TED2003
Wade Davis: Dreams from endangered cultures
Vejd Dejvis (Wade Davis) o ugroženim kulturama
Filmed:
Readability: 4.7
4,012,783 views
Pomoću divnih slika i priča, istraživač Nacionalne Geografije Vejd Dejvis veliča neverovatnu raznolikost domorodačkih kultura širom sveta, koje zabrinjavajućom brzinom nestaju sa planete.
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Full bio
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
You know, one of the intense pleasures of travel
0
0
3000
Znate, jedno od najvećih zadovoljstava koje putovanja pružaju
00:28
and one of the delights of ethnographic research
1
3000
2000
i jedno od prednosti etnografskih istraživanja
00:30
is the opportunity to live amongst those
2
5000
2000
jeste mogućnost da živite sa ljudima
00:32
who have not forgotten the old ways,
3
7000
2000
koji nisu zaboravili stare načine,
00:34
who still feel their past in the wind,
4
9000
3000
koji još uvek osećaju svoju prošlost u vetru,
00:37
touch it in stones polished by rain,
5
12000
3000
dodiruju je u kamenju izglačanim kišom,
00:40
taste it in the bitter leaves of plants.
6
15000
2000
osećaju njen ukus u gorkom lišću biljaka.
00:42
Just to know that Jaguar shamans still journey beyond the Milky Way,
7
17000
4000
Samo saznanje da šamani Jaguara još uvek putuju dalje od Mlečnog Puta,
00:46
or the myths of the Inuit elders still resonate with meaning,
8
21000
4000
ili da su mitovi starih Inuita još uvek u skladu sa smislom,
00:50
or that in the Himalaya,
9
25000
2000
ili da na Himalajima
00:53
the Buddhists still pursue the breath of the Dharma,
10
28000
4000
Budisti i dalje tragaju za dahom Darme,
00:57
is to really remember the central revelation of anthropology,
11
32000
3000
vas navodi da zapamtite centralno otkriće antropologije,
01:00
and that is the idea that the world in which we live
12
35000
2000
a to je ideja da svet u kom živimo
01:03
does not exist in some absolute sense,
13
38000
2000
ne postoji u nekom apsolutnom smislu,
01:05
but is just one model of reality,
14
40000
1000
već je samo jedan model realnosti,
01:06
the consequence of one particular set of adaptive choices
15
41000
4000
posledica jednog specifičnog seta adaptivnih izbora
01:10
that our lineage made, albeit successfully, many generations ago.
16
45000
4000
koji je uspešno napravila naša vrsta, mnogo generacija ranije.
01:15
And of course, we all share the same adaptive imperatives.
17
50000
4000
Naravno, svi mi imamo iste adaptivne imperative.
01:19
We're all born. We all bring our children into the world.
18
54000
2000
Svi smo rođeni. Svi donosimo decu na ovaj svet.
01:21
We go through initiation rites.
19
56000
2000
Svi prolazimo kroz obrede koji slave početke.
01:23
We have to deal with the inexorable separation of death,
20
58000
2000
Svi moramo da se borimo sa neminovnošću smrti,
01:25
so it shouldn't surprise us that we all sing, we all dance,
21
60000
4000
tako da ne treba da nas čudi što svi mi pevamo, svi igramo,
01:29
we all have art.
22
64000
2000
svi se bavimo umetnošću.
01:31
But what's interesting is the unique cadence of the song,
23
66000
3000
Ali ono što je zanimljivo je jedinstvena rima u pesmama,
01:34
the rhythm of the dance in every culture.
24
69000
2000
ritam plesa u svakoj kulturi.
01:36
And whether it is the Penan in the forests of Borneo,
25
71000
3000
Bilo da su to Penani u šumama Bornea,
01:39
or the Voodoo acolytes in Haiti,
26
74000
3000
ili Vudu sledbenici na Haitima,
01:43
or the warriors in the Kaisut desert of Northern Kenya,
27
78000
4000
ili ratnici u pustinji Kaisut u severnoj Keniji,
01:49
the Curandero in the mountains of the Andes,
28
84000
2000
Kurandero narod u planinama Anda,
01:52
or a caravanserai in the middle of the Sahara --
29
87000
5000
ili karavan saraji u srcu Sahare,
01:57
this is incidentally the fellow that I traveled into the desert with
30
92000
2000
ovo je momak sa kojim sam sasvim slučajno putovao po pustinji
01:59
a month ago --
31
94000
1000
pre mesec dana,
02:00
or indeed a yak herder in the slopes of Qomolangma,
32
95000
3000
ili ovčar na padinama Čomolungme,
02:03
Everest, the goddess mother of the world.
33
98000
2000
Everesta, majke boginje sveta.
02:05
All of these peoples teach us that there are other ways of being,
34
100000
3000
Svi ovi ljudi nas uče da postoje i drugi načini života,
02:08
other ways of thinking,
35
103000
1000
drugi načini razmišljanja,
02:09
other ways of orienting yourself in the Earth.
36
104000
2000
drugi načini usmerenja ovde na Zemlji.
02:11
And this is an idea, if you think about it,
37
106000
2000
Ako razmislite o ovoj ideji,
02:13
can only fill you with hope.
38
108000
2000
može vam samo uliti nadu.
02:15
Now, together the myriad cultures of the world
39
110000
3000
E sada, zajedno ove bezbrojne kulture širom sveta
02:18
make up a web of spiritual life and cultural life
40
113000
4000
čine mrežu spiritualnog i kulturnog života
02:22
that envelops the planet,
41
117000
2000
koja obuhvata planetu,
02:24
and is as important to the well-being of the planet
42
119000
2000
i koja je jednako važna za dobrobit planete
02:26
as indeed is the biological web of life that you know as a biosphere.
43
121000
3000
koliko i biološka mreža poznata kao biosfera.
02:29
And you might think of this cultural web of life
44
124000
3000
Možete zamisliti ovu kulturnu mrežu života
02:32
as being an ethnosphere,
45
127000
1000
kao etnosferu,
02:33
and you might define the ethnosphere
46
128000
2000
i možete je definisati
02:35
as being the sum total of all thoughts and dreams, myths,
47
130000
3000
kao skup svih misli i snova, mitova,
02:38
ideas, inspirations, intuitions brought into being
48
133000
3000
ideja, inspiracija, intuicija koje je ljudska imaginacija
02:41
by the human imagination since the dawn of consciousness.
49
136000
4000
unela u postojanje još od samog nastanka svesti.
02:45
The ethnosphere is humanity's great legacy.
50
140000
3000
Etnosfera je najvrednije zaveštanje ljudi.
02:48
It's the symbol of all that we are
51
143000
2000
Ona je simbol svega što jesmo
02:50
and all that we can be as an astonishingly inquisitive species.
52
145000
4000
i svega što možemo biti kao neverovatno radoznala vrsta.
02:55
And just as the biosphere has been severely eroded,
53
150000
3000
Baš kao što je biosfera prilično uništena,
02:58
so too is the ethnosphere
54
153000
2000
isto se desillo i sa etnosferom
03:00
-- and, if anything, at a far greater rate.
55
155000
2000
i to, u znatno većoj razmeri.
03:02
No biologists, for example, would dare suggest
56
157000
2000
Ni jedan biolog, na primer, se ne bi usudio da sugeriše
03:04
that 50 percent of all species or more have been or are
57
159000
3000
da je 50 odsto svih vrsta ili čak i više
03:07
on the brink of extinction because it simply is not true,
58
162000
2000
istrebljeno ili je na rubu istrebljenja jer to prosto nije istina,
03:09
and yet that -- the most apocalyptic scenario
59
164000
2000
pa ipak, najapokaliptičniji scenario
03:11
in the realm of biological diversity --
60
166000
3000
na polju biološke raznovrsnosti
03:14
scarcely approaches what we know to be the most optimistic scenario
61
169000
3000
jedva da je blizu onoga što nam je poznato kao najoptimističniji scenario
03:17
in the realm of cultural diversity.
