TED2018
Ian Firth: Bridges should be beautiful
伊恩 · 夫斯: 谁说桥梁不能更美观
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桥梁需要实用，安全和耐用，但同时也应该优雅和美观，建造工程师伊恩 · 夫斯指出。在这个富有魅力的新老桥梁之旅中，夫斯带我们探索了在核心结构领域的创新和多样化的潜力，以及这些壮观的桥梁如何揭示了我们的连通性，释放我们的创造力，并暗示我们的身份。
Ian Firth - Engineer, bridge designer
Ian Firth designs bridges all around the world; some are very long and cross over wide rivers or sea channels, and some are really short and in the middle of towns and cities, but "all of them are unique and special in their own way." Full bio
Ian Firth designs bridges all around the world; some are very long and cross over wide rivers or sea channels, and some are really short and in the middle of towns and cities, but "all of them are unique and special in their own way." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
The world needs bridges.
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世界需要桥梁。
00:17
Have you ever thought about
what it would be like not to have any?
what it would be like not to have any?
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你们有想过一个没有桥的世界吗？
00:21
It's hard to imagine
a civilization without bridges
a civilization without bridges
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很难去想像一个没有桥的文明，
00:25
because they're so essential
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因为在人类社会的发展过程中，
00:26
for growth and development
of human society,
of human society,
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桥梁始终都是不可或缺的，
00:29
but they're not just about a safe way
across a river or an obstacle.
across a river or an obstacle.
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桥梁不仅让我们安全地
跨过河流或者障碍，
跨过河流或者障碍，
00:35
They shout about connectivity --
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它们更象征着一种连通性——
00:39
community.
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将社区彼此连接。
00:40
They reveal something about creativity,
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它们体现了创造力，
00:42
our ingenuity --
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我们的智慧——
甚至还暗示着我们的身份。
00:44
they even hint at our identity.
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00:49
And when bridges fail,
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而当桥垮了，
00:51
or are destroyed in conflict,
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或在冲突中被毁，
00:53
communities struggle,
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社区受创，
00:55
development stagnates, people suffer.
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发展受阻，人民受苦。
00:59
Even today,
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即便今天，
01:01
there are over one billion people
living in poor, rural communities
living in poor, rural communities
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全球仍有超过十亿人
生活在贫困的乡村，
01:05
around the world
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他们没法随时随地享受到
01:06
that do not have safe, year-round access
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01:08
to the things that you
and I take for granted:
and I take for granted:
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我们习以为常的安全的资源：
01:10
education, medical care,
access to markets ...
access to markets ...
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如教育，医保，商场等等...
01:14
which is why wonderful organizations
like Bridges to Prosperity
like Bridges to Prosperity
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这就是诸如“繁荣之路”
那样伟大的组织
那样伟大的组织
01:18
build bridges in this kind of place --
this is in Rwanda.
this is in Rwanda.
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在这种地方修桥的原因——
这是卢旺达。
这是卢旺达。
01:21
And they make such a difference,
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他们让一切变得大不同，
01:23
not only to those lives
immediately around the bridge,
immediately around the bridge,
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不仅对住在大桥周边的人，
而且这些桥的影响是巨大的，
01:26
but the impact of these bridges is huge,
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01:28
and it spreads over the whole community,
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延伸至整个社区，
01:31
far, far away.
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直到很远很远的地方。
01:34
Of course bridges have been around
for an awfully long time.
for an awfully long time.
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当然，桥梁很早之前就出现了。
01:37
The oldest ones are stone
because it's a very durable material.
because it's a very durable material.
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最早的桥是石桥，
因为石头是一种非常耐用的材料。
因为石头是一种非常耐用的材料。
我不知道你们怎么想——
01:41
I don't know about you --
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我个人最喜欢目睹科技的发展，
01:42
I love to look at
the development of technology
the development of technology
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去了解人们是怎样使用当时的
01:44
to learn about what people did
with the materials
with the materials
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01:47
and tools available to them at the time.
