TEDxMidAtlantic 2013
Jackie Savitz: Save the oceans, feed the world!
杰姬·萨维茨: 拯救海洋，养活世界！
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海洋生物学家谈论世界饥荒是为什么呢？杰姬·萨维茨说：“修复海洋治理可以帮助养活世界上十亿最饥饿的人们。”在这开人眼界的演讲中，萨维茨告诉我们全球渔业不乐观的现状，同时告诉我们怎样复兴渔业并为人们提供更多的食物。
Jackie Savitz - Ocean advocate
Jackie Savitz works to protect the world's oceans. A marine biologist, she is passionate that saving the seas will benefit us all. Full bio
Jackie Savitz works to protect the world's oceans. A marine biologist, she is passionate that saving the seas will benefit us all. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
你们可能会疑惑
00:13
You may be wondering
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00:14
why a marine biologist from Oceana
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为什么一位来自奥西安纳的海洋生物学家
00:16
would come here today to talk to you
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今天会来到这里
00:17
about world hunger.
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和你们讲述世界饥荒的问题。
00:19
I'm here today because
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我今天来到这里是因为
00:21
saving the oceans is more than an ecological desire.
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拯救海洋不只是一个生态愿景。
00:24
It's more than a thing we're doing
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这不只是单一的一件事情，
00:26
because we want to create jobs for fishermen
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因为我们想要为渔民创造就业机会
00:28
or preserve fishermen's jobs.
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或是说保护他们的职业。
00:30
It's more than an economic pursuit.
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这也不只是一个经济追求，
00:33
Saving the oceans can feed the world.
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海洋还可以为全世界提供食物来源。
00:36
Let me show you how.
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让我展示给你们看这是如何实现的。
00:38
As you know, there are already
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如你所知，这个星球上
00:40
more than a billion hungry people on this planet.
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已有超过 10 亿饱受饥荒的人类。
00:42
We're expecting that problem to get worse
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我们预计到21 世纪中期
00:45
as world population grows to nine billion
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当人口达到90 亿 至 100 亿时
00:47
or 10 billion by midcentury,
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饥荒会变得更加严重，
00:49
and we can expect to have greater pressure
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到那时，
00:52
on our food resources.
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我们也会给食物来源施加更大的压力。
00:54
And this is a big concern,
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根据我们现在的状况，
00:55
especially considering where we are now.
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这是一个很大的忧虑。
00:57
Now we know that our arable land per capita
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我们知道现在不管在发达国家还是发展中国家
01:00
is already on the decline
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人均耕地面积
01:02
in both developed and developing countries.
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都已经开始减少。
01:04
We know that we're headed for climate change,
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我们还知道我们正经历着气候变化，
01:07
which is going to change rainfall patterns,
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气候变化会改变降雨模式，
01:09
making some areas drier, as you can see in orange,
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导致部分地区更加干旱，如地图中的橘色部分，
01:13
and others wetter, in blue,
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而其他一些地区则更加潮湿，如地图中的蓝色部分，
01:15
causing droughts in our breadbaskets,
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这将会在我们的产粮地区造成干旱，
01:17
in places like the Midwest and Central Europe,
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比如，在欧洲中西部和中部，
01:19
and floods in others.
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而别的地方则会遭受洪水。
01:20
It's going to make it harder for the land
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因此，耕地将越来越难以解决
01:22
to help us solve the hunger problem.
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我们的饥饿问题。
01:24
And that's why the oceans need
to be their most abundant,
to be their most abundant,
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这也是为什么海洋必须拥有最丰富的资源，
01:27
so that the oceans can provide us
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从而能为我们提供
01:28
as much food as possible.
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尽可能多的食物。
一直以来，海洋也的确扮演着
01:31
And that's something the oceans have been doing
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01:32
for us for a long time.
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我们最丰富的食物来源。
01:35
As far back as we can go, we've seen an increase
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回顾历史，我们发现
01:38
in the amount of food we've been able to harvest
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曾经我们可以从海洋中收获的食物总量
01:40
from our oceans.
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呈现过增长趋势。
01:41
It just seemed like it was continuing to increase,
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直到 1980 年，
01:44
until about 1980,
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这样的增长趋势停滞了，
01:45
when we started to see a decline.
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从此我们经历了下降的过程。
01:48
You've heard of peak oil.
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你们都听说过“石油峰值论”。
01:50
Maybe this is peak fish.
