka DNK da bi se desio.
hiljade odluka DNK da bi se desio.
07:57
Should an embryo cell become a blood cell?
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Treba li ćelija embriona
da postane ćelija krvi?
da postane ćelija krvi?
08:00
A heart cell? A brain cell?
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Ćelija srca? Ćelija mozga?
08:02
And the decisions happen
at different times during pregnancy.
at different times during pregnancy.
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A odluke se dešavaju
u različitim trenucima tokom trudnoće.
u različitim trenucima tokom trudnoće.
08:06
Some in the first trimester,
some in the second trimester
some in the second trimester
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Neke u prvom tromesečju,
neke u drugom tromesečju,
neke u drugom tromesečju,
08:09
and some in the third trimester.
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a neke u trećem tromesečju.
08:14
To truly understand
DNA decision-making,
DNA decision-making,
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Da bismo stvarno razumeli
kako DNK donosi odluke,
kako DNK donosi odluke,
08:17
we need to see the process
of knot formation in atomic detail.
of knot formation in atomic detail.
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moramo da vidimo proces
formiranja čvorova na nivou atoma.
formiranja čvorova na nivou atoma.
08:21
Even the most powerful
microscopes can't see this.
microscopes can't see this.
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Čak i najmoćniji mikroskopi
to ne mogu da vide.
to ne mogu da vide.
08:26
What if we tried
to simulate these on a computer?
to simulate these on a computer?
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Šta ako bismo pokušali
da to simuliramo na računaru?
da to simuliramo na računaru?
08:29
For that we'd need
a million computers to do that.
a million computers to do that.
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Za to bi nam trebalo milion računara.
08:34
That's exactly what we have
at Los Alamos Labs --
at Los Alamos Labs --
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To je tačno ono što imamo
u laboratorijama u Los Alamosu,
u laboratorijama u Los Alamosu,
08:37
a million computers
connected in a giant warehouse.
connected in a giant warehouse.
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milion računara povezanih
u ogromnom skladištu.
u ogromnom skladištu.
08:42
So here we're showing the DNA
making up an entire gene
making up an entire gene
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Ovde pokazujemo kako DNK pravi čitave gene
08:46
folded into very specific shapes of knots.
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sklopljenje u specifične oblike čvorova.
08:50
For the first time,
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Po prvi put,
08:51
my team has simulated
an entire gene of DNA --
an entire gene of DNA --
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moj tim je simulirao čitav gen DNK,
08:55
the largest biomolecular simulation
performed to date.
performed to date.
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što je najveća biomolekularna simulacija
izvršena do današnjeg dana.
izvršena do današnjeg dana.
09:00
For the first time, we're beginning
to understand the unsolved problem
to understand the unsolved problem
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Po prvi put počinjemo
da razumemo nerešen problem
da razumemo nerešen problem
09:03
of how hormones trigger
the formation of these knots.
the formation of these knots.
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kako hormoni aktiviraju
formacije ovih čvorova.
formacije ovih čvorova.
09:09
DNA knot formation
can be seen beautifully in calico cats.
can be seen beautifully in calico cats.
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Formacija čvorova DNK se može
lepo videti kod mačaka kaliko.
lepo videti kod mačaka kaliko.
09:14
The decision between orange and black
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Odluka između narandžaste i crne
se dešava rano, u stomaku,
09:16
happens early on in the womb,
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09:19
so that orange-and-black patchy pattern,
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tako da su te narandžasto-crne šare
09:21
it's an exact readout of what happened
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tačno isčitavanje onoga što se desilo
09:24
when that cat was
just a tiny little kitten embryo
just a tiny little kitten embryo
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kad je ta mačka još bila
sićušni mačiji embrion
sićušni mačiji embrion
09:26
inside her mom's womb.
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unutar majčinog stomaka.
09:28
And the patchy pattern actually happens
in our brains and in cancer.
in our brains and in cancer.
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A šabloni šara se zapravo dešavaju
i u našim mozgovima i kod raka.
i u našim mozgovima i kod raka.
09:34
It's directly related to intellectual
disability and breast cancer.
disability and breast cancer.
