TEDSummit
Tim Leberecht: 4 ways to build a human company in the age of machines
蒂姆·拉伯瑞克: 在机器时代，创造人性化公司的4个方法
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在人工智能和机器学习时代，我们需要一种新的人文主义，拉伯瑞克如是说。他提出的“商业浪漫”，指出要基于真实而非效率，基于问题而非答案，来设计组织和公司。拉伯瑞克提出了营造美的组织的4个（相当主观的）原则。
Tim Leberecht - Business romantic
A humanist in Silicon Valley, Tim Leberecht argues that in a time of artificial intelligence, big data and the quantification of everything, we are losing sight of the importance of the emotional and social aspects of our work. Full bio
A humanist in Silicon Valley, Tim Leberecht argues that in a time of artificial intelligence, big data and the quantification of everything, we are losing sight of the importance of the emotional and social aspects of our work. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Half of the human workforce
is expected to be replaced
is expected to be replaced
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未来二十年内，一半的人类劳动力
将会被软件和机器人取代。
00:16
by software and robots
in the next 20 years.
in the next 20 years.
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00:19
And many corporate leaders welcome
that as a chance to increase profits.
that as a chance to increase profits.
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一些企业家把它视为
增加利润的好机会，
增加利润的好机会，
00:24
Machines are more efficient;
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因为机器更高效，
而人类更复杂且难于管理。
00:26
humans are complicated
and difficult to manage.
and difficult to manage.
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00:31
Well, I want our organizations
to remain human.
to remain human.
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而我希望我们的组织保留人类，
事实上，我希望它们变得更美。
00:37
In fact, I want them to become beautiful.
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00:41
Because as machines take our jobs
and do them more efficiently,
and do them more efficiently,
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由于机器可以取代我们，
并且更高效地工作，
并且更高效地工作，
00:44
soon the only work left for us humans
will be the kind of work
will be the kind of work
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很快，留给人类解决的就会只剩那些
需要美感而非效率的工作。
00:49
that must be done beautifully
rather than efficiently.
rather than efficiently.
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00:53
To maintain our humanity
in the this second Machine Age,
in the this second Machine Age,
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要在第二次机器时代维持人的作用，
我们别无选择，只能创造美。
00:56
we may have no other choice
than to create beauty.
than to create beauty.
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01:02
Beauty is an elusive concept.
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美是一个难以捉摸的概念。
01:04
For the writer Stendhal
it was the promise of happiness.
it was the promise of happiness.
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作家司汤达说美是一种幸福的承诺。
01:08
For me it's a goal by Lionel Messi.
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而对我来说，美是梅西的一记进球。
（笑声）
01:10
(Laughter)
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所以，请容许我
01:12
So bear with me
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提出四个相当主观的原则，
01:13
as I am proposing four admittedly
very subjective principles
very subjective principles
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它们可以被用来建立美的机构。
01:18
that you can use to build
a beautiful organization.
a beautiful organization.
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01:21
First: do the unnecessary.
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第一，做不必要的事。
01:24
[Do the Unnecessary]
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[做不必要的事]
几个月前，哈姆迪·乌鲁卡亚，
01:25
A few months ago, Hamdi Ulukaya,
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Chobani 酸奶工厂的
创始人和 CEO，
创始人和 CEO，
01:27
the CEO and founder
of the yogurt company Chobani,
of the yogurt company Chobani,
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为他2000名全体员工授予了股份，
并因此上了头条。
并因此上了头条。
01:30
made headlines when he decided to grant
stock to all of his 2,000 employees.
stock to all of his 2,000 employees.
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01:35
Some called it a PR stunt,
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有人说这是公关噱头，
有人认为这是一种慷慨的回馈。
01:37
others -- a genuine act of giving back.
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01:39
But there is something else
that was remarkable about it.
that was remarkable about it.
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但还有些更不寻常的值得注意之处。
01:43
It came completely out of the blue.
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这个消息突如其来，
没有市场或股东的压力，
01:45
There had been no market
or stakeholder pressure,
or stakeholder pressure,
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员工们也非常意外，
01:47
and employees were so surprised
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以至于他们听到消息时喜极而泣。
01:49
that they burst into tears
when they heard the news.
when they heard the news.
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01:53
Actions like Ulukaya's are beautiful
because they catch us off guard.
because they catch us off guard.