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海洋食物资源的下降也许意味着”鱼类峰值“已经过去。
01:52
I hope not. I'm going to come back to that.
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我希望事实不是这样的。我会再详细说明这一点。
01:53
But you can see about an 18-percent decline
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你们可以从图中看到
01:56
in the amount of fish we've gotten in our world catch
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从1980年至今
01:59
since 1980.
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捕鱼量大约有 18% 的下降。
02:00
And this is a big problem. It's continuing.
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这样的趋势还在持续，造成了严重的问题。
02:03
This red line is continuing to go down.
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这条红线在持续下降。
02:05
But we know how to turn it around,
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好在我们知道怎样才能逆转它，
02:07
and that's what I'm going to talk about today.
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这也就是我今天想要说的。
02:09
We know how to turn that curve back upwards.
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我们知道如何将那条曲线变为向上的趋势。
02:11
This doesn't have to be peak fish.
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这幅数据图不会应验”鱼类峰值论“。
02:14
If we do a few simple things in targeted places,
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我们只需要对目标地区做一些简单的事，
02:17
we can bring our fisheries back and use them
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便可以挽回渔业，
02:19
to feed people.
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并使他们为人类提供食物来源。
02:21
First we want to know where the fish are,
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首先，我们要知道鱼类生活在哪。
02:23
so let's look where the fish are.
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让我们看一下。
02:25
It turns out the fish, conveniently,
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结果显示，
02:27
are located for the most part
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鱼类大多聚集在
02:29
in our coastal areas of the countries,
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各国沿海地区的
02:31
in coastal zones,
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海岸区域，
02:32
and these are areas that national jurisdictions
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而且这些区域
02:35
have control over,
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都是涵盖在国家管辖区域内的，
02:36
and they can manage their fisheries
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他们可以在这些
02:38
in these coastal areas.
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沿海地区治理渔业。
02:40
Coastal countries tend to have jurisdictions
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沿海国家可以管辖
02:42
that go out about 200 nautical miles,
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从海岸线起 200 海里的范围，
02:45
in areas that are called exclusive economic zones,
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这些地区叫做专属经济区。
02:48
and this is a good thing that they can control
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这是一件好事，
02:50
their fisheries in these areas,
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因为沿海国家可以管理这些区域的渔业。
02:51
because the high seas,
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而想要管理那些深海区域
02:53
which are the darker areas on this map,
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却要难得多。
02:55
the high seas, it's a lot harder to control things,
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请看地图上深色的区域。
02:57
because it has to be done internationally.
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因为深海区域的管理必须在国际上进行。
02:59
You get into international agreements,
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你会涉及到国际协议，
03:01
and if any of you are tracking
the climate change agreement,
the climate change agreement,
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如果你关注气候变化协议的话，
03:03
you know this can be a very slow,
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你知道这会是一个非常缓慢、
03:05
frustrating, tedious process.
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令人沮丧、并且无聊的过程。
03:07
And so controlling things nationally
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所以能够在国家范围内进行
03:09
is a great thing to be able to do.
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控制管理是一件好事。
03:11
How many fish are actually in these coastal areas
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那么，和深海相比
03:14
compared to the high seas?
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海岸区域究竟有多少鱼呢？
03:15
Well, you can see here about
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在这你可以看到
03:17
seven times as many fish in the coastal areas
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海岸区域的鱼类数量
03:20
than there are in the high seas,
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是深海区域的七倍。
03:21
so this is a perfect place for us to be focusing,
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海岸区域完美得成为了我们的重点管理对象，
03:24
because we can actually get a lot done.
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因为在这里我们可以完成很多事情。
03:26
We can restore a lot of our fisheries
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如果我们专注这些海岸区域
03:28
if we focus in these coastal areas.
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我们可以挽回大量渔业。
03:30
But how many of these countries
do we have to work in?
do we have to work in?
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有多少这样的国家需要我们这样去做呢？
03:33
There's something like 80 coastal countries.
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世界上共有约80个沿海国家。
03:35
Do we have to fix fisheries management
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那么我们需要在所有这些沿海国家
03:37
in all of those countries?
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实现相同的渔业管理么？
03:38
So we asked ourselves, how many countries
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我们需要自问，我们究竟需要专注于多少沿海国家的渔业管理？
03:41
do we need to focus on,
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要知道，欧盟使用了
03:42
keeping in mind that the European Union
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同一个通用的政策
03:44
conveniently manages its fisheries
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便利地管理了
03:45
through a common fisheries policy?