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材料和工具的。
01:50
So the Pont Du Gard in the center
is a wonderful example --
is a wonderful example --
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图中的加尔桥
就是一个完美的例子——
就是一个完美的例子——
这是位于法国南部的
古罗马引水桥——
古罗马引水桥——
01:53
Roman aqueduct in the South of France --
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01:55
fantastic piece of technology
built using massive stones put together,
built using massive stones put together,
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通过精妙绝伦的技术
将巨大的重石堆在一起——
将巨大的重石堆在一起——
01:59
dry -- there's no mortar in those joints.
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连接处没有任何砂浆。
它们完全用石头搭建起来——
02:01
They're just dry stone joints --
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02:03
fantastic
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太了不起了，
而且现在依旧完好如初。
02:04
and almost as good as new today.
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02:08
Or sometimes up in the mountains,
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有时候在高山之中，
人们会建这样的吊桥，
02:10
people would build
these suspension bridges,
these suspension bridges,
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02:12
often across some dizzy canyon,
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通常用于跨越恐怖的峡谷，
只使用藤曼。
02:14
using a vine.
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02:15
In this case, this is in Peru.
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这个例子是在秘鲁。
他们使用本地生长的一种草
02:17
This is using grass which grows locally
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02:19
and is woven into ropes
to build these bridges.
to build these bridges.
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编织成绳子来建成这些桥。
02:22
And do you know
they rebuild this every year?
they rebuild this every year?
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你知道他们每年都会重建吗？
02:26
Because of course grass
is not a durable material.
is not a durable material.
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当然是因为这些草并不耐用。
02:29
So this bridge is unchanged
since Inca times.
since Inca times.
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这些桥从印加文明时期
就没有改变过。
就没有改变过。
02:34
And bridges can be
symbols of their location.
symbols of their location.
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桥梁也是居住地的地标。
02:38
Of course, Golden Gate
and Sydney are well familiar.
and Sydney are well familiar.
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当然，金门大桥和悉尼更为人所知。
在莫斯塔尔，桥梁用当地的地名命名，
02:40
In Mostar the bridge was synonymous
with the name of the place,
with the name of the place,
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02:44
and to such an extent
that in the war in 1993
that in the war in 1993
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某种意义上，如在1993年的战争中，
02:47
when the bridge was destroyed,
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当桥梁被摧毁，
这座城镇就失去了灵魂，
直至这座桥被重建。
直至这座桥被重建。
02:49
the town all but lost its identity
until the bridge was reconstructed.
until the bridge was reconstructed.
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02:54
And bridges are enormous
features in our landscape --
features in our landscape --
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桥也是我们的
景观中的一大特色——
景观中的一大特色——
02:57
not just enormous,
sometimes there's small ones --
sometimes there's small ones --
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不仅是大桥，小桥也一样——
而它们真的是非常有特色，
03:00
and they are really significant features,
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03:02
and I believe we have a duty
to make our bridges beautiful.
to make our bridges beautiful.
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而我认为，我们有责任
让桥梁更加美观。
让桥梁更加美观。
03:08
Thankfully, many people do.
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幸运的是，有很多人这样做了。
想想让人惊叹的
法国南部的米约高架桥。
法国南部的米约高架桥。
03:09
Think of the stunning Millau Viaduct
in the South of France.
in the South of France.
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03:13
French engineer Michel Virlogeux
and British architect Lord Foster
and British architect Lord Foster
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法国工程师Michel Virlogeux和
英国建筑师Lord Foster
英国建筑师Lord Foster
03:17
collaborated together to produce something
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合作建造了这座桥，
它是建筑与工程辉煌的融合体。
03:19
which is a really spectacular
synergy of architecture and engineering.
synergy of architecture and engineering.
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03:22
Or Robert Maillart's Salginatobel Bridge
in the mountains in Switzerland --
in the mountains in Switzerland --
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或者是位于瑞士山间的
Robert Maillart的Salginatobel桥——
Robert Maillart的Salginatobel桥——
03:27
absolutely sublime.
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十分宏伟壮观。
03:29
Or more recently,
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还有最近时期的，
03:31
Laurent Ney's beautiful
and rather delicate bridge
and rather delicate bridge
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Laurent Ney为英国的
廷塔杰尔城堡所打造的
廷塔杰尔城堡所打造的
03:34
for Tintagel Castle in the UK.