62
172000
2000
na polju kulturne raznovrsnoti.
03:19
And the great indicator of that, of course, is language loss.
63
174000
3000
A najbolji pokazatelj toga je, naravno, izumiranje jezika.
03:22
When each of you in this room were born,
64
177000
3000
Kada je svako od vas iz ove prostorije rođen,
03:25
there were 6,000 languages spoken on the planet.
65
180000
3000
govorilo se 6.000 jezika na planeti.
03:28
Now, a language is not just a body of vocabulary
66
183000
3000
Jezik nije samo telo rečnika
03:31
or a set of grammatical rules.
67
186000
2000
ili skup gramatičkih pravila.
03:33
A language is a flash of the human spirit.
68
188000
2000
Jezik je srž ljudskog duha.
03:35
It's a vehicle through which the soul of each particular culture
69
190000
3000
To je vozilo kojim duša svake posebne kulture
03:38
comes into the material world.
70
193000
1000
dolazi u materijalni svet.
03:39
Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind,
71
194000
3000
Svaki jezik je stara šuma svesti,
03:42
a watershed, a thought, an ecosystem of spiritual possibilities.
72
197000
4000
vododelnica, misao, ekosistem duhovnih mogućnosti.
03:46
And of those 6,000 languages, as we sit here today in Monterey,
73
201000
4000
Dok sedimo ovde danas u Montereju, polovina od tih 6.000 jezika
03:50
fully half are no longer being whispered into the ears of children.
74
205000
4000
se više ne šapuće deci na uši.
03:54
They're no longer being taught to babies,
75
209000
3000
Bebe ih više ne uče,
03:57
which means, effectively, unless something changes,
76
212000
2000
što znači, efektivno, ukoliko se nešto ne promeni,
03:59
they're already dead.
77
214000
1000
oni su već izumrli.
04:00
What could be more lonely than to be enveloped in silence,
78
215000
4000
Šta bi moglo biti usamljenije od toga da si umotan u tišinu,
04:04
to be the last of your people to speak your language,
79
219000
2000
da budeš poslednji čovek koji govori tvojim jezikom,
04:06
to have no way to pass on the wisdom of the ancestors
80
221000
3000
da ne postoji način da preneseš mudrost svojih predaka
04:09
or anticipate the promise of the children?
81
224000
3000
ili da očekuješ obećanja dece?
04:12
And yet, that dreadful fate is indeed the plight of somebody
82
227000
3000
Pa ipak, ta užasna sudbina je nečija neprilika
04:15
somewhere on Earth roughly every two weeks,
83
230000
2000
skoro svake druge nedelje negde na Zemlji,
04:17
because every two weeks, some elder dies
84
232000
2000
jer svake dve nedelje, neki starac umre
04:19
and carries with him into the grave the last syllables
85
234000
2000
i odnosi sa sobom u grob poslednje slogove
04:21
of an ancient tongue.
86
236000
2000
prastarog jezika.
04:23
And I know there's some of you who say, "Well, wouldn't it be better,
87
238000
2000
Znam da bi neki od vas rekli: "Pa, zar ne bi bilo bolje,
04:25
wouldn't the world be a better place
88
240000
1000
zar svet ne bi bio bolje mesto
04:26
if we all just spoke one language?" And I say, "Great,
89
241000
3000
kad bi svi pričali istim jezikom?" I ja kažem, "Odlično,
04:29
let's make that language Yoruba. Let's make it Cantonese.
90
244000
3000
neka taj jezik bude Joruba. Neka bude Kantoneze.
04:32
Let's make it Kogi."
91
247000
1000
Neka bude Kogi."
04:33
And you'll suddenly discover what it would be like
92
248000
2000
Odjednom biste otkriti kako bi to bilo
04:35
to be unable to speak your own language.
93
250000
3000
kad ne bi mogli da pričate svojim jezikom.
04:38
And so, what I'd like to do with you today
94
253000
3000
Tako da bih želeo ovde danas
04:41
is sort of take you on a journey through the ethnosphere,
95
256000
4000
da vas povedem na put kroz etnosferu,
04:45
a brief journey through the ethnosphere,
96
260000
2000
kratak put kroz etnosferu,
04:47
to try to begin to give you a sense of what in fact is being lost.
97
262000
4000
da pokušam da vam predočim šta zapravo biva izgubljeno.
04:52
Now, there are many of us who sort of forget
98
267000
7000
Mnogi od nas kao da zaboravljaju
04:59
that when I say "different ways of being,"
99
274000
2000
da kada kažem "drukčiji način postojanja,"
05:01
I really do mean different ways of being.
100
276000
2000
zaista i mislim drukčiji način postojanja.
05:04
Take, for example, this child of a Barasana in the Northwest Amazon,
101
279000
5000
Uzmite, na primer, ovo dete iz Barasane u severozapadnom Amazonu,
05:09
the people of the anaconda
102
284000
1000
ljudi anakonde
05:10
who believe that mythologically they came up the milk river
103
285000
2000
koji veruju da su po mitologiji potekli iz mlečne reke
05:12
from the east in the belly of sacred snakes.
104
287000
3000
na istoku iz utrobe svetih zmija.
05:15
Now, this is a people who cognitively
105
290000
3000
E sada, ovo su ljudi koji kognitivno
05:18
do not distinguish the color blue from the color green
106
293000
2000
ne razlikuju plavu od zelene boje
05:20
because the canopy of the heavens
107
295000
2000
jer je nebeski svod
05:22
is equated to the canopy of the forest
108
297000
1000
u stvari šumski svodu
05:23
upon which the people depend.
109
298000
2000
od kojih ljudi zavise.
05:25
They have a curious language and marriage rule
110
300000
3000
Imaju interesantan jezik i pravila braka
05:28
which is called "linguistic exogamy:"
111
303000
2000
koji se zove "lingvistička egzogamija":
05:30
you must marry someone who speaks a different language.
112
305000
3000
moraš se venčati za osobu koja govori drugim jezikom.
05:33
And this is all rooted in the mythological past,
113
308000
2000
A sve to ima svoje korene u mitologiji,
05:35
yet the curious thing is in these long houses,
114
310000
2000
pa ipak zanimljivo je to što u ovim dugačkim kućama,
05:37
where there are six or seven languages spoken
115
312000
2000
u kojima se govori po šest ili sedam jezika
05:39
because of intermarriage,
116
314000
2000
zbog takvih brakova,
05:41
you never hear anyone practicing a language.
117
316000
3000
nikada nećete čuti da neko vežba jezik.
05:44
They simply listen and then begin to speak.
118
319000
3000
Oni prosto slušaju i počnu da govore.
05:47
Or, one of the most fascinating tribes I ever lived with,
119
322000
2000
Ili, jedno od najfascinantnijih plemena sa kojima sam ikada živeo,
05:49
the Waorani of northeastern Ecuador,
120
324000
4000
Vaorani u severoistočnom Ekvadoru,
05:53
an astonishing people first contacted peacefully in 1958.
121
328000
3000
zadivljujući ljudi sa kojima je prvi kontakt mirno ostvaren 1958.
05:56
In 1957, five missionaries attempted contact
122
331000
4000
1957. je pet misionara pokušalo da ostvari kontakt
06:00
and made a critical mistake.
123
335000
1000
i napravili su strašnu grešku.
06:01
They dropped from the air
124
336000
1000
Spustili su im iz vazduha
06:02
8 x 10 glossy photographs of themselves
125
337000
2000
8 x 10 sjajnih fotografija njih samih,
06:04
in what we would say to be friendly gestures,
126
339000
2000
što bismo mi nazvali prijateljskim gestom,
06:06
forgetting that these people of the rainforest
127
341000
2000
zaboravljajući da ovi ljudi iz kišnih šuma
06:08
had never seen anything two-dimensional in their lives.