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整个欧盟的渔业。
03:48
So if we got good fisheries management
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假设我们在欧洲和别的 9 个国家
03:50
in the European Union and,
say, nine other countries,
say, nine other countries,
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都拥有好的渔业管理，
03:53
how much of our fisheries would we be covering?
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我们将覆盖多少范围的渔业？
03:55
Turns out, European Union plus nine countries
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结果是，欧盟加上其它 9 个国家
03:58
covers about two thirds of the world's fish catch.
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占据了世界约2/3的捕鱼量。
04:02
If we took it up to 24 countries
plus the European Union,
plus the European Union,
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如果我们把 24 个国家和欧盟一起算上，
04:05
we would up to 90 percent,
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我们将会覆盖 90%的捕鱼量，
04:07
almost all of the world's fish catch.
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这几乎是全世界的捕鱼量。
04:10
So we think we can work in
a limited number of places
a limited number of places
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我们认为我们可以在有限的地方
04:13
to make the fisheries come back.
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使养鱼业复兴起来。
04:14
But what do we have to do in these places?
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但是在那些地方我们需要去做什么呢？
04:17
Well, based on our work in the United States
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基于我们在美国和其它地区的研究，
04:19
and elsewhere, we know that there are
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我们得出了
04:20
three key things we have to do
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复兴渔业的
04:22
to bring fisheries back, and they are:
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三个核心要点。
首先，我们需要设定
04:25
We need to set quotas or limits
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04:27
on how much we take;
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捕鱼的配额和限制；
04:29
we need to reduce bycatch, which is the accidental
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其次，我们需要减少对非目标鱼类的
04:32
catching and killing of fish that we're not targeting,
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捕获与杀害，
04:34
and it's very wasteful;
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这是非常浪费的；
04:36
and three, we need to protect habitats,
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最后，我们需要保护那些
04:39
the nursery areas, the spawning areas
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可以让鱼类健康成长、成功繁衍、
04:41
that these fish need to grow
and reproduce successfully
and reproduce successfully
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并壮大群体的栖息地、
04:43
so that they can rebuild their populations.
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育苗区、以及产卵区。
04:45
If we do those three things, we
know the fisheries will come back.
know the fisheries will come back.
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如果我们做这三件事，渔业一定会复兴。
我们是如何知道这些的呢？
04:49
How do we know?
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04:50
We know because we've seen it happening
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因为我们已经在
04:52
in a lot of different places.
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很多地方目睹了捕鱼业的复兴。
04:54
This is a slide that shows
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这一页幻灯片展示了
04:55
the herring population in Norway
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从 19 世纪 50 年代开始，
04:57
that was crashing since the 1950s.
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挪威的鲱鱼数量急剧减少。
05:00
It was coming down, and when Norway set limits,
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那段时间都呈下降趋势，
05:02
or quotas, on its fishery, what happens?
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但是当挪威设定限制和配额后，发生了什么？
05:05
The fishery comes back.
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渔业复兴了！
05:07
This is another example, also
happens to be from Norway,
happens to be from Norway,
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这里又有一个
05:10
of the Norwegian Arctic cod.
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挪威北极鳕鱼的例子。
05:12
Same deal. The fishery is crashing.
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同样的情况，渔业在衰败，
05:14
They set limits on discards.
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之后他们在非目标鱼类上设定限制。
05:16
Discards are these fish they weren't targeting
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非目标鱼类的捕获
05:18
and they get thrown overboard wastefully.
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通常是一种浪费。
05:21
When they set the discard limit,
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当他们设定了限制以后，
05:22
the fishery came back.
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渔业回来了。
05:24
And it's not just in Norway.
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这不仅仅发生在挪威。
05:26
We've seen this happening in countries
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我们一目睹这类案例
05:28
all around the world, time and time again.
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在世界各地一次又一次地发生。
05:31
When these countries step in and they
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当这些国家介入并开始
05:32
put in sustainable fisheries management policies,
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采用可持续的渔业管理政策，
05:35
the fisheries, which are always crashing, it seems,
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看起来面临崩溃的渔业
05:38
are starting to come back.
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便都开始恢复元气。
05:40
So there's a lot of promise here.
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因此，渔业的复兴是充满了希望的。
05:42
What does this mean for the world fish catch?