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像乌鲁卡亚这样的行为就是美的，
它瞬间击中人心。
它瞬间击中人心。
他们凭空创造了一些东西，
01:57
They create something out of nothing
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而这些东西看起来完全没有必要。
02:00
because they're completely unnecessary.
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02:04
I once worked at a company
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我曾在一家
由一家大型IT外包公司
02:06
that was the result of a merger
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和一家小设计公司
合并而成的公司工作过。
合并而成的公司工作过。
02:07
of a large IT outsourcing firm
and a small design firm.
and a small design firm.
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我们要把9000名软件工程师和
02:11
We were merging 9,000 software engineers
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1000名创意工作者整合在一起工作。
02:13
with 1,000 creative types.
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为了融合这两种截然不同的文化，
02:15
And to unify these
immensely different cultures,
immensely different cultures,
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02:18
we were going to launch
a third, new brand.
a third, new brand.
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我们要建立一个全新的品牌。
新的品牌商标是橙色的，
02:21
And the new brand color
was going to be orange.
was going to be orange.
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我们在讨论品牌推广预算时，
02:25
And as we were going
through the budget for the rollouts,
through the budget for the rollouts,
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02:28
we decided last minute
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在最后一分钟，
02:30
to cut the purchase
of 10,000 orange balloons,
of 10,000 orange balloons,
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我们决定砍掉购买
一万只橙色气球的计划，
一万只橙色气球的计划，
我们本想把这些气球发给全球员工。
02:34
which we had meant
to distribute to all staff worldwide.
to distribute to all staff worldwide.
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02:37
They just seemed
unnecessary and cute in the end.
unnecessary and cute in the end.
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这件事看起来没有必要，
只是为了好玩。
只是为了好玩。
02:41
I didn't know back then
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当时我并不知道，
我们的决定预示了结局——
02:43
that our decision
marked the beginning of the end --
marked the beginning of the end --
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02:46
that these two organizations
would never become one.
would never become one.
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两家公司不可能顺利合并。
02:49
And sure enough,
the merger eventually failed.
the merger eventually failed.
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果然，合并以失败告终。
就因为当时没买气球吗？
02:52
Now, was it because
there weren't any orange balloons?
there weren't any orange balloons?
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不，当然不是。
02:55
No, of course not.
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02:57
But the kill-the-orange-balloons
mentality permeated everything else.
mentality permeated everything else.
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但是这种砍掉气球的心态
弥漫到了其他所有事情上。
弥漫到了其他所有事情上。
03:03
You might not always realize it,
but when you cut the unnecessary,
but when you cut the unnecessary,
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你可能不会意识到，
但在你砍掉“不必要”的时候，
但在你砍掉“不必要”的时候，
你其实砍掉了所有。
03:06
you cut everything.
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追求美，意味着超越单纯的必需。
03:09
Leading with beauty means
rising above what is merely necessary.
rising above what is merely necessary.
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03:14
So do not kill your orange balloons.
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所以，不要砍掉你的橙色气球。
03:19
The second principle:
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第二个原则：
创造亲密感。
03:20
create intimacy.
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03:22
[Create Intimacy]
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[创造亲密感]
03:23
Studies show that
how we feel about our workplace
how we feel about our workplace
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研究表明，我们对工作的感受，
03:26
very much depends on the relationships
with our coworkers.
with our coworkers.
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很大程度上取决于
我们和同事的人际关系。
我们和同事的人际关系。
03:29
And what are relationships
other than a string of microinteractions?
other than a string of microinteractions?
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除了每天简单的交流，
人际关系还包括什么呢？
人际关系还包括什么呢？
03:33
There are hundreds of these
every day in our organizations
every day in our organizations
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我们每天在公司
有几百次这样的机会，
有几百次这样的机会，
03:36
that have the potential to distinguish
a good life from a beautiful one.
a good life from a beautiful one.
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可以让普通的一天变成美丽的一天。
03:41
The marriage researcher John Gottman says
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婚姻研究者约翰·戈特曼说，
03:43
that the secret of a healthy relationship
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健康关系的秘密，
03:46
is not the great gesture
or the lofty promise,
or the lofty promise,
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不在于伟大的姿态或崇高的承诺，
而在于细小的展现人与人关系的瞬间。
03:49
it's small moments of attachment.
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03:52
In other words, intimacy.