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精妙绝伦的桥。
03:37
These are spectacular
and beautiful designs
and beautiful designs
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这些都是设计巧夺天工的桥，
03:39
and we need to see more of this.
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我们期待更多这样的作品。
03:43
Bridges can be considered
in three convenient categories,
in three convenient categories,
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桥梁一般可以分为三类，
03:48
depending on the nature
of the structural system
of the structural system
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是根据桥梁的
03:51
that they adopt
as their principal support.
as their principal support.
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结构受力体系来划分的。
03:54
So, bending, of course,
is the way a beam will behave --
is the way a beam will behave --
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弯曲是梁式桥的受力体系——
03:57
so, beams and bending.
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梁式桥会受到弯曲力。
03:59
Or compression is the principal
way of operating for an arch.
way of operating for an arch.
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承压是拱桥的主要受力体系。
04:04
Or for the really long spans
you need to go lightweight,
you need to go lightweight,
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还有对于跨度很宽的桥，
就需要自重轻，
就需要自重轻，
我们等会儿都会看到，
04:07
as we'll see in a minute,
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04:08
and you'll use tension, cables --
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你会用到张力，缆绳——
04:11
suspension bridges.
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悬索桥。
04:12
And the opportunity
for variety is enormous.
for variety is enormous.
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多样化的潜力是无限的。
04:16
Engineers have a fantastic scope
for innovation and ingenuity
for innovation and ingenuity
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工程师在创新和创造方面
有非凡的眼界，
有非凡的眼界，
他们可以围绕这些类型
建造各种各样的桥梁。
建造各种各样的桥梁。
04:19
and developing different forms
around these types.
around these types.
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04:25
But technological change
happens relatively slowly in my world,
happens relatively slowly in my world,
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不管你们信不信，与移动电话和
电脑，以及其他数字技术上的
电脑，以及其他数字技术上的
04:29
believe it or not,
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变化相比，
技术发展的速度在
我的（建筑）世界里
我的（建筑）世界里
04:30
compared to the changes
that happen in mobile phone technology
that happen in mobile phone technology
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04:35
and computers and digital
technologies and so on.
technologies and so on.
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是相对比较缓慢的。
04:37
In our world of construction,
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在我们的建筑世界中，
04:39
the changes seem positively glacial.
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这些变化似乎非常缓慢。
04:44
And the reason for this
can be summarized in one word:
can be summarized in one word:
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原因可以用一个词来概括：
04:48
risk.
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风险。
04:50
Structural engineers like me manage risk.
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像我这样的结构工程师
需要管理风险。
需要管理风险。
04:52
We are responsible for structural safety.
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我们为结构的安全性负责。
这是我们的工作。
04:54
That's what we do.
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当我们在设计这样的桥梁时，
04:55
And when we design bridges like these,
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04:57
I have to balance the probability
that loads will be excessive on one side
that loads will be excessive on one side
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我必须平衡一边的负荷会超载，
05:02
or the strength will be
too low on the other side.
too low on the other side.
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或另一边的强度太低
等情况发生的概率。
等情况发生的概率。
05:05
Both of which, incidentally,
are full of uncertainty usually,
are full of uncertainty usually,
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这两种情况通常都充满了不确定性，
05:09
and so it's a probabilistic problem,
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所以这是一个概率问题，
当然，我们必须确保
05:11
and we have to make sure
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这两者之间有足够的安全空间。
05:12
that there's an adequate margin
for safety between the two, of course.
for safety between the two, of course.
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05:16
There's no such thing, I have to tell you,
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我得告诉你们，世界上并没有
05:18
as absolute safety.
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绝对的安全。
05:19
Contrary to popular belief,
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和大众普遍的看法相反，
05:21
zero risk doesn't exist.
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零风险是不存在的。
05:25
Engineers have to do their calculations
and get their sums right
and get their sums right
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工程师们需要完成这些计算
并得出正确的结果，
并得出正确的结果，
以确保留出了足够的安全空间，
05:28
to make sure that those margins are there,
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这是社会所期望的，
05:30
and society expects them to do so,
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这也是这些事情发生时
让人警醒的原因。
让人警醒的原因。
05:32
which is why it's all the more alarming
when things like this happen.
when things like this happen.