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这对世界捕鱼业有什么意义呢？
05:44
This means that if we take that fishery catch
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这意味着，如果我们
05:46
that's on the decline
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使不景气的渔业再次复兴起来，
05:47
and we could turn it upwards, we could increase it
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我们可以
05:49
up to 100 million metric tons per year.
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将渔产量增加到每年一亿吨。
05:53
So we didn't have peak fish yet.
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所以，我们还没有经历“鱼类峰值”。
05:55
We still have an opportunity
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我们仍有机会
05:56
to not only bring the fish back
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去复兴渔业，
05:58
but to actually get more fish
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甚至获得更多的鱼类
05:59
that can feed more people
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为比现在更多的人口
06:01
than we currently are now.
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提供食物来源。
06:02
How many more? Right about now,
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那么鱼类究竟可以增加多少呢？
06:04
we can feed about 450 million people
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现在，我们可以用鱼类
06:07
a fish meal a day
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为约4.5 亿人提供食物。
06:08
based on the current world fish catch,
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这个数据是基于
06:11
which, of course, you know is going down,
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现在呈下降趋势的鱼产量而得出的。
06:13
so that number will go down over time
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如果我们不去进行对渔业的管理
06:15
if we don't fix it,
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这个数字还会继续下降。
06:16
but if we put fishery management practices
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但是，如果我们
06:19
like the ones I've described in place
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将刚才所描述的渔业管理
06:21
in 10 to 25 countries,
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在 10 至 25 个国家中施行，
06:23
we could bring that number up
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我们可以将鱼的产量增加
06:25
and feed as many as 700 million people a year
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并可以每年用健康的鱼肉
06:28
a healthy fish meal.
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喂饱足足 7 亿人。
06:30
We should obviously do this just because
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很显然，仅仅是为了很好得解决饥荒这一件事情，
06:32
it's a good thing to deal with the hunger problem,
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我们也应该去管理和治理渔业，
06:35
but it's also cost-effective.
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并且这是经济高效的。
06:36
It turns out fish is the most cost-effective protein
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研究结果显示，鱼类是世界上
06:40
on the planet.
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性价比最高的蛋白质食物。
06:41
If you look at how much fish protein you get
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如果你去比较花费一美元
06:44
per dollar invested
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能从肉类食品中得到的蛋白质的量，
06:45
compared to all of the other animal proteins,
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你会发现，鱼类比其他任何肉类食品都含有更多的蛋白质。
06:47
obviously, fish is a good business decision.
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很明显，鱼类是很好的商业选择。
06:50
It also doesn't need a lot of land,
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鱼类养殖比起其它动物养殖
06:52
something that's in short supply,
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不需要大片的
06:53
compared to other protein sources.
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处于稀缺状态的土地。
06:57
And it doesn't need a lot of fresh water.
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而且养鱼还不需要很多淡水。
06:59
It uses a lot less fresh water than,
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举个例子，
07:01
for example, cattle,
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养育的淡水需求量比起养牛
07:03
where you have to irrigate a field
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需要灌溉草地
07:05
so that you can grow the food to graze the cattle.
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所需要的水量少得多。
07:08
It also has a very low carbon footprint.
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同样养鱼只产生很低的碳排放。
07:10
It has a little bit of a carbon footprint
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唯一的一些碳排放
07:12
because we do have to get out and catch the fish.
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是我们出海捕鱼所造成的。
07:14
It takes a little bit of fuel,
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不过，出海捕鱼只需要很少的燃料，
07:15
but as you know, agriculture
can have a carbon footprint,
can have a carbon footprint,
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相比起农业的碳排放量，
07:18
and fish has a much smaller one,
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捕鱼产生的碳排放要少得多，
07:19
so it's less polluting.
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所以捕鱼造成的污染更少。
07:21
It's already a big part of our diet,
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鱼肉已是我们的日常饮食的很大一部分，
07:23
but it can be a bigger part of our diet,
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但它可以占据更大的比重，
07:25
which is a good thing, because we know
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这也是一件好事，
07:27
that it's healthy for us.
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因为鱼肉有益身体健康。
07:29
It can reduce our risks of cancer,
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摄入鱼肉可以减少癌症、
07:31
heart disease and obesity.
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心脏病，以及肥胖的风险。
07:33
In fact, our CEO Andy Sharpless,
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事实上，我们的CEO安迪·夏普勒斯
07:35
who is the originator of this concept, actually,
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也就是这个想法的创始人，
07:37
he likes to say fish is the perfect protein.