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换句话说，就是亲密感。
03:55
In our networked organizations,
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在我们网络化的组织中，
03:56
we tout the strength of weak ties
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我们更加青睐弱连接的关系，
03:59
but we underestimate
the strength of strong ones.
the strength of strong ones.
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但我们同时低估了强连接的力量。
04:02
We forget the words of the writer
Richard Bach who once said,
Richard Bach who once said,
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我们忘记了作家 Richard Bach 说过的话：
“亲密感——
04:05
"Intimacy --
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04:06
not connectedness --
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不是连通——
04:07
intimacy is the opposite of loneliness."
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亲密感，是孤独的反义词。”
04:10
So how do we design
for organizational intimacy?
for organizational intimacy?
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所以我们该如何设计
才能增进组织的亲密性？
才能增进组织的亲密性？
04:15
The humanitarian organization CARE
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一个叫 CARE 的人道组织
04:17
wanted to launch
a campaign on gender equality
a campaign on gender equality
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想要在印度北部的村庄
04:19
in villages in northern India.
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发起性别平等运动。
但他们很快意识到，
04:22
But it realized quickly
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他们首先需要同内部成员展开交流。
04:23
that it had to have this conversation
first with its own staff.
first with its own staff.
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04:26
So it invited all 36 team members
and their partners
and their partners
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所以他们邀请了
36位团队成员和他们的搭档，
36位团队成员和他们的搭档，
04:32
to one of the Khajuraho Temples,
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去了克久拉霍的一个庙宇，
04:33
known for their famous erotic sculptures.
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这个庙宇因色情佛像而闻名。
04:37
And there they openly discussed
their personal relationships --
their personal relationships --
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在那里，他们与同事和搭档一起，
04:41
their own experiences of gender equality
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坦诚地讨论他们的私人关系——
04:44
with the coworkers and the partners.
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他们自己对性别平等的体会。
04:47
It was eye-opening for the participants.
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这令参与者们深受启发，
04:49
Not only did it allow them
to relate to the communities they serve,
to relate to the communities they serve,
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这不仅帮他们在自己
与服务的社区之间建立了连结，
与服务的社区之间建立了连结，
04:53
it also broke down invisible barriers
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更打破了无形的障碍，
04:55
and created a lasting bond
amongst themselves.
amongst themselves.
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在他们之间建立了持久的团结。
04:58
Not a single team member
quit in the next four years.
quit in the next four years.
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结果，在接下来的四年中，
没有一个成员退出。
没有一个成员退出。
05:03
So this is how you create intimacy.
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所以，这就是建立亲密感的方法，
05:05
No masks ...
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没有面具，
05:07
or lots of masks.
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或者，有很多面具——
05:09
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
在达能食品公司想要
05:10
When Danone, the food company,
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把新的公司宣言落实为产品计划时，
05:12
wanted to translate its new company
manifesto into product initiatives,
manifesto into product initiatives,
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05:16
it gathered the management team
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他们召集了管理团队
和来自不同部门、不同层级和地区的
05:18
and 100 employees
from across different departments,
from across different departments,
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100名员工，
05:22
seniority levels and regions
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举办了为期三天的战略会议。
05:24
for a three-day strategy retreat.
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05:26
And it asked everybody
to wear costumes for the entire meeting:
to wear costumes for the entire meeting:
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他们要求每个人都这么打扮：
假发、夸张的帽子、羽毛围巾、
05:30
wigs, crazy hats, feather boas,
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05:33
huge glasses and so on.
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大眼镜，等等。
05:35
And they left with concrete outcomes
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他们都热情高涨，
并且实现了了很实质性的成果。
05:37
and full of enthusiasm.
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05:40
And when I asked the woman
who had designed this experience
who had designed this experience
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我问一位女士，谁设计了这个方式，
为什么这么有效，
05:43
why it worked,
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她随口说道：
“永远不要低估搞笑假发的力量。”
“永远不要低估搞笑假发的力量。”
05:44
she simply said, "Never underestimate
the power of a ridiculous wig."
the power of a ridiculous wig."
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（笑声）
05:48
(Laughter)
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（掌声）
05:49
(Applause)
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05:52
Because wigs erase hierarchy,
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因为假发消除了层级，
而层级会扼杀亲密感——
05:56
and hierarchy kills intimacy --
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不管对CEO还是实习生
05:57
both ways,
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05:59
for the CEO and the intern.