128
343000
3000
nikada nisu videli ništa dvodimenzionalno u svojim životima.
06:11
They picked up these photographs from the forest floor,
129
346000
2000
Podigli su ove fotografije sa šumskog tla,
06:13
tried to look behind the face to find the form or the figure,
130
348000
3000
pokušali da pogledaju iza lica da vide oblik figure,
06:16
found nothing, and concluded that these were calling cards
131
351000
2000
ništa nisu pronašli, i zaključili su da su ove karte
06:18
from the devil, so they speared the five missionaries to death.
132
353000
3000
od samog đavola, i potom su kopljima ubili pet misionara.
06:22
But the Waorani didn't just spear outsiders.
133
357000
2000
Ali Vaorani nisu samo kopljima ubili pridošlice.
06:24
They speared each other.
134
359000
1000
Ubijali su se i međusobno.
06:25
54 percent of their mortality was due to them spearing each other.
135
360000
3000
54 procenta mortaliteta je posledica međusobnog ubijanja kopljima.
06:28
We traced genealogies back eight generations,
136
363000
3000
Pratili smo genealogiju unazad osam generacija,
06:31
and we found two instances of natural death
137
366000
2000
i pronašli smo samo dva slučaja prirodne smrti
06:33
and when we pressured the people a little bit about it,
138
368000
2000
i kada smo pritisli malo ljude o tome,
06:35
they admitted that one of the fellows had gotten so old
139
370000
2000
priznali su da je jedan od njih toliko ostario
06:37
that he died getting old, so we speared him anyway. (Laughter)
140
372000
4000
da je umro od starosti, ali su ga svejedno proboli kopljima. (Smeh)
06:41
But at the same time they had a perspicacious knowledge
141
376000
3000
Ali u isto vreme oni su imali vrlo pronicljivo znanje
06:44
of the forest that was astonishing.
142
379000
1000
o šumi koje je bilo zadivljujuće.
06:45
Their hunters could smell animal urine at 40 paces
143
380000
3000
Njihovi lovci su bili u stanju da namirišu životinjski urin na 40 koraka
06:48
and tell you what species left it behind.
144
383000
3000
i da vam kažu o kojoj vrsti se radi.
06:51
In the early '80s, I had a really astonishing assignment
145
386000
2000
Ranih '80. preuzeo sam jedan neverovatan zadatak
06:53
when I was asked by my professor at Harvard
146
388000
2000
kada me je profesor sa Harvarda pitao
06:55
if I was interested in going down to Haiti,
147
390000
2000
da li sam zainteresovan da idem na Haiti,
06:58
infiltrating the secret societies
148
393000
2000
da se uključim u tajna društva
07:00
which were the foundation of Duvalier's strength
149
395000
2000
koja su bila osnova Duvalijerovih snaga
07:02
and Tonton Macoutes,
150
397000
1000
i Tontona Makutesa,
07:03
and securing the poison used to make zombies.
151
398000
3000
kako bih došao do otrova koji se koristi za stvaranje zombija.
07:06
In order to make sense out of sensation, of course,
152
401000
3000
Da bih našao smisao u ovome, naravno,
07:09
I had to understand something about this remarkable faith
153
404000
3000
morao sam da razumem ponešto u vezi sa neverovatnom Vudu
07:12
of Vodoun. And Voodoo is not a black magic cult.
154
407000
3000
verom. Vudu nije kult crne magije.
07:15
On the contrary, it's a complex metaphysical worldview.
155
410000
3000
Naprotiv, to je složeni metafizički pogled na svet.
07:18
It's interesting.
156
413000
1000
Interesantno je.
07:19
If I asked you to name the great religions of the world,
157
414000
1000
Kada bih vas pitao da navedete najveće svetske religije,
07:20
what would you say?
158
415000
1000
šta biste rekli?
07:21
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, whatever.
159
416000
3000
Hrišćanstvo, islam, budizam, judaizam, šta god.
07:24
There's always one continent left out,
160
419000
2000
Uvek je jedan kontinent izostavljen,
07:26
the assumption being that sub-Saharan Africa
161
421000
2000
pretpostavlja se da podsaharska Afrika
07:28
had no religious beliefs. Well, of course, they did
162
423000
2000
nije imala religijskih verovanja. Pa, naravno, imali su,
07:30
and Voodoo is simply the distillation
163
425000
2000
i Vudu je jednostavno proizvod
07:33
of these very profound religious ideas
164
428000
1000
veoma ozbiljnih religioznih ideja
07:34
that came over during the tragic Diaspora of the slavery era.
165
429000
3000
koje su nastale tokom tragičnog robovlasničkog perioda provedenog u dijaspori.
07:37
But, what makes Voodoo so interesting
166
432000
2000
Ali, ono što čini Vudu zanimljivim
07:39
is that it's this living relationship
167
434000
2000
jeste to da je to aktivan odnos
07:41
between the living and the dead.
168
436000
1000
između živih i mrtvih.
07:42
So, the living give birth to the spirits.
169
437000
1000
Živi oživljavaju duhove.
07:43
The spirits can be invoked from beneath the Great Water,
170
438000
3000
Duhovi mogu biti prizvani iz Velike Vode,
07:46
responding to the rhythm of the dance
171
441000
2000
odgovarajući na ritam plesa
07:48
to momentarily displace the soul of the living,
172
443000
2000
oni momentalno zamenjuju duše živih,
07:50
so that for that brief shining moment, the acolyte becomes the god.
173
445000
4000
tako da u kratkom, blistavom momentu, sledbenik postaje bog.
07:54
That's why the Voodooists like to say
174
449000
2000
Zbog toga sledbenici Vudua vole da kažu:
07:56
that "You white people go to church and speak about God.
175
451000
3000
"Vi beli ljudi idete u crkvu i pričate o Bogu.
07:59
We dance in the temple and become God."
176
454000
2000
Mi plešemo u hramu i postajemo Bog".
08:01
And because you are possessed, you are taken by the spirit --
177
456000
3000
Obzirom da ste opsednuti, da vas je duh preuzeo,
08:04
how can you be harmed?
178
459000
1000
kako možete biti povređeni?
08:05
So you see these astonishing demonstrations:
179
460000
3000
Vidite ove zapanjujuće demonstracije:
08:08
Voodoo acolytes in a state of trance
180
463000
2000
Vudu sledbenici u stanju transa
08:10
handling burning embers with impunity,
181
465000
3000
nose žar na svojim rukama bez posledica,
08:13
a rather astonishing demonstration of the ability of the mind
182
468000
3000
to je neverovatna demonstracija sposobnosti uma
08:16
to affect the body that bears it
183
471000
1000
da utiče na telo koje to podnosi
08:17
when catalyzed in the state of extreme excitation.
184
472000
3000
kada doživi uzbuđenje ekstremnih granica.
08:21
Now, of all the peoples that I've ever been with,
185
476000
2000
E sada, od svih ljudi sa kojima sam ikada bio,
08:23
the most extraordinary are the Kogi
186
478000
2000
najneobičniji su Kogi
08:25
of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia.
187
480000
3000
sa Sijera Nevada planina Santa Marte na severu Kolumbije.
08:28
Descendants of the ancient Tairona civilization
188
483000
3000
Potomci drevne civilizacije Tajrona
08:31
which once carpeted the Caribbean coastal plain of Colombia,
189
486000
3000
koji su nekada nastanjivali priobalnu Karipsku obalu Kolumbije,
08:34
in the wake of the conquest,
190
489000
1000
u jeku osvajačkih pohoda,
08:35
these people retreated into an isolated volcanic massif
191
490000
3000
povukli su se na izolovane vulkanske masive
08:38
that soars above the Caribbean coastal plain.
192
493000
2000
koji se uzdižu iznad Karipskih priobalnih ravnica.