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他喜欢说，鱼肉是理想的蛋白质来源。
07:41
Andy also talks about the fact that
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安迪还说，
07:44
our ocean conservation movement really grew
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海洋保护运动的力度
07:46
out of the land conservation movement,
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已经超过了土地保护运动，
07:48
and in land conservation,
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在土地保护运动中
07:50
we have this problem where biodiversity
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生物多样性与食品生产
07:53
is at war with food production.
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有非常大的矛盾。
07:56
You have to cut down the biodiverse forest
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如果你想要得到田地
07:59
if you want to get the field
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来种玉米去喂饱人类，
08:01
to grow the corn to feed people with,
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你必须得砍伐有着生物多样性的森林，
08:03
and so there's a constant push-pull there.
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而且这是一直都会存在的一个矛盾。
08:05
There's a constant tough decision
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我们总要面临在两件非常重要的事情之间
08:06
that has to be made between
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做出一个困难的抉择：
08:08
two very important things:
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保持生物多样性，
08:10
maintaining biodiversity and feeding people.
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还是喂饱人类。
08:13
But in the oceans, we don't have that war.
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但是，在海洋中我们不会有这样的矛盾。
08:15
In the oceans, biodiversity is not at war
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在海洋中，生物多样性
08:18
with abundance.
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与食物资源的富饶程度不相矛盾。
08:19
In fact, they're aligned.
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事实上，他们是一致的。
08:21
When we do things that produce biodiversity,
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当我们做有益生物多样性的事情的时候，
08:24
we actually get more abundance,
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我们会得到更加丰饶的资源，
08:27
and that's important so that we can feed people.
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那是非常重要的，因为富足的鱼类资源能为人类提供食物。
08:30
Now, there's a catch.
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这里有一个小小的陷阱。
08:33
Didn't anyone get that? (Laughter)
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有人理解我的意思吗？（笑声）
08:36
Illegal fishing.
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我想说的是：非法捕鱼。
08:38
Illegal fishing undermines the type of
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非法捕鱼会破坏
08:39
sustainable fisheries management I'm talking about.
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我刚才所描述的可持续的渔业管理。
08:41
It can be when you catch fish using gears
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非法捕鱼可以是：
08:44
that have been prohibited,
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使用被禁止的工具捕鱼；
08:45
when you fish in places where
you're not supposed to fish,
you're not supposed to fish,
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在禁捕区捕鱼；
08:48
you catch fish that are the wrong
size or the wrong species.
size or the wrong species.
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或者是，捕获错误的尺寸或种类的鱼。
08:51
Illegal fishing cheats the consumer
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非法捕鱼迷惑了消费者，
08:53
and it also cheats honest fishermen,
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也欺骗了诚实的渔民，
08:55
and it needs to stop.
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这需要被阻止。
08:56
The way illegal fish get into our
market is through seafood fraud.
market is through seafood fraud.
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非法捕获的鱼是通过海产品欺诈进入市场的。
08:59
You might have heard about this.
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你也许听说过海产品欺诈。
09:01
It's when fish are labeled as something they're not.
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它是指，鱼类在销售时被贴上了错误的名称标签。
09:04
Think about the last time you had fish.
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请你想想上次吃鱼的时候，
09:05
What were you eating?
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你到底在吃什么鱼呢？
09:06
Are you sure that's what it was?
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你确定你吃的鱼是你所想的那个种类吗？
09:08
Because we tested 1,300 different fish samples
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因为我们抽取过 1300 种不同的鱼类样品来做过测试，
09:11
and about a third of them
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在这些鱼类样本中，
09:12
were not what they were labeled to be.
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大约有三分之一是名不副实的。
09:14
Snappers, nine out of 10
snappers were not snapper.
snappers were not snapper.
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九分之十的“鲷鱼”不是真的鲷鱼。
09:16
Fifty-nine percent of the tuna we tested
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百分之五十九的“金枪鱼”
09:19
was mislabeled.
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也并非是真的金枪鱼。
09:21
And red snapper, we tested 120 samples,
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而在 120 个红鲷鱼样品中，
09:23
and only seven of them were really red snapper,
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只有 7 个是真正的红鲷鱼。
09:25
so good luck finding a red snapper.
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如果你想买到真的红鲷鱼，那么我祝你好运。
09:29
Seafood has a really complex supply chain,
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海鲜产品有着非常复杂的供应链，
09:31
and at every step in this supply chain,
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在供应链的每一个环节中
09:33
there's an opportunity for seafood fraud,
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都有海产品诈骗的机会，
09:35
unless we have traceability.