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05:39
I'm not going to go into the reasons
for these tragedies,
for these tragedies,
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我不打算深入分析
这些悲剧发生的原因。
这些悲剧发生的原因。
05:42
but they are part of the reason
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但它们是
05:45
why technological change
happens quite slowly.
happens quite slowly.
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技术变化之所以缓慢的部分原因。
05:47
Nobody wants this to happen.
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没人想让这样的事情发生。
05:50
Clients don't want this to happen
on their projects, obviously.
on their projects, obviously.
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客户当然不希望它们的工程
发生这样的悲剧，这是显而易见的。
发生这样的悲剧，这是显而易见的。
当然，他们也想要创新。
05:54
And yet of course they want innovation.
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05:56
Innovation is vital.
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创新是至关重要的。
05:58
As an engineer, it's part of my DNA.
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作为工程师，这是我DNA的一部分。
06:01
It's in my blood.
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融入在我的血液中。
06:02
I couldn't be a very good engineer
if I wasn't wanting to innovate,
if I wasn't wanting to innovate,
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如果不想创新，我就
不是一个好的工程师，
不是一个好的工程师，
06:06
but we have to do so from a position
of knowledge and strength
of knowledge and strength
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但我们只能以知识，力量和理解
06:09
and understanding.
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为基础才能实现创新。
06:12
It's no good taking a leap in the dark,
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盲目激进是没有用的，
文明需要从错误中学习，
从一开始就是这样——
从一开始就是这样——
06:13
and civilization has learned from mistakes
since the beginning of time --
since the beginning of time --
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没人比工程师更明白这一点。
06:17
no one more so than engineers.
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06:22
Some of you may have seen
this film before --
this film before --
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有些人可能看过这个影片——
这是华盛顿州知名的塔科马桥
06:24
this is the very famous
Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse
Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse
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倒塌的画面，
06:26
in Tacoma, Washington state,
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06:30
1940.
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发生在1940年。
06:32
The bridge became known
as "Galloping Gertie"
as "Galloping Gertie"
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这桥后来被称为“舞动的格蒂”，
因为她——她？
06:34
because she -- she?
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桥的性别是女的吗？我也不知道。
06:35
Is a bridge female? I don't know.
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06:37
She was wobbling like this
for quite a long time,
for quite a long time,
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她像这样摇摆了很长一段时间，
06:40
and notice this twisting motion.
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注意这个扭曲的运动。
06:43
The bridge was far too flexible.
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这座桥实在是太有弹性了。
06:45
It was designed by a chap
called Leon Moisseiff,
called Leon Moisseiff,
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它是由一个叫
Leon Moisseiff的人设计的，
Leon Moisseiff的人设计的，
06:47
no stranger to suspension bridge design,
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他并非悬索桥的设计新手，
但在这个案例中，
他把极限推得太过了，
他把极限推得太过了，
06:49
but in this case he pushed the limits
just that little bit too far
just that little bit too far
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06:52
and paid the price.
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并为此付出了代价。
06:54
Thankfully, nobody was killed.
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幸运的是，没人因此丧命。
06:56
But this bridge collapse stopped
suspension bridge development
suspension bridge development
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但是这座桥的倒塌阻止了
07:00
dead in its tracks.
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悬索桥的发展。
07:02
For 10 years nobody thought
about doing another suspension bridge.
about doing another suspension bridge.
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在随后10年间，没有人
想去建造另一座悬索桥了。
想去建造另一座悬索桥了。
07:06
There were none.
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没有人。
07:07
And when they did emerge in the 1950s,
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当他们在1950年代
想去建造这样的桥时，
想去建造这样的桥时，
人们有点过度反应了，
07:09
they were an understandable overreaction,
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这是对所发生事情的
过度安全反应。
过度安全反应。
07:11
this sort of oversafe response
to what had happened.
to what had happened.
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07:15
But when it did occur in the mid-60s,
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但当这样的桥在
60年代中期又出现时，
60年代中期又出现时，
07:19
there was indeed a step change --
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情况已经大大改观——
07:20
an innovation,
a technological step change.
a technological step change.