08:40
In a bloodstained continent,
193
495000
2000
Na krvavom kontinentu,
08:42
these people alone were never conquered by the Spanish.
194
497000
3000
jedino ove ljude nikada nisu pokorili Španci.
08:45
To this day, they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood
195
500000
3000
Do danas, njima upravljaju rituali sveštenstva
08:48
but the training for the priesthood is rather extraordinary.
196
503000
2000
ali obuka ovih sveštenika je vrlo neobična.
08:51
The young acolytes are taken away from their families
197
506000
2000
Mlade sledbenike razdvoje od njihovih porodica
08:53
at the age of three and four,
198
508000
2000
kada imaju tri ili četiri godine,
08:55
sequestered in a shadowy world of darkness
199
510000
2000
izoluju ih u osenčeni svet tame
08:57
in stone huts at the base of glaciers for 18 years:
200
512000
4000
u kamenim kolibama u podnožju glečera na 18 godina:
09:01
two nine-year periods
201
516000
1000
dva devetogodišnja perioda
09:02
deliberately chosen to mimic the nine months of gestation
202
517000
3000
namerno odabrana da imitiraju devet meseci trudnoće
09:05
they spend in their natural mother's womb;
203
520000
2000
koje provedu u prirodnoj utrobi majke;
09:07
now they are metaphorically in the womb of the great mother.
204
522000
3000
oni su tako metaforički u utrobi velike majke.
09:10
And for this entire time,
205
525000
1000
Za sve to vreme,
09:12
they are inculturated into the values of their society,
206
527000
3000
objašnjavaju im vrednosni sistem njihovog društva,
09:15
values that maintain the proposition that their prayers
207
530000
2000
vrednosti koje podrazumevaju da njihove molitve
09:17
and their prayers alone maintain the cosmic --
208
532000
3000
i samo njihove molitve održavaju kosmičku...
09:20
or we might say the ecological -- balance.
209
535000
2000
ili mogli bismo reći ekološku ravnotežu.
09:23
And at the end of this amazing initiation,
210
538000
1000
Na kraju ove neverovatne obuke,
09:24
one day they're suddenly taken out
211
539000
2000
jednog dana ih iznenada izvedu
09:26
and for the first time in their lives, at the age of 18,
212
541000
3000
i po prvi put u svojim životima, u osamnestoj godini,
09:29
they see a sunrise. And in that crystal moment of awareness
213
544000
4000
vide izlazak sunca. U tom kristalnom trenutku svesti
09:33
of first light as the Sun begins to bathe the slopes
214
548000
3000
o prvom zraku svetlosti dok Sunce počinje da obasipa padine
09:36
of the stunningly beautiful landscape,
215
551000
1000
pejzaža lepote koja ostavlja bez daha,
09:38
suddenly everything they have learned in the abstract
216
553000
2000
odjednom se sve što su ikada naučili u teoriji
09:40
is affirmed in stunning glory. And the priest steps back
217
555000
3000
potvrđuje u zadivljujućoj lepoti. Sveštenik zakorači unazad
09:43
and says, "You see? It's really as I've told you.
218
558000
2000
i kaže: "Vidite li? Upravo je tako kao što sam vam rekao."
09:45
It is that beautiful. It is yours to protect."
219
560000
3000
Toliko je prelepo. Vaše je da to štitite."
09:48
They call themselves the "elder brothers"
220
563000
2000
Oni sebe nazivaju "starijom braćom"
09:50
and they say we, who are the younger brothers,
221
565000
3000
i kažu da smo mi, mlađa braća,
09:53
are the ones responsible for destroying the world.
222
568000
3000
odgovorni za uništavanje sveta.
09:57
Now, this level of intuition becomes very important.
223
572000
2000
E sada, ovaj nivo intuicije postaje vrlo važan.
09:59
Whenever we think of indigenous people and landscape,
224
574000
2000
Kad god razmišljamo o domorodačkim narodima i predelima,
10:01
we either invoke Rousseau
225
576000
2000
mi se ili pozivamo Rusoa
10:03
and the old canard of the "noble savage,"
226
578000
3000
ili na staru priču o "plemenitom divljaku",
10:06
which is an idea racist in its simplicity,
227
581000
2000
što je rasistička ideja u svojoj suštini,
10:08
or alternatively, we invoke Thoreau
228
583000
3000
ili alternativno, pozivamo se na Toroa
10:11
and say these people are closer to the Earth than we are.
229
586000
2000
i kažemo da su ti ljudi bliži Zemlji od nas.
10:13
Well, indigenous people are neither sentimental
230
588000
2000
Domoroci nisu ni sentimentalni
10:15
nor weakened by nostalgia.
231
590000
2000
niti podložni nostalgiji.
10:17
There's not a lot of room for either
232
592000
2000
Nema dovoljno mesta ni za jedno ni za drugo
10:19
in the malarial swamps of the Asmat
233
594000
2000
u malarijskim barama Asmata
10:21
or in the chilling winds of Tibet, but they have, nevertheless,
234
596000
3000
ili u hladnim vetrovima Tibeta, ali su oni, ipak
10:24
through time and ritual, forged a traditional mystique of the Earth
235
599000
4000
kroz vreme i rituale, prenosili tradicionalne tajne Zemlje
10:28
that is based not on the idea of being self-consciously close to it,
236
603000
3000
koje nisu utemeljene u ideji o samosvenoj bliskoj vezi sa planetom,
10:31
but on a far subtler intuition:
237
606000
2000
već na mnogo suptilnijem predosećaju:
10:33
the idea that the Earth itself can only exist
238
608000
3000
a to je ideja da Zemlja može postojati jedino
10:37
because it is breathed into being by human consciousness.
239
612000
2000
ako joj ljudska svest udahne život.
10:39
Now, what does that mean?
240
614000
2000
E sada, šta to znači?
10:41
It means that a young kid from the Andes
241
616000
2000
To znači da će mlado dete sa Anda
10:43
who's raised to believe that that mountain is an Apu spirit
242
618000
2000
koje je odraslo u uverenju da je planina Apu duh
10:45
that will direct his or her destiny
243
620000
2000
koji će odrediti njegovu ili njenu sudbinu
10:47
will be a profoundly different human being
244
622000
3000
biti suštinski drukčije ljudsko biće
10:50
and have a different relationship to that resource
245
625000
3000
i imati drukčiji odnos prema tom izvoru
10:53
or that place than a young kid from Montana
246
628000
2000
ili tom mestu u odnosu na mlado dete iz Montane
10:55
raised to believe that a mountain is a pile of rock
247
630000
3000
koje je odraslo u uverenju da je planina gomila kamenja
10:58
ready to be mined.
248
633000
1000
koje čeka da bude minirano.
10:59
Whether it's the abode of a spirit or a pile of ore is irrelevant.
249
634000
4000
Bilo da je to prebivalište duha ili gomila rude, nebitno je.
11:03
What's interesting is the metaphor that defines the relationship
250
638000
3000
Ono što je zanimljivo jeste metafora koja definiše vezu
11:06
between the individual and the natural world.
251
641000
2000
između jedinke i prirode.
11:08
I was raised in the forests of British Columbia
252
643000
2000
Ja sam odrastao u šumama Britanske Kolumbije
11:10
to believe those forests existed to be cut.
253
645000
2000
u uverenju da te šume postoje da bi bile isečene.
11:12
That made me a different human being
254
647000
2000
To me je načinilo drukčijim ljudskim bićem
11:14
than my friends amongst the Kwagiulth
255
649000
2000
od mojih prijatelja među Kvagujima
11:16
who believe that those forests were the abode of Huxwhukw
256
651000
2000
koji veruju da su te šume prebivalište "Huxwhukw"-a
11:18
and the Crooked Beak of Heaven
257
653000
1000
i Vijugavog kljuna raja
11:19
and the cannibal spirits that dwelled at the north end of the world,
258
654000
3000
i kanibalskih duša koje žive na severnom kraju sveta,
11:22
spirits they would have to engage during their Hamatsa initiation.
