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Rosalind Picard: An AI smartwatch that detects seizures
罗莎琳德·皮卡德: 一个可以检测癫痫的人工智能手表
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每年世界范围内，50000名他方面健康的癫痫患者会突发死亡。这个症状被称为 SUDEP。这些死亡是可以被大量预防的，AI 研究员罗莎琳娜·皮卡德说到。一起来学习皮卡德如何帮助开发了一款先进的智能手表，它可以检测癫痫，并且给病人的亲友发出警报，让他们能及时赶到。
Rosalind Picard - Scientist, inventor, entrepreneur
MIT Professor Rosalind Picard invents technologies that help people better understand emotion and behaviors that impact human health. Full bio
MIT Professor Rosalind Picard invents technologies that help people better understand emotion and behaviors that impact human health. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
This is Henry,
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他叫亨利。
一个很可爱的男孩。
00:15
a cute boy,
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在他三岁的时候，
00:17
and when Henry was three,
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他的母亲发现他患有发热性痉挛。
00:19
his mom found him having
some febrile seizures.
some febrile seizures.
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00:25
Febrile seizures are seizures that occur
when you also have a fever,
when you also have a fever,
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发热性痉挛是在发热时
产生的癫痫症状。
产生的癫痫症状。
医生说，
00:30
and the doctor said,
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“不用太过担心，
儿童一般在长大后症状就会消失。”
儿童一般在长大后症状就会消失。”
00:31
"Don't worry too much.
Kids usually outgrow these."
Kids usually outgrow these."
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00:35
When he was four,
he had a convulsive seizure,
he had a convulsive seizure,
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四岁的时候，他出现了抽搐型癫痫。
就是那种让人失去意识，
并且颤抖不止的癫痫——
并且颤抖不止的癫痫——
00:39
the kind that you lose
consciousness and shake --
consciousness and shake --
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全身强直型阵挛性癫痫。
00:42
a generalized tonic-clonic seizure --
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当癫痫的诊断书还没寄到的时候，
00:45
and while the diagnosis of epilepsy
was in the mail,
was in the mail,
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00:53
Henry's mom went to get him
out of bed one morning,
out of bed one morning,
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一天早晨，亨利的妈妈去叫他起床。
00:57
and as she went in his room,
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进入到他的寝室时，
01:00
she found his cold, lifeless body.
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她发现了他冰冷、无生命体征的身体。
01:07
Henry died of SUDEP,
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亨利死于 SUDEP：
即癫痫猝死症。
01:09
sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.
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01:13
I'm curious how many of you
have heard of SUDEP.
have heard of SUDEP.
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我很好奇你们当中
有多少人听说过 SUDEP。
有多少人听说过 SUDEP。
01:17
This is a very well-educated audience,
and I see only a few hands.
and I see only a few hands.
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在座各位都受过良好的教育，
而我却只看到了少数人举手。
而我却只看到了少数人举手。
SUDEP 会让一个原本健康的
癫痫病人死亡后，
癫痫病人死亡后，
01:21
SUDEP is when an otherwise
healthy person with epilepsy
healthy person with epilepsy
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法医在其尸检中找不到
任何可以致死的原因。
任何可以致死的原因。
01:25
dies and they can't attribute it
to anything they can find in an autopsy.
to anything they can find in an autopsy.
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01:32
There is a SUDEP
every seven to nine minutes.
every seven to nine minutes.
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每7到9分钟就会有一例 SUDEP 发生