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创新，技术上的进步出现了。
07:23
This is the Severn Bridge in the UK.
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这是英国的塞汶大桥。
07:26
Notice the aerodynamically
streamlined cross section
streamlined cross section
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注意看中间的空气动力流线型的
07:29
in the center there.
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横截面。
这个盒子结构使其非常稳固——
07:30
It's also a box which makes it
very torsionally stiff --
very torsionally stiff --
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07:33
that twisting motion which we saw
at Tacoma would not happen here.
at Tacoma would not happen here.
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在塔科马看到的这种
扭曲运动就不会在这儿发生。
扭曲运动就不会在这儿发生。
07:37
And it's also really lightweight,
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而它的自重也很轻，
07:39
and as we'll see in a moment,
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我们马上会看到，
07:40
lightweight is really
important for long spans,
important for long spans,
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自重轻对于长跨度非常关键，
07:43
and everybody seems
to want us to build longer spans.
to want us to build longer spans.
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每个人似乎都想让我们去
建造更长跨度的桥。
建造更长跨度的桥。
07:47
The longest at the moment is in Japan.
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目前跨度最长的桥在日本。
07:48
It's just under 2,000 meters -- one span.
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它只有不到两公里—— 一个跨度。
07:52
Just under two kilometers.
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不到两公里。
07:54
The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge.
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日本明石海峡桥。
07:55
We're currently working on one in Turkey
which is a bit longer,
which is a bit longer,
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我们在土耳其正建造的桥要长一些，
而我们设计的意大利梅西纳大桥
07:58
and we've designed
the Messina Bridge in Italy,
the Messina Bridge in Italy,
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则正等着开工建设，
08:00
which is just waiting to get started
with construction one day,
with construction one day,
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天知道什么时候才能动工。
08:03
who knows when.
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08:04
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:06
I'm going to come back
to Messina in a moment.
to Messina in a moment.
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我等会儿再回到梅西纳桥。
08:08
But the other kind of long-span bridge
which uses that tension principle
which uses that tension principle
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而另一种使用这种
张力原理的长跨桥
张力原理的长跨桥
08:13
is the cable-stayed bridge,
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是斜拉桥，
我们看过很多这样的桥。
08:15
and we see a lot of these.
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08:16
In fact, in China they're building
a whole load of these right now.
a whole load of these right now.
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事实上，在中国，他们正在
建造大量的这类建筑。
建造大量的这类建筑。
08:20
The longest of these is the Russky Bridge
in Vladivostok, Russia --
in Vladivostok, Russia --
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其中最长的是俄罗斯
海参葳的Russky桥。
海参葳的Russky桥。
08:24
just over 1,100 meters.
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刚刚超过1100米。
我们再回到长跨度
和自重轻的问题。
和自重轻的问题。
08:26
But let me take you back to this question
about long-span and lightweight.
about long-span and lightweight.
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08:29
This is using Messina Bridge
as an example.
as an example.
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用梅西纳大桥来举例。
中间的饼状图展现的是
主缆的承载力——
主缆的承载力——
08:31
The pie chart in the center represents
the capacity of the main cables --
the capacity of the main cables --
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08:36
that's what holds the bridge up --
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就是是支撑桥的力量，
主揽的承载力。
08:38
the capacity of the main cables.
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08:40
And notice that 78 percent
of that capacity
of that capacity
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注意，有78%的承载力
08:43
is used up just holding the bridge up.
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被用来支撑桥体的重量。
08:47
There's only 22 percent of its capacity --
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只有22%的承载力，
08:49
that's less than a quarter --
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不到其1/4——
用于有效载荷，
08:51
available for the payload,
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08:52
the stuff that the bridge
is there to support:
is there to support:
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用于桥所支撑的东西：
如铁路，道路，等等。
08:54
the railway, the road and so on.
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08:58
And in fact,
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而事实上，
08:59
over 50 percent of that payload --
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超过50%的有效载荷，
09:02
of that dead load --
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静载荷——
09:03
is the cable on its own.
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是缆绳本身。
09:04
Just the cable without any bridge deck.