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都是如此。
假发让我们能依托一种伪装，
06:01
Wigs allow us to use
the disguise of the false
the disguise of the false
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来展示真实的自己。
06:05
to show something true about ourselves.
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06:09
And that's not easy
in our everyday work lives,
in our everyday work lives,
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在我们日常的工作中
是不容易做到的，
是不容易做到的，
因为我们的组织中的人际关系，
06:11
because the relationship
with our organizations
with our organizations
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经常像日渐疏远的夫妻一样，
06:13
is often like that of a married couple
that has grown apart,
that has grown apart,
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06:18
suffered betrayals and disappointments,
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充满背叛和失望，
现在不顾一切地想要重修旧好。
06:21
and is now desperate to be beautiful
for one another once again.
for one another once again.
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06:25
And for either of us the first step
towards beauty involves a huge risk.
towards beauty involves a huge risk.
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对我们每个人来说，
通向美的第一步都隐含巨大的风险。
通向美的第一步都隐含巨大的风险。
06:30
The risk to be ugly.
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变丑的风险。
06:31
[Be Ugly]
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[变丑]
06:33
So many organizations these days
are keen on designing beautiful workplaces
are keen on designing beautiful workplaces
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现在很多组织想要
设计美丽的办公区，
设计美丽的办公区，
让它们看起来像度假区、咖啡店、
游乐场、大学校园，
游乐场、大学校园，
06:37
that look like anything but work:
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06:39
vacation resorts, coffee shops,
playgrounds or college campuses --
playgrounds or college campuses --
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而偏偏不像是用来工作的。
06:43
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
基于积极心理学的考虑，
06:44
Based on the promises
of positive psychology,
of positive psychology,
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06:46
we speak of play and gamification,
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我们把工作变成玩耍、游戏，
甚至有创业公司在解雇员工的时候，
06:49
and one start-up even says
that when someone gets fired,
that when someone gets fired,
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06:53
they have graduated.
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说他们是“毕业”了。
06:54
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:56
That kind of beautiful language
only goes "skin deep,
only goes "skin deep,
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这些美丽的语言是“肤浅的，
07:00
but ugly cuts clean to the bone,"
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但丑陋却可以深入骨髓，”
07:04
as the writer Dorothy Parker once put it.
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这是作家多萝西·帕克的原话。
07:06
To be authentic is to be ugly.
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坦白事实，就意味着丑陋。
07:10
It doesn't mean that you can't have fun
or must give in to the vulgar or cynical,
or must give in to the vulgar or cynical,
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这不是说你不能开心，
或者必须向庸俗和自私妥协，
或者必须向庸俗和自私妥协，
而是你应该说出丑陋的事实。
07:15
but it does mean that you speak
the actual ugly truth.
the actual ugly truth.
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07:19
Like this manufacturer
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就像这位想要改善
07:21
that wanted to transform
one of its struggling business units.
one of its struggling business units.
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他经营不佳的业务的企业家。
07:24
It identified, named and pinned
on large boards all the issues --
on large boards all the issues --
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他们把所有的阻碍业绩的
问题归类、命名，
问题归类、命名，
07:28
and there were hundreds of them --
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并钉在大白板上，
有几百项之多。
07:29
that had become obstacles
to better performance.
to better performance.
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07:32
They put them on boards,
moved them all into one room,
moved them all into one room,
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他们把这些白板搬到一个房间，
被他们称为“丑陋之屋”。
07:34
which they called "the ugly room."
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这些丑陋被暴露在灯光下——
07:37
The ugly became visible
for everyone to see --
for everyone to see --
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每个人都可以看到。
07:39
it was celebrated.
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这个房间变成了
镜子展厅和手术室的结合——
镜子展厅和手术室的结合——
07:41
And the ugly room served as a mix
of mirror exhibition and operating room --
of mirror exhibition and operating room --
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用来切除官僚主义的手术室。
07:45
a biopsy on the living flesh
to cut out all the bureaucracy.
to cut out all the bureaucracy.
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07:50
The ugliest part of our body is our brain.
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我们身体中最丑陋的部分是大脑。
07:54
Literally and neurologically.
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不仅看上去很丑陋，
还会创造人们不熟悉的丑陋的东西，
07:57
Our brain renders ugly
what is unfamiliar ...
what is unfamiliar ...