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Direktno su u vezi sa
intelektualnom invalidnošću i rakom dojke.
intelektualnom invalidnošću i rakom dojke.
09:39
These DNA decisions
also happen in other parts of the body.
also happen in other parts of the body.
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Ove odluke DNK se takođe dešavaju
i u drugim delovima tela.
i u drugim delovima tela.
09:44
It turns out that the precursor genitals
transform into either female or male
transform into either female or male
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Ispostavilo se da se preteča genitalija
transformiše u ili ženske ili muške
transformiše u ili ženske ili muške
09:49
during the first trimester of pregnancy.
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tokom prvog tromesečja trudnoće.
09:51
The precursor brains, on the other hand,
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Preteča mozga, s druge strane,
09:54
transform into female or male
during the second trimester of pregnancy.
during the second trimester of pregnancy.
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se transformiše u ženski ili muški
tokom drugog tromesečja trudnoće.
tokom drugog tromesečja trudnoće.
09:58
So the current working model
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Dakle, trenutni radni model
10:00
is that a unique mix in my mom's womb
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je da je jedinstvena mešavina
u stomaku moje majke
u stomaku moje majke
10:04
caused the precursor genitals
to transform one way,
to transform one way,
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izazvala da se preteča genitalija
tranformiše na jedan način,
tranformiše na jedan način,
10:08
but the precursor brain
to transform the other way.
to transform the other way.
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a da se preteča mozga
transformiše na drugi način.
transformiše na drugi način.
10:15
Most of epigenetic research
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Većina epigenetskih istraživanja
10:17
has really focused
on stress, anxiety, depression --
on stress, anxiety, depression --
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se zapravo fokusirala
na stres, anksioznost i depresiju,
na stres, anksioznost i depresiju,
10:20
kind of a downer,
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baš smor stvari,
10:21
kind of bad things.
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na loše stvari.
10:23
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
10:24
But nowadays --
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Ali danas -
10:25
the latest stuff --
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najnoviji trendovi -
10:27
people are looking at relaxation.
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ljudi ispituju relaksaciju.
10:28
Can that have a positive
effect on your DNA?
effect on your DNA?
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Može li to imati
pozitivan efekat na vaš DNK?
pozitivan efekat na vaš DNK?
10:32
Right now we're missing
key data from mice models.
key data from mice models.
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Sada nam fale ključni podaci
iz modela sa miševima.
iz modela sa miševima.
10:36
We know that mice relax,
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Znamo da se miševi opuštaju,
10:38
but could they meditate
like the Dalai Lama?
like the Dalai Lama?
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ali da li bi mogli
da meditiraju kao Dalaj Lama?
da meditiraju kao Dalaj Lama?
10:42
Achieve enlightenment?
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Da dostignu prosvetljenje?
10:43
Could they move stones with their mind
like Jedi Master Yoda?
like Jedi Master Yoda?
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Da li bi mogli da pomeraju kamenje
svojim umom kao Džedaj master Joda?
svojim umom kao Džedaj master Joda?
10:47
(Yoda voice): Hm, a Jedi mouse
must feel the force flow, hm.
must feel the force flow, hm.
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(Jodin glas) Hm, miš Džedaj
mora da oseti tok sile, hm.
mora da oseti tok sile, hm.
10:51
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
10:53
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
10:57
I wonder if the support I've had
since that talk back in Italy
since that talk back in Italy
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Pitam se da li je podrška
koju sam imala nakon tog govora u Italiji
koju sam imala nakon tog govora u Italiji
11:01
has tried to unwind my DNA.
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pokušala da odmota moj DNK.
To što imam super krug prijatelja,
roditelje koji me podržavaju,
roditelje koji me podržavaju,
11:04
Having a great circle of friends,
supportive parents
supportive parents
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i to što sam u vezi
u kojoj ima puno ljubavi
u kojoj ima puno ljubavi
11:07
and being in a loving relationship
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11:09
has actually given me strength
and hope to help others.
and hope to help others.
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mi je zapravo dalo snage
i nade da pomognem drugima.
i nade da pomognem drugima.
11:13
At work I wear a rainbow bracelet.
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Na poslu nosim narukvicu u duginim bojama.