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只是缆绳，不含桥面。
09:07
If we could make that cable lighter,
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如果我们可以让缆绳变轻，
09:09
we could span longer.
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就可以实现更长的跨度。
09:11
Right now if we use the high-strength
steel wire available to us,
steel wire available to us,
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如果我们使用高强度钢丝，
09:14
we can span, practically speaking,
around about five or six kilometers
around about five or six kilometers
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实际上可以实现
大约5到6公里的跨度，
大约5到6公里的跨度，
09:18
if we really push it.
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努努力的话。
09:20
But if we could use
carbon fiber in those cables,
carbon fiber in those cables,
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但如果我们在这些
缆绳中使用碳纤维，
缆绳中使用碳纤维，
09:23
we could go more than 10 kilometers.
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就可以建跨度超过10公里的桥。
09:26
That's pretty spectacular.
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这是个让人惊叹的数字。
09:30
But of course superspans is not
necessarily the way to go everywhere.
necessarily the way to go everywhere.
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不过当然，超级跨度
并不一定适合于任何地方。
并不一定适合于任何地方。
09:34
They're very expensive
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它们造价昂贵，
09:36
and they've got all sorts
of other challenges associated with them,
of other challenges associated with them,
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而且还有伴随而来的各种挑战，
当我们在跨越宽阔的河口或海湾时，
09:39
and we tend to build multispan
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我们倾向于建造多跨度桥。
09:40
when we're crossing
a wide estuary or a sea crossing.
a wide estuary or a sea crossing.
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09:44
But of course if that sea crossing
were somewhere like Gibraltar,
were somewhere like Gibraltar,
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当然，如果那个海上通道
是像直布罗陀这样的地方，
是像直布罗陀这样的地方，
09:47
or in this case, the Red Sea,
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或者这个例子中的，红海，
09:50
we would indeed be building
multiple superlong spans
multiple superlong spans
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我们确实会建造多个超长的跨度，
09:54
and that would be
something spectacular, wouldn't it?
something spectacular, wouldn't it?
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那的确相当壮观，不是吗？
09:57
I don't think I'm going to see
that one finished in my lifetime,
that one finished in my lifetime,
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我想我不会在有生之年
看到这个完成了，
看到这个完成了，
但对在座的有些人来说，
倒是值得期待一下。
倒是值得期待一下。
10:00
but it will certainly be worth waiting for
for some of you guys.
for some of you guys.
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10:04
Well, I want to tell you about something
which I think is really exciting.
which I think is really exciting.
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我想告诉大家一个
我觉得非常让人激动的事情。
我觉得非常让人激动的事情。
这是挪威一座跨越
非常深的水域的悬索桥，
非常深的水域的悬索桥，
10:08
This is a multispan suspension bridge
across very deep water in Norway,
across very deep water in Norway,
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10:12
and we're working on this at the moment.
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我们目前仍在施工中。
10:15
The deep water means that foundations
are prohibitively expensive.
are prohibitively expensive.
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深水意味着打造地基的成本
高得让人望而却步。
高得让人望而却步。
10:19
So this bridge floats.
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所以这座桥是漂浮着的。
10:23
This is a floating,
multispan suspension bridge.
multispan suspension bridge.
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这是座漂浮的多跨度悬索桥。
10:25
We've had floating bridges before,
but nothing like this.
but nothing like this.
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我们以前建过浮桥，
但没造过这样的东西。
但没造过这样的东西。
10:29
It stands on floating pontoons
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它站在浮动的浮筒上，
10:30
which are tethered to the seabed
and held down --
and held down --
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这些浮筒被拴在
海床上并被压住——
海床上并被压住——
10:33
so, pulled down
against those buoyancy forces,
against those buoyancy forces,
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以对抗浮力。
10:36
and in order to make it stable,
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为了保持稳定。
10:37
the tops of the towers
have to be tied together,
have to be tied together,
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塔楼的顶部必须绑在一起，
10:40
otherwise the whole thing
would just wobble around
would just wobble around
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否则整个结构就会发生摆动，
10:43
and nobody will want to go on that.