259
657000
4000
duša sa kojima moraju da interaguju tokom njihovog Hamatsa obreda.
11:26
Now, if you begin to look at the idea
260
661000
2000
Ukoliko počnete da razmatrate ideju
11:28
that these cultures could create different realities,
261
663000
2000
da bi ove kulture mogle stvoriti drugačiju realnost,
11:30
you could begin to understand
262
665000
1000
počeli biste da shvatate
11:31
some of their extraordinary discoveries. Take this plant here.
263
666000
5000
neke od njihovih neverovatnih otkrića. Uzmite ovu biljku ovde.
11:36
It's a photograph I took in the Northwest Amazon just last April.
264
671000
2000
To je fotografija koju sam uslikao na severozapadnom Amazonu prošlog aprila.
11:38
This is ayahuasca, which many of you have heard about,
265
673000
3000
Ovo je ajovaska, za koju su mnogi od vas čuli,
11:41
the most powerful psychoactive preparation
266
676000
3000
jedna od najsnažnijih psihoaktivnih smeša
11:44
of the shaman's repertoire.
267
679000
2000
u repertoaru šamana.
11:46
What makes ayahuasca fascinating
268
681000
2000
Ono što ajovasku čini izuzetnom
11:48
is not the sheer pharmacological potential of this preparation,
269
683000
4000
nije čisti farmakološki potencijal smeše,
11:52
but the elaboration of it. It's made really of two different sources:
270
687000
4000
već kako se sintetiše. Pravi se od dva različita izvora:
11:56
on the one hand, this woody liana
271
691000
2000
sa jedne strane, ova drvena lijana
11:58
which has in it a series of beta-carbolines,
272
693000
2000
koja u sebi ima čitav niz beta-karbolina,
12:00
harmine, harmaline, mildly hallucinogenic --
273
695000
3000
harmina, harmalina, blagih halucinogena,
12:03
to take the vine alone
274
698000
2000
uzmete li samo ovu biljku
12:05
is rather to have sort of blue hazy smoke
275
700000
2000
osetili biste se kao da plavi maglovit dim
12:07
drift across your consciousness --
276
702000
2000
struji kroz vašu svest,
12:09
but it's mixed with the leaves of a shrub in the coffee family
277
704000
3000
ali je pomešana sa lišćem žbuna iz familije kafe
12:12
called Psychotria viridis.
278
707000
2000
nazvan Psihotria viridis (lat).
12:14
This plant had in it some very powerful tryptamines,
279
709000
3000
Ova biljka u sebi sadrži neke veoma moćne triptamine,
12:17
very close to brain serotonin, dimethyltryptamine,
280
712000
4000
jako slične serotoninu, dimetiltriptaminu,
12:21
5-methoxydimethyltryptamine.
281
716000
1000
5-metoksidimetiltriptaminu.
12:22
If you've ever seen the Yanomami
282
717000
2000
Ako ste ikada videli Janomame
12:24
blowing that snuff up their noses,
283
719000
2000
kako ušrmakavaju poprašeni duvan,
12:26
that substance they make from a different set of species
284
721000
3000
ta supstanca koju prave od različitih vrsta biljaka
12:29
also contains methoxydimethyltryptamine.
285
724000
4000
takođe sadrži metodimetriltriptamin.
12:33
To have that powder blown up your nose
286
728000
2000
Kada ušmrkavate taj prah
12:35
is rather like being shot out of a rifle barrel
287
730000
4000
to je kao da ste upucani iz puške
12:39
lined with baroque paintings and landing on a sea of electricity. (Laughter)
288
734000
7000
zajedno sa baroknim slikama i pri tom slećete na more električne struje. (Smeh)
12:46
It doesn't create the distortion of reality;
289
741000
2000
To ne dovodi do izvrtanja realnosti;
12:48
it creates the dissolution of reality.
290
743000
1000
to dovodi do ukidanja stvarnosti.
12:49
In fact, I used to argue with my professor, Richard Evan Shultes --
291
744000
3000
Zapravo, ranije sam se raspravljao sa mojim profesorom, Ričardom Evanom Šultsom,
12:52
who is a man who sparked the psychedelic era
292
747000
2000
čovekom koji je izazvao psihodeličnu eru
12:54
with his discovery of the magic mushrooms
293
749000
2000
otkrićem magičnih pečurki
12:56
in Mexico in the 1930s --
294
751000
2000
u Meksiku 1930.
12:58
I used to argue that you couldn't classify these tryptamines
295
753000
2000
Tvrdio sam da se ovi triptamini ne mogu klasifikovati
13:00
as hallucinogenic because by the time you're under the effects
296
755000
3000
u red halucinogena jer u vreme kad ste pod efektima
13:03
there's no one home anymore to experience a hallucination. (Laughter)
297
758000
4000
nema nikog kod kuće ko bi doživeo tu halucinaciju. (Smeh)
13:07
But the thing about tryptamines is they cannot be taken orally
298
762000
3000
Ali stvar sa triptaminima je da se oni ne mogu uzimati oralno
13:10
because they're denatured by an enzyme
299
765000
2000
zato što ih razgrađuju enzimi
13:12
found naturally in the human gut called monoamine oxidase.
300
767000
3000
koji su prirodni sastojak stomaka ljudi, a to su monoaminske oksidaze.
13:15
They can only be taken orally if taken in conjunction
301
770000
3000
Mogu se uzimati oralno samo ako se uzmu zajedno
13:18
with some other chemical that denatures the MAO.
302
773000
3000
sa nekim drugim hemikalijama koje menjaju MAO.
13:21
Now, the fascinating things
303
776000
1000
Sada, zadivljujuće je
13:22
are that the beta-carbolines found within that liana
304
777000
4000
da su beta-karboini, sastojci lijana,
13:26
are MAO inhibitors of the precise sort necessary
305
781000
3000
zapravo MAO inhibitori upravo one vrste koja
13:30
to potentiate the tryptamine. So you ask yourself a question.
306
785000
3000
aktivira triptamine. Onda se zapitate:
13:33
How, in a flora of 80,000 species of vascular plants,
307
788000
4000
Kako su u flori od 80.000 vrsta vaskularnih biljaka,
13:37
do these people find these two morphologically unrelated plants
308
792000
4000
ovi ljudi pronašli ove dve morfološki različite biljke
13:41
that when combined in this way,
309
796000
1000
koje, kada se kombinuju na ovaj način,
13:42
created a kind of biochemical version
310
797000
2000
stvaraju vrstu biohemijske smeše
13:44
of the whole being greater than the sum of the parts?
311
799000
2000
koja je više od prostog zbira njenih delova?
13:46
Well, we use that great euphemism, "trial and error,"
312
801000
3000
U redu, mi koristimo poznati eufemizam "pokušaja i greške"
13:49
which is exposed to be meaningless.
313
804000
1000
koji se ispostavio kao beznačajan.
13:51
But you ask the Indians, and they say, "The plants talk to us."
314
806000
3000
Ali pitajte Indijance, i oni će reći, "Biljke pričaju sa nama."
13:54
Well, what does that mean?
315
809000
1000
Pa, šta to znači?
13:55
This tribe, the Cofan, has 17 varieties of ayahuasca,
316
810000
4000
Ovo pleme, Kofan, ima 17 vrsta ajovaska,
13:59
all of which they distinguish a great distance in the forest,
317
814000
3000
i sve ih razlikuju čak na velikim udaljenostima u šumi,
14:03
all of which are referable to our eye as one species.
318
818000
4000
a mi ih prepoznajemo kao jednu istu vrstu.
14:07
And then you ask them how they establish their taxonomy
319
822000
2000
A kada ih pitate kako su uspeli da ih klasifikuju
14:09
and they say, "I thought you knew something about plants.