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08:01
modern art, atonal music,
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现代艺术，无调音乐，
爵士乐，也可能——
08:03
jazz, maybe --
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还有VR眼镜——
08:04
VR goggles for that matter --
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奇怪的东西、声音和人。
08:06
strange objects, sounds and people.
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08:10
But we've all been ugly once.
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但我们每个人都曾丑陋过，
我们曾经是外表奇怪的婴儿，
08:12
We were a weird-looking baby,
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街区新来的小孩，或一个外来者。
08:14
a new kid on the block, a foreigner.
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08:17
And we will be ugly again
when we don't belong.
when we don't belong.
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我们离去时也会再次变得丑陋。
08:23
The Center for Political Beauty,
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柏林一个叫“政治美好中心”的
社会活动团体，
08:25
an activist collective in Berlin,
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近期上演了一个极端艺术事件。
08:26
recently staged an extreme
artistic intervention.
artistic intervention.
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08:30
With the permission of relatives,
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经过家属同意，
他们掘出在欧洲边境
溺水身亡的难民遗体，
溺水身亡的难民遗体，
08:32
it exhumed the corpses of refugees
who had drowned at Europe's borders,
who had drowned at Europe's borders,
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运送到柏林，
08:36
transported them all the way to Berlin,
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把他们葬在德国首都的中心。
08:38
and then reburied them
at the heart of the German capital.
at the heart of the German capital.
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08:42
The idea was to allow them
to reach their desired destination,
to reach their desired destination,
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这个计划想让他们
抵达曾经渴望的目的地，
抵达曾经渴望的目的地，
08:46
if only after their death.
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即便是在他们死去之后。
08:48
Such acts of beautification
may not be pretty,
may not be pretty,
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这种美化行为可能不太优雅，
但它们很有必要。
08:52
but they are much needed.
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08:53
Because things tend to get ugly
when there's only one meaning, one truth,
when there's only one meaning, one truth,
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因为如果只有一种意义，一个真相，
只有答案，没有问题的话，
只有答案，没有问题的话，
事情就会变得丑陋。
08:56
only answers and no questions.
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08:58
Beautiful organizations
keep asking questions.
keep asking questions.
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美的组织会持续提出问题。
09:02
They remain incomplete,
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它们保持不完整的状态，
09:05
which is the fourth
and the last of the principles.
and the last of the principles.
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这是第四个，也是最后一个原则。
09:07
[Remain Incomplete]
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[保持不完整]
09:09
Recently I was in Paris,
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最近我去了趟巴黎，
09:11
and a friend of mine
took me to Nuit Debout,
took me to Nuit Debout,
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我的一个朋友带我去了 Nuit Debout，
09:14
which stands for "up all night,"
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意思是“不眠之夜”，
09:15
the self-organized protest movement
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始于为反对法国劳动法提案而产生的
09:17
that had formed in response
to the proposed labor laws in France.
to the proposed labor laws in France.
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一个自发抗议运动。
09:22
Every night, hundreds gathered
at the Place de la République.
at the Place de la République.
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每天晚上，
几百人聚集在共和国广场，
几百人聚集在共和国广场，
每天晚上，他们都会搭建起一个临时村庄，
09:25
Every night they set up
a small, temporary village
a small, temporary village
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09:28
to deliberate their own vision
of the French Republic.
of the French Republic.
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讨论他们自己理想中的
法兰西共和国。
法兰西共和国。
09:32
And at the core of this adhocracy
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这个组织的核心是一个全体大会，
09:34
was a general assembly
where anybody could speak
where anybody could speak
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在会上，每个人都可以用
一种特别设计的手语来交流。
09:37
using a specially designed sign language.
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09:40
Like Occupy Wall Street
and other protest movements,
and other protest movements,
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就像占领华尔街
及其他抗议运动一样，
及其他抗议运动一样，
“不眠之夜”也是在面对危机时诞生。
09:44
Nuit Debout was born
in the face of crisis.
in the face of crisis.
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09:47
It was messy --
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它很混乱——
09:48
full of controversies and contradictions.
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充满争论和矛盾。
09:51
But whether you agreed
with the movement's goals or not,
with the movement's goals or not,
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不管你是否认同他们的抗议诉求，
每次集会都是一次
原旨人权的大课堂。
原旨人权的大课堂。
09:54
every gathering was
a beautiful lesson in raw humanity.
a beautiful lesson in raw humanity.