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没人想从上面过去。
10:44
But I'm really excited about this
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我对这种设计非常感兴趣，
10:46
because if you think
about the places around the world
about the places around the world
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因为你想想，全球各地
10:49
where the water is so deep
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那些水深的地方，
没人曾考虑过打造桥
或其他任何通行工具的
或其他任何通行工具的
10:50
that nobody has given a second thought
to the possibility of a bridge
to the possibility of a bridge
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可能性，
10:53
or any kind of crossing,
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10:55
this now opens up that possibility.
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而这座桥开启了这种可能。
10:58
So this one's being done
by the Norwegian Roads Administration,
by the Norwegian Roads Administration,
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这是由挪威公路管理局完成的，
11:02
but I'm really excited to know
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而我迫不及待地想知道
这个技术还能
推动哪些地方的发展——
推动哪些地方的发展——
11:04
where else will this technology
enable development --
enable development --
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11:06
that growing together,
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增强联系，
11:08
that building of community.
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构建社区。
11:13
Now, what about concrete?
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那么，混凝土呢？
11:16
Concrete gets a pretty bad name sometimes,
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有时候混凝土并不很实用，
11:20
but in the hands of people
like Rudy Ricciotti here,
like Rudy Ricciotti here,
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但是在像鲁迪里奇奥蒂
这样的人手中，
这样的人手中，
11:23
look what you can do with it.
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看看你可以用它来做什么吧。
11:26
This is what we call ultra-high
performance fiber-reinforced concrete.
performance fiber-reinforced concrete.
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这就是我们所说的
超高性能纤维增强混凝土。
超高性能纤维增强混凝土。
11:29
It's a bit of a mouthful.
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有点拗口。
11:31
Us engineers love those kinds of words.
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美国工程师喜欢这些词。
11:33
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:35
But what you do with this --
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但你能用它来建造什么呢——
这种材料非常结实耐用，
11:37
this is really superstrong,
and it's really durable,
and it's really durable,
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你可以得到这种神奇的
雕塑般的效果。
雕塑般的效果。
11:39
and you can get this fantastic
sculptural quality.
sculptural quality.
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11:43
Who said concrete bridges are dull?
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谁说混凝土桥梁呆板无趣？
11:47
We could talk about all sorts
of other new technologies and things
of other new technologies and things
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我们可以谈论
各种各样的正在发展的
各种各样的正在发展的
新技术和新事物，
机器人，3D打印，人工智能等等，
11:50
which are going on,
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11:52
robots and 3-D printing
and AI and all of that,
and AI and all of that,
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但是我想带你们回到
我之前提到的一些东西。
我之前提到的一些东西。
11:54
but I want to take you back to something
which I alluded to earlier on.
which I alluded to earlier on.
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11:59
Our bridges need to be functional, yes.
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我们的桥梁必须是
功能性的，是的。
功能性的，是的。
12:01
They need to be safe -- absolutely.
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它们必须是安全的——绝对的。
它们需要实用和耐用。
12:03
They need to be serviceable and durable.
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12:05
But I passionately believe
they need to be elegant;
they need to be elegant;
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但我坚信，它们也需要造型优雅，
12:08
they need to be beautiful.
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时尚美观。
12:12
Our bridges are designed for a long time.
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我们的桥梁设计
考虑到了经久耐用。
考虑到了经久耐用。
12:15
We tend to design for 100 years plus.
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服务寿命在100年以上。
它们将在那里呆很长时间。
12:17
They're going to be there
for an awfully long time.
for an awfully long time.
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12:20
Nobody is going to remember the cost.
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没人记得建造成本。
12:22
Nobody will remember
whether it overran a few months.
whether it overran a few months.
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没有人会记得是否
它们已经寿终正寝。
它们已经寿终正寝。
12:26
But if it's ugly or just dull,
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但是如果它是丑陋的，或是无趣的，
12:29
it will always be ugly or dull.
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就一直是丑陋或无趣的。
12:31
(Laughter)
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1800
（笑声）
12:34
Bridges --
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桥梁——
12:36
beauty enriches life.
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美丽能够丰富生活。
不是吗？
12:38
Doesn't it?
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12:40
It enhances our well-being.
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它能提升我们的幸福感。
12:42
Ugliness and mediocrity
does exactly the opposite.
does exactly the opposite.