320
824000
3000
oni kažu: "Mislio sam da ti znaš ponešto o biljkama.
14:12
I mean, don't you know anything?" And I said, "No."
321
827000
2000
Mislim, zar ništa baš ne znaš?" Ja odgovorim: "Ne."
14:14
Well, it turns out you take each of the 17 varieties
322
829000
3000
Pa, ispostavilo se da je potrebno da uzmeš svaku od 17 vrsta
14:17
in the night of a full moon, and it sings to you in a different key.
323
832000
3000
u noći punog meseca, i one ti pevaju u različitom tonalitetu.
14:20
Now, that's not going to get you a Ph.D. at Harvard,
324
835000
2000
To ti neće doneti doktorat na Harvardu,
14:22
but it's a lot more interesting than counting stamens. (Laughter)
325
837000
4000
ali svakako je interesantnije od brojanja prašnika. (Smeh)
14:26
Now --
326
841000
1000
Sada,
14:27
(Applause) --
327
842000
3000
(Aplauz)
14:30
the problem -- the problem is that even those of us
328
845000
2000
problem, problem je u tome da iako neki od nas
14:32
sympathetic with the plight of indigenous people
329
847000
2000
saosećaju sa nedaćama urođenika,
14:34
view them as quaint and colorful
330
849000
1000
shvataju ih kao neobične i raznolike,
14:35
but somehow reduced to the margins of history
331
850000
2000
ali nekako povučene na margine istorije
14:37
as the real world, meaning our world, moves on.
332
852000
3000
dok pravi svet, naš svet, nastavlja dalje.
14:40
Well, the truth is the 20th century, 300 years from now,
333
855000
2000
Istina je, pak, da će dvadeseti vek, za 300 godina,
14:42
is not going to be remembered for its wars
334
857000
3000
biti upamćen ne po ratovima
14:45
or its technological innovations,
335
860000
1000
ili tehnološkim inovacijama,
14:46
but rather as the era in which we stood by
336
861000
2000
već kao era u kojoj smo stajali
14:49
and either actively endorsed or passively accepted
337
864000
2000
i aktivno podržavali ili pasivno prihvatili
14:51
the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity
338
866000
3000
masivno uništenje i biološke i kulturološke raznolikosti
14:54
on the planet. Now, the problem isn't change.
339
869000
3000
na planeti. E pa problem se neće promeniti.
14:57
All cultures through all time
340
872000
2000
Sve kulture su kroz vreme
14:59
have constantly been engaged in a dance
341
874000
3000
stalno bile angažovane u plesu
15:02
with new possibilities of life.
342
877000
1000
sa novim mogućnostima života.
15:04
And the problem is not technology itself.
343
879000
2000
Problem nije ni tehnologija sama po sebi.
15:07
The Sioux Indians did not stop being Sioux
344
882000
2000
Sijuks Indijanci nisu prestali da budu Sijuks
15:09
when they gave up the bow and arrow
345
884000
1000
kada su se odrekli luka i strele
15:10
any more than an American stopped being an American
346
885000
2000
ništa više nego što su Amerikanci prestali da budu Amerikanci
15:12
when he gave up the horse and buggy.
347
887000
2000
kada su napustili konje i kočije.
15:14
It's not change or technology
348
889000
1000
Nije to ni promena ni tehnologija
15:15
that threatens the integrity of the ethnosphere. It is power,
349
890000
4000
koja je ugrozila integritet etnosfere. To je moć,
15:19
the crude face of domination.
350
894000
2000
okrutno lice dominacije.
15:21
Wherever you look around the world,
351
896000
2000
Gde god da pogledate po svetu,
15:23
you discover that these are not cultures destined to fade away;
352
898000
3000
otkrićete da sudbina ovih kultura nije da nestanu;
15:26
these are dynamic living peoples
353
901000
2000
to su ljudi koji vode dinamičan život,
15:28
being driven out of existence by identifiable forces
354
903000
3000
ljudi čije je postojanje ugroženo poznatim silama
15:31
that are beyond their capacity to adapt to:
355
906000
2000
koje su van njihove moći prilagođavanja:
15:33
whether it's the egregious deforestation
356
908000
2000
bilo da je u pitanju uništenje šuma
15:36
in the homeland of the Penan --
357
911000
2000
u zemlji Penana,
15:38
a nomadic people from Southeast Asia, from Sarawak --
358
913000
3000
nomadski narod sa jugoistoka Afrike, iz Saravaka,
15:41
a people who lived free in the forest until a generation ago,
359
916000
4000
narod koji je slobodno živeo u šumama samo do pre jedne generacije,
15:45
and now have all been reduced to servitude and prostitution
360
920000
3000
a sada je u potpunosti sveden na ropstvo i prostituciju
15:48
on the banks of the rivers,
361
923000
2000
na obalama reka,
15:50
where you can see the river itself is soiled with the silt
362
925000
4000
gde možete videti da je i sama reka zagađena muljem
15:54
that seems to be carrying half of Borneo away
363
929000
2000
koji izgleda kao da odnosi pola Bornea
15:56
to the South China Sea,
364
931000
1000
do Južnog kineskog mora,
15:57
where the Japanese freighters hang light in the horizon
365
932000
2000
gde japanski teretni brodovi čekaju sa svetlima uprtim u horizont
15:59
ready to fill their holds with raw logs ripped from the forest --
366
934000
4000
da napune svoje nosače sirovim stablima iščupanim iz šume --
16:03
or, in the case of the Yanomami,
367
938000
1000
ili, u slučaju Janomama,
16:04
it's the disease entities that have come in,
368
939000
2000
to su bolesti koje su se pojavile,
16:06
in the wake of the discovery of gold.
369
941000
2000
u periodu zlatne groznice.
16:08
Or if we go into the mountains of Tibet,
370
943000
2000
Ili ako odemo do planina Tibeta,
16:10
where I'm doing a lot of research recently,
371
945000
2000
gde mnogo istražujem u poslednje vreme,
16:13
you'll see it's a crude face of political domination.
372
948000
3000
videćete da je u pitanju surovo lice političke dominacije.
16:16
You know, genocide, the physical extinction of a people
373
951000
2000
Znate, genocid, fizičko istrebljenje ljudi
16:18
is universally condemned, but ethnocide,
374
953000
2000
je osuđeno na globalnom nivou, ali etnocid,
16:21
the destruction of people's way of life, is not only not condemned,
375
956000
3000
uništavanje načina na koji ljudi žive, ne samo da nije osuđeno,
16:24
it's universally, in many quarters, celebrated
376
959000
3000
već je na globalnom nivou, na mnogim delovima, slavljeno
16:27
as part of a development strategy.
377
962000
2000
kao deo razvojne strategije.
16:29
And you cannot understand the pain of Tibet
378
964000
3000
Ne možete razumeti bol Tibeta
16:32
until you move through it at the ground level.
379
967000
2000
dok ne prođete kroz taj predeo drumovima.
16:34
I once travelled 6,000 miles from Chengdu in Western China
380
969000
4000
Jednom sam putovao 9.656 kilometara od Čengdua u zapadnoj Kini
16:38
overland through southeastern Tibet to Lhasa
381
973000
3000
zemljanim putem kroz jugoistočni Tibet do Lase
16:41
with a young colleague, and it was only when I got to Lhasa
382
976000
4000
sa mladim kolegom, i tek kad sam došao do Lase
16:45
that I understood the face behind the statistics
383
980000
3000
razumeo sam lice koje se krije iza statistike
16:48
you hear about:
384
983000
1000
o kojoj vas obaveštavaju:
16:49
6,000 sacred monuments torn apart to dust and ashes,
385
984000
4000
6.000 svetih spomenika pretvoreno u prah i pepeo,
16:53
1.2 million people killed by the cadres
386
988000
3000
1.2 miliona ljudi koje su regruti ubili
16:56
during the Cultural Revolution.