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09:59
And how fitting that Paris --
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巴黎——
这个理想之城，美好之城——
10:01
the city of ideals, the city of beauty --
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正是最合适他们的舞台。
10:04
was it's stage.
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它提醒我们，就像伟大的城市一样，
10:05
It reminds us that like great cities,
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最美好的组织，
是值得为之奉献理想的——
是值得为之奉献理想的——
10:07
the most beautiful organizations
are ideas worth fighting for --
are ideas worth fighting for --
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即使，也恰是，
当它们的结果不确定的时候。
当它们的结果不确定的时候。
10:11
even and especially
when their outcome is uncertain.
when their outcome is uncertain.
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10:15
They are movements;
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它们是运动，
它们永远不完美，
永远不会组织完整，
永远不会组织完整，
10:16
they are always imperfect,
never fully organized,
never fully organized,
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所以它们可以避免变得平庸。
10:19
so they avoid ever becoming banal.
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它们有一些无以言状的东西。
10:21
They have something
but we don't know what it is.
but we don't know what it is.
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它们保持神秘，让我们无法忽视。
10:24
They remain mysterious;
we can't take our eyes off them.
we can't take our eyes off them.
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我们发现它们很美。
10:27
We find them beautiful.
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10:31
So to do the unnecessary,
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所以，做不必要的事，
创造亲密感，
10:33
to create intimacy,
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变丑，
10:34
to be ugly,
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保持不完整——
10:36
to remain incomplete --
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10:38
these are not only the qualities
of beautiful organizations,
of beautiful organizations,
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它们不只是美的组织的特征，
它们也是人类固有的特征。
10:41
these are inherently
human characteristics.
human characteristics.
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10:44
And these are also the qualities
of what we call home.
of what we call home.
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更是我们称之为“家”的特征。
10:49
And as we disrupt, and are disrupted,
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我们在干扰或被干扰时，
我们至少可以确保
10:51
the least we can do is to ensure
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自己在组织中就像在家一样，
10:54
that we still feel at home
in our organizations,
in our organizations,
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确保我们在组织中
为他人营造同样的感受。
为他人营造同样的感受。
10:58
and that we use our organizations
to create that feeling for others.
to create that feeling for others.
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11:02
Beauty can save the world
when we embrace these principles
when we embrace these principles
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当我们拥抱这些原则并为之努力，
美会拯救这个世界。
11:05
and design for them.
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在人工智能和机器学习面前，
11:08
In the face of artificial intelligence
and machine learning,
and machine learning,
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我们需要一种全新的彻底的人文主义。
11:11
we need a new radical humanism.
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我们必须学习并发展
新的审美和感性教育。
新的审美和感性教育。
11:13
We must acquire and promote
a new aesthetic and sentimental education.
a new aesthetic and sentimental education.
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11:19
Because if we don't,
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因为如果我们不这么做，
11:21
we might end up feeling like aliens
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最终我们可能在遍布智能机器的、
不懂得欣赏美的组织和社会中，
11:23
in organizations and societies
that are full of smart machines
that are full of smart machines
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像局外人一样疏离地活着——
11:27
that have no appreciation whatsoever
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11:30
for the unnecessary,
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对不必要的事、
对亲密感、
11:32
the intimate,
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对不完整、
11:33
the incomplete
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当然也对丑陋，无动于衷。
11:35
and definitely not for the ugly.
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11:37
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
11:39
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tim Leberecht - Business romanticA humanist in Silicon Valley, Tim Leberecht argues that in a time of artificial intelligence, big data and the quantification of everything, we are losing sight of the importance of the emotional and social aspects of our work.
Why you should listen
In his book The Business Romantic: Give Everything, Quantify Nothing, and Create Something Greater Than Yourself, Tim Leberecht invites us to rediscover romance, beauty and serendipity by designing products, experiences, and organizations that "make us fall back in love with our work and our life." The book inspired the creation of the Business Romantic Society, a global collective of artists, developers, designers and researchers who share the mission of bringing beauty to business. Now running strategy consulting firm Leberecht & Partners, he was previously the chief marketing officer at NBBJ, a global design and architecture firm, and at Frog Design. He also co-founded the "15 Toasts" dinner series that creates safe spaces for people to have conversations on difficult topics.
More profile about the speakerTim Leberecht | Speaker | TED.com