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丑陋和平庸则恰恰相反。
12:45
And if we go on building
mediocre, ugly environments --
mediocre, ugly environments --
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如果我们继续建设
平庸丑陋的环境——
平庸丑陋的环境——
12:49
and I believe we're becoming
numb to that stuff --
numb to that stuff --
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我相信我们对
这些东西已经麻木了——
这些东西已经麻木了——
12:53
if we go on doing that,
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如果我们继续这样做，
12:55
it's something like
a large-scale vandalism,
a large-scale vandalism,
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就如大规模的破坏行为，
12:58
which is completely unacceptable.
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这是完全不可接受的。
13:01
(Applause)
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4936
（鼓掌）
13:06
This is a bridge in Lyon in France,
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这是法国里昂的一座桥，
他的设计灵感来源于一场设计比赛。
13:08
which was procured
through a design competition.
through a design competition.
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13:11
And I think we need to start talking
to those people who procure our bridges
to those people who procure our bridges
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我认为我们需要开始
和那些采购我们的桥梁，
和那些采购我们的桥梁，
13:15
and our structures,
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1256
我们的结构的人谈谈，
13:16
because it's the procurement
which is often the key.
which is often the key.
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因为采购过程常常很关键。
13:19
Design competitions
is one way to get good design,
is one way to get good design,
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设计比赛是得到好设计的一种方法，
但不是唯一的方法。
13:21
but it's not the only one.
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大量正在进行的采购中，
13:23
There's an awful lot
of procurement going on
of procurement going on
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不乏一些对好设计的偏见。
13:25
that is absolutely prejudiced
against good design.
against good design.
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13:29
So yes, technology happens
a bit slowly sometimes in my world.
a bit slowly sometimes in my world.
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是的，技术在我们这个世界
有时候发展比较缓慢。
有时候发展比较缓慢。
13:34
But I'm really excited
about what we can do with it.
about what we can do with it.
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但我依然对现在
所能做的事感到无比兴奋。
所能做的事感到无比兴奋。
13:38
Whether it's saving lives in rural Africa
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不管是在非洲农村拯救生命，
13:40
or stretching the boundaries
of long-span technology
of long-span technology
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还是扩展长跨技术的边界，
13:42
or just crossing the road next-door,
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甚至只是穿过隔壁的马路，
13:47
I hope we continue to build
elegant and beautiful stuff
elegant and beautiful stuff
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我希望我们能持续建造
优雅和美丽的事物，
优雅和美丽的事物，
13:50
that save lives and build communities.
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来拯救生命和构建社区。
13:55
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（鼓掌）
13:56
(Applause)
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Translated by jacks peng
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ian Firth - Engineer, bridge designerIan Firth designs bridges all around the world; some are very long and cross over wide rivers or sea channels, and some are really short and in the middle of towns and cities, but "all of them are unique and special in their own way."
Why you should listen
As Ian Firth writes: "I have been fortunate enough to work on some of the world's most amazing bridges, and I lead fantastic teams of engineers involved in the design, construction and management of bridges all over the world. Since 1990, when I became a Partner in Flint & Neill, the UK engineering consultants who I joined as a young graduate in 1979, I have helped to grow the firm into one of the world's leading bridge design consultancies. Flint & Neill joined the Danish COWI Group in 2008 and rebranded as COWI (UK) in January 2017.
"I love the fact that my work has included some of the very biggest bridges as well as some much smaller and more intimate ones. The big ones include the huge 3.3 km-long single-span suspension bridge over the Messina Strait in Italy and the 1 km span Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong. The smaller ones include Copenhagen's new Inner Harbour Bridge, the Third Way Bridge in Taunton and the Swansea Sail Bridge in Wales. In fact, one of my favorites is the smallest: the little Bridge of Aspiration in London's Covent Garden, which is only 9 meters long! Working alongside bridge architects, I always try to weave elegance and beauty into my designs alongside the essential safety, economy and other factors, so that my bridges are popular as well as efficient and durable. Altogether, I reckon I have designed well over 100 bridges, but sadly not all of them have been built!"
Ian Firth | Speaker | TED.com