387
991000
1000
u periodu Kulturne revolucije.
16:58
This young man's father had been ascribed to the Panchen Lama.
388
993000
2000
Otac ovog mladog čoveka je bio dodeljen Pančen Lami.
17:00
That meant he was instantly killed
389
995000
2000
To znači da je bio odmah ubijen
17:02
at the time of the Chinese invasion.
390
997000
2000
u vreme kineske invazije.
17:04
His uncle fled with His Holiness in the Diaspora
391
999000
2000
Njegov ujak je pobegao sa Njegovom Svetošću u Dijasporu
17:06
that took the people to Nepal.
392
1001000
3000
koja je odvela narod u Nepal.
17:09
His mother was incarcerated
393
1004000
2000
Njegova majka je bila zatvorena,
17:11
for the crime of being wealthy.
394
1006000
2000
a njen zločin je bio njeno bogatstvo.
17:14
He was smuggled into the jail at the age of two
395
1009000
2000
On je bio prokrijumčaren u zatvor kada je imao dve godine
17:16
to hide beneath her skirt tails
396
1011000
2000
gde je bio skriven u njenim haljinama
17:18
because she couldn't bear to be without him.
397
1013000
2000
jer nije mogla da podnese da bude odvojena od njega.
17:20
The sister who had done that brave deed
398
1015000
2000
Sestra koja je učinila to hrabro delo
17:22
was put into an education camp.
399
1017000
1000
je odvedena u obrazovni kamp.
17:23
One day she inadvertently stepped on an armband
400
1018000
2000
Jednog dana je nenamerno stala na traku na ruci
17:26
of Mao, and for that transgression,
401
1021000
2000
Maoa, i zbog tog prestupa
17:28
she was given seven years of hard labor.
402
1023000
3000
osuđena je na sedam godina teškog rada.
17:31
The pain of Tibet can be impossible to bear,
403
1026000
3000
Patnju Tibeta bi bilo nemoguće podneti,
17:34
but the redemptive spirit of the people is something to behold.
404
1029000
3000
ali pravednički duh ovih ljudi je nešto što treba videti.
17:38
And in the end, then, it really comes down to a choice:
405
1033000
3000
Na kraju, zaista se svede na izbor:
17:41
do we want to live in a monochromatic world of monotony
406
1036000
3000
želimo li da živimo u jednoličnom svetu monotonije
17:44
or do we want to embrace a polychromatic world of diversity?
407
1039000
3000
ili želimo da prigrlimo šareni svet različitosti?
17:47
Margaret Mead, the great anthropologist, said, before she died,
408
1042000
3000
Margaret Mid, čuveni antropolog, rekla je pre nego što je preminula,
17:50
that her greatest fear was that as we drifted towards
409
1045000
3000
da je njen najveći strah da ćemo dok se krećemo prema
17:53
this blandly amorphous generic world view
410
1048000
2000
ovom apatičnom bezobličnom generičkom pogledu na svet
17:55
not only would we see the entire range of the human imagination
411
1050000
5000
ne samo videti kako se čitav spektar ljudske mašte
18:00
reduced to a more narrow modality of thought,
412
1055000
4000
svodi na jednoličan način mišljenja,
18:04
but that we would wake from a dream one day
413
1059000
1000
već da ćemo se jednog dana probuditi iz sna
18:05
having forgotten there were even other possibilities.
414
1060000
3000
i zaboraviti da su nekada postojale druge mogućnosti.
18:09
And it's humbling to remember that our species has, perhaps,
415
1064000
3000
Potrebno je sa poštovanjem se setiti da je naša vrsta ovde, možda,
18:12
been around for [150,000] years.
416
1067000
2000
oko 150.000 godina.
18:14
The Neolithic Revolution -- which gave us agriculture,
417
1069000
3000
Neolitska revolucija koja nam je donela agrikulturu,
18:17
at which time we succumbed to the cult of the seed;
418
1072000
2000
tada smo pali pod uticaj kulta semena;
18:19
the poetry of the shaman was displaced
419
1074000
2000
tada je poezija šamana zamenjena
18:21
by the prose of the priesthood;
420
1076000
1000
prozom sveštenstva;
18:22
we created hierarchy specialization surplus --
421
1077000
3000
tada smo stvorili hijerarhiju specijalizovanih viškova --
18:25
is only 10,000 years ago.
422
1080000
2000
se desila tek pre 10.000 godina.
18:27
The modern industrial world as we know it
423
1082000
2000
Moderni industrijski svet koji poznajemo
18:29
is barely 300 years old.
424
1084000
2000
star je svega 300 godina.
18:31
Now, that shallow history doesn't suggest to me
425
1086000
2000
Sad, ta površna istorija mi ne nagoveštava
18:33
that we have all the answers for all of the challenges
426
1088000
3000
da imamo sve odgovore na sve izazove
18:36
that will confront us in the ensuing millennia.
427
1091000
2000
koji će nas snaći u predstojećem milenijumu.
18:38
When these myriad cultures of the world
428
1093000
2000
Kada je bezbroj ovih kultura na svetu
18:40
are asked the meaning of being human,
429
1095000
3000
upitano šta znači biti ljudsko biće,
18:43
they respond with 10,000 different voices.
430
1098000
2000
oni su odgovorili sa 10.000 različitih glasova.
18:45
And it's within that song that we will all rediscover the possibility
431
1100000
6000
U toj pesmi ćemo svi ponovno otkriti mogućnost
18:51
of being what we are: a fully conscious species,
432
1106000
3000
da budemo to što jesmo: u potpunosti svesna vrsta,
18:54
fully aware of ensuring that all peoples and all gardens
433
1109000
3000
potpuno svesna da svi ljudi i sve bašte
18:57
find a way to flourish. And there are great moments of optimism.
434
1112000
6000
pronalaze svoj način da cvetaju. Postoje sjajni trenuci optimizma.
19:03
This is a photograph I took at the northern tip of Baffin Island
435
1118000
3000
Ovo je fotografija koju sam napravio na severnom vrhu ostrva Bafin
19:06
when I went narwhal hunting with some Inuit people,
436
1121000
2000
kada sam išao u lov na narvale sa nekim Inuitima,
19:09
and this man, Olayuk, told me a marvelous story of his grandfather.
437
1124000
3000
i ovaj čovek, Olajuk, mi je ispričao predivnu priču svog dede.
19:13
The Canadian government has not always been kind
438
1128000
2000
Kanadska vlada nije oduvek bila fina
19:15
to the Inuit people, and during the 1950s,
439
1130000
2000
prema Inuitima, i tokom pedesetih godina XX veka,
19:17
to establish our sovereignty, we forced them into settlements.
440
1132000
3000
kako bismo uspostavili naš suverenitet, primorali smo ih na seljenje.
19:20
This old man's grandfather refused to go.
441
1135000
4000
Deda ovog starog čoveka je odbio da ode.
19:24
The family, fearful for his life, took away all of his weapons,
442
1139000
4000
Porodica, zabrinuta za njegov život, oduzela mu je oružje,
19:28
all of his tools.
443
1143000
1000
sav njegov alat.
19:30
Now, you must understand that the Inuit did not fear the cold;
444
1145000
2000
Sada, morate razumeti da se Inuiti ne plaše hladnoće;
19:32
they took advantage of it.
445
1147000
1000
oni u tome vide prednost.
19:33
The runners of their sleds were originally made of fish
446
1148000
3000
Klizači na njihovim sankama su prvobitno bili pravljeni od ribe
19:36
wrapped in caribou hide.
447
1151000
1000
zamotane u jelensku kožu.
19:37
So, this man's grandfather was not intimidated by the Arctic night
448
1152000
5000
Tako da deda ovog čoveka nije bio zastrašen arktičkom noći
19:42
or the blizzard that was blowing.
449
1157000
2000
niti mećavom koja je duvala.
19:44
He simply slipped outside, pulled down his sealskin trousers
450
1159000
3000
On se prosto izvukao napolje, svukao pantalone od fokinog krzna
19:48
and defecated into his hand. And as the feces began to freeze,
451
1163000
3000
i pokakio se u svoju ruku. I dok se fekalija smrzavala,
19:51
he shaped it into the form of a blade.
452
1166000
3000
oblikovao ju je u formu oštrice.
19:54
He put a spray of saliva on the edge of the shit knife
453
1169000
2000
Zatim je pljunuo na ivicu ovog noža od fekalija
19:56
and as it finally froze solid, he butchered a dog with it.
454
1171000
3000
i kada se najzad zaledio, zaklao je psa time.
19:59
He skinned the dog and improvised a harness,
455
1174000
3000
Potom je odrao kožu sa psa i improvizovao opremu,
20:02
took the ribcage of the dog and improvised a sled,
456
1177000
3000
uzeo rebra psa i improvizovao klizače na sankama,
20:06
harnessed up an adjacent dog,
457
1181000
1000
upregao drugog psa,
20:07
and disappeared over the ice floes, shit knife in belt.
458
1182000
4000
i nestao preko ledenih santi, sa nožem od izmeta za pojasom.
20:11
Talk about getting by with nothing. (Laughter)
459
1186000
4000
Kako ni od čega napraviti nešto. (Smeh)
20:15
And this, in many ways --
460
1190000
1000
Ovo je, na mnogo načina --
20:16
(Applause) --
461
1191000
2000
(Aplauz) --
20:18
is a symbol of the resilience of the Inuit people
462
1193000
2000
simbol izdržljivosti Inuita
20:20
and of all indigenous people around the world.
463
1195000
3000
i svih domorodaca širom sveta.
20:23
The Canadian government in April of 1999
464
1198000
2000
Kanadska vada je aprila 1999.
20:25
gave back to total control of the Inuit
465
1200000
3000
dala Inuitima potpunu kontrolu
20:28
an area of land larger than California and Texas put together.
466
1203000
3000
nad zemljom površine koja je veća od Kalifornije i Teksasa zajedno.
20:31
It's our new homeland. It's called Nunavut.
467
1206000
2000
To je naša nova domovina. Nazvana Nunavut.
20:34
It's an independent territory. They control all mineral resources.
468
1209000
3000
To je nezavisna teritorija. Oni kontrolišu sve mineralne resurse.
20:37
An amazing example of how a nation-state
469
1212000
2000
Ovo je zadivljujući primer kako država
20:39
can seek restitution with its people.
470
1214000
4000
može rešiti problem povraćaja imovine svom narodu.
20:44
And finally, in the end, I think it's pretty obvious
471
1219000
3000
Najzad, na samom kraju, mislim da je prilično očigledno
20:47
at least to all of all us who've traveled
472
1222000
1000
makar svima nama koji smo putovali
20:48
in these remote reaches of the planet,
473
1223000
2000
u ove udaljene delove naše planete,
20:52
to realize that they're not remote at all.
474
1227000
1000
da shvatimo da oni uopšte nisu udaljeni.
20:53
They're homelands of somebody.
475
1228000
2000
To su nečije domovine.
20:55
They represent branches of the human imagination
476
1230000
2000
Predstavljaju ogranke ljudske mašte
20:57
that go back to the dawn of time. And for all of us,
477
1232000
4000
koja seže do početka vremena. Za sve nas,
21:01
the dreams of these children, like the dreams of our own children,
478
1236000
3000
snovi ove dece, kao snovi naše dece,
21:04
become part of the naked geography of hope.
479
1239000
3000
postaju delovi ogoljene geografije nade.
21:07
So, what we're trying to do at the National Geographic, finally,
480
1242000
4000
Najzad, ono što pokušavamo da uradimo u Nacionalnoj Geografiji,
21:11
is, we believe that politicians will never accomplish anything.
481
1246000
4000
pa mi mislimo da političari nikada ništa neće postići.
21:15
We think that polemics --
482
1250000
1000
Mislimo da polemike,
21:16
(Applause) --
483
1251000
2000
(Aplauz)
21:18
we think that polemics are not persuasive,
484
1253000
2000
mislimo da polemike nisu ubedljive,
21:20
but we think that storytelling can change the world,
485
1255000
3000
ali mislimo da pričanje priča može promeniti svet,
21:23
and so we are probably the best storytelling institution
486
1258000
3000
a mi smo verovatno najbolja institucija za pričanje priča
21:26
in the world. We get 35 million hits on our website every month.
487
1261000
3000
na svetu. Beležimo 35 miliona ulazaka na naš sajt svakog meseca.
21:29
156 nations carry our television channel.
488
1264000
3000
156 nacija prenosi naš TV kanal.
21:33
Our magazines are read by millions.
489
1268000
2000
Naše magazine čitaju milioni.
21:35
And what we're doing is a series of journeys
490
1270000
3000
Mi idemo na brojna putovanja
21:38
to the ethnosphere where we're going to take our audience
491
1273000
2000
u etnosferu i tako odvodimo našu publiku
21:40
to places of such cultural wonder
492
1275000
2000
na mesta takvih kulturnih čuda
21:43
that they cannot help but come away dazzled
493
1278000
2000
da ne mogu a da ne ostanu bez daha
21:45
by what they have seen, and hopefully, therefore,
494
1280000
2000
ulsed onoga što su videli, i nadamo se, na taj način,
21:47
embrace gradually, one by one,
495
1282000
3000
da postepeno prihvate, jednu po jednu,
21:50
the central revelation of anthropology:
496
1285000
2000
samu suštinu antropologije:
21:52
that this world deserves to exist in a diverse way,
497
1287000
4000
da ovaj svet zaslužuje da postoji na različite načine,
21:56
that we can find a way to live
498
1291000
1000
da možemo da nađemo način da živimo
21:57
in a truly multicultural, pluralistic world
499
1292000
3000
u istinski multikulturalnom, pluralističkom svetu
22:00
where all of the wisdom of all peoples
500
1295000
2000
gde sva mudrost svih ljudi
22:02
can contribute to our collective well-being.
501
1297000
3000
može doprineti našem kolektivnom blagostanju.
22:05
Thank you very much.
502
1300000
1000
Mnogo vam hvala.
22:06
(Applause)
503
1301000
2000
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanistA National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.”
Why you should listen
Wade Davis is perhaps the most articulate and influential western advocate for the world's indigenous cultures. A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, he has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Trained in anthropology and botany at Harvard, he travels the globe to live alongside indigenous people, and document their cultural practices in books, photographs, and film. His stunning photographs and evocative stories capture the viewer's imagination. As a speaker, he parlays that sense of wonder into passionate concern over the rate at which cultures and languages are disappearing -- 50 percent of the world's 7,000 languages, he says, are no longer taught to children. He argues, in the most beautiful terms, that language is much more than vocabulary and grammatical rules. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind.
Indigenous cultures are not failed attempts at modernity, let alone failed attempts to be us. They are unique expressions of the human imagination and heart, unique answers to a fundamental question: What does it mean to be human and alive? When asked this question, the peoples of the world respond in 7,000 different voices, and these collectively comprise our human repertoire for dealing with all the challenges that will confront us as a species over the coming centuries.
Davis is the author of 15 books including The Serpent and the Rainbow, One River, and The Wayfinders. His many film credits include Light at the Edge of the World, an eight-hour documentary series produced for the National Geographic. In 2009 he received the Gold Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for his contributions to anthropology and conservation, and he is the 2011 recipient of the Explorers Medal, the highest award of the Explorers’ Club, and the 2012 recipient of the Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration. His latest books are Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest and The Sacred Headwaters: the Fight to Save the Stikine, Skeena and the Nass.
Wade Davis | Speaker | TED.com