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除非我们有追踪系统。
09:38
Traceability is a way where the seafood industry
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追踪系统是海鲜产业中被用于
09:40
can track the seafood from the boat to the plate
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追踪海鲜产品从上岸到进入消费市场上的整个过程，
09:43
to make sure that the consumer can then find out
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这保证了消费者能够知道
09:45
where their seafood came from.
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他们购买的海鲜来自哪里。
09:47
This is a really important thing.
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这是一件非常重要的事情。
09:49
It's being done by some in
the industry, but not enough,
the industry, but not enough,
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这种方法在一些产业中已经被运用，但这是不够的，
09:51
so we're pushing a law in Congress
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所以我们正在向国会争取通过一项法案，
09:52
called the SAFE Seafood Act,
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这项法案叫做“海鲜安全法案”。
我今天能够在这里公开厨师们的请愿书，让我非常激动。
09:54
and I'm very excited today to announce the release
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已经有450 个主厨
09:56
of a chef's petition, where 450 chefs
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09:59
have signed a petition calling on Congress
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签署了这个请愿书，
要求国会对“海鲜安全法案”给予支持。
10:02
to support the SAFE Seafood Act.
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他们中有一些是你们可能听说过的有名的厨师，
10:04
It has a lot of celebrity chefs you may know --
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10:06
Anthony Bourdain, Mario Batali,
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比如，安东尼伯尔顿、马里奥巴塔利、
10:09
Barton Seaver and others —
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巴顿西弗，等等。
10:11
and they've signed it because they believe
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他们签署了这个请愿，
10:12
that people have a right to know
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是因为他们相信
10:14
about what they're eating.
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人们有权利知道他们吃的是什么。
10:16
(Applause)
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（掌声）
渔民们也支持这个法案，
10:22
Fishermen like it too, so there's a good chance
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10:24
we can get the kind of support we need
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所以我们很有信心能得到来自国会的支持，
10:26
to get this bill through,
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来促使法案被通过。
10:26
and it comes at a critical time,
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现在是非常关键的时刻，
10:28
because this is the way we stop seafood fraud,
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因为这是我们停止海产品欺诈的途径；
10:30
this is the way we curb illegal fishing,
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是抑制非法捕鱼的途径；
10:32
and this is the way we make sure
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也是我们确保
10:34
that quotas, habitat protection,
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捕鱼配额、鱼类栖息地保护，和减少鱼类误捕这些措施
10:36
and bycatch reductions can do the jobs
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能够发挥作用的途径。
10:38
they can do.
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10:39
We know that we can manage
our fisheries sustainably.
our fisheries sustainably.
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我们知道我们能够可持续地管理渔业。
10:42
We know that we can produce
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我们知道我们可以
10:44
healthy meals for hundreds of millions of people
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为上亿人类生产健康的食品的同时，
10:47
that don't use the land, that don't use much water,
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不去使用田地，不消耗大量水资源
10:50
have a low carbon footprint,
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同时维持低碳排放量，
10:51
and are cost-effective.
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并且做到经济有效。
10:53
We know that saving the oceans
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我们知道拯救海洋
10:55
can feed the world,
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可以喂饱全世界，
10:56
and we need to start now.
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我们现在就得开始去做。
10:59
(Applause)
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（掌声）
11:01
Thank you. (Applause)
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谢谢（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jackie Savitz - Ocean advocateJackie Savitz works to protect the world's oceans. A marine biologist, she is passionate that saving the seas will benefit us all.
Why you should listen
Jackie Savitz is the Vice President for US Oceans at Oceana, an organization focused on conserving and saving the world's oceans. With a background in marine biology and environmental toxicology, she has worked at Oceana for more than a decade and has produced campaigns focused on sea-affecting hazards such as climate change, mercury, and cruise ship pollution.
Ocean water runs in Jackie's blood. She earned her bachelor’s degree in marine science and biology from the University of Miami, and then went on to get her master's in environmental science from the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory at the University of Maryland. That led her to spend some five years working to protect Chesapeake Bay, before working at ocean-focused groups such as Coast Alliance, a network of over 600 American organizations working to protect the coasts from pollution and development.
Watch her talk from TEDxMidAtlantic 2018 here.
Jackie Savitz | Speaker | TED.com