11:16
Sometimes it raises eyebrows,
but it also raises awareness.
but it also raises awareness.
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Nekad se ljudi mršte,
ali pored obrva se podiže i svesnost.
ali pored obrva se podiže i svesnost.
11:20
There's so many transgender people --
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Postoji toliko transrodnih osoba,
11:22
especially women of color --
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posebno žena druge boje kože,
11:24
that are just one demeaning comment
away from taking their own lives.
away from taking their own lives.
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koje samo jedan ponižavajući komentar
deli od oduzimanja sopstvenog života.
deli od oduzimanja sopstvenog života.
11:31
Forty percent of us attempt suicide.
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Nas 40% pokuša da počini samoubistvo.
11:35
If you're listening and you feel
like you have no other option,
like you have no other option,
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Ako slušate i ako se osećate
kao da nemate drugu opciju,
kao da nemate drugu opciju,
11:40
try to call a friend,
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probajte da pozovete prijatelja,
11:42
go online or try to get
in a support group.
in a support group.
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idite na internet, ili pokušajte
da se uključite u neku grupu za podršku.
da se uključite u neku grupu za podršku.
11:45
If you're a woman who's not transgender
but you know pain of isolation,
but you know pain of isolation,
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Ako ste žena koja nije transrodna,
ali poznat vam je bol izolacije,
ali poznat vam je bol izolacije,
11:50
of sexual assault --
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seksualnog napada,
11:52
reach out.
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potražite pomoć.
11:56
So what does it mean to be a woman?
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Dakle, šta znači biti žena?
12:00
The latest research is showing
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Najnovije istraživanje pokazuje
12:02
that female and male brains
do develop differently in the womb,
do develop differently in the womb,
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da se ženski i muški mozak
razvijaju drugačije u stomaku,
razvijaju drugačije u stomaku,
12:06
possibly giving us females
this innate sense of being a woman.
this innate sense of being a woman.
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verovatno dajući nama ženama
urođen osećaj kako da budemo žena.
urođen osećaj kako da budemo žena.
12:11
On the other hand,
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Sa druge strane,
12:12
maybe it's our shared sense
of commonality that makes us women.
of commonality that makes us women.
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možda je ono što nas čini ženama
naš osećaj zajedništva.
naš osećaj zajedništva.
12:18
We come in so many different
shapes and sizes
shapes and sizes
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Ima nas u toliko različitih
oblika i veličina,
oblika i veličina,
12:20
that asking what it means to be a woman
may not be the right question.
may not be the right question.
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da pitanje šta nas čini ženama
možda nije dobro pitanje.
možda nije dobro pitanje.
12:24
It's like asking a calico cat
what it means to be a calico cat.
what it means to be a calico cat.
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Kao da pitate mačku kaliko
šta znači biti mačka kaliko.
šta znači biti mačka kaliko.
12:29
Maybe becoming a woman
means accepting ourselves
means accepting ourselves
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Možda postati žena znači
prihvatanje sebe samih kakve jesmo
prihvatanje sebe samih kakve jesmo
12:34
for who we really are
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12:36
and acknowledging the same in each other.
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i uvažavanje tog istog u drugima.
12:39
I see you.
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Vidim vas.
12:41
And you've just seen me.
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A vi ste upravo videli mene.
12:44
(Applause and cheers)
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(Aplauz i ovacije)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Karissa Sanbonmatsu - Structural biologistKarissa Sanbonmatsu investigates how DNA allows cells in our body to remember events that take place.
Why you should listen
Dr. Karissa Sanbonmatsu is a principal investigator at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the New Mexico Consortium, funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.
As a principal investigator, Sanbonmatsu has advanced our understanding of the mechanism of the ribosome, antibiotics and riboswitches. She published some of the first structural studies of epigenetic long non-coding RNAs and is currently studying the mechanism of epigenetic effects involving chromatin architecture. She uses a combination of wetlab biochemistry, supercomputers and cryogenic electron microscopy to investigate mechanism in atomistic detail. She is on the board of Equality New Mexico and the Gender Identity Center and is an advocate for LGBT people in the sciences.
Karissa Sanbonmatsu | Speaker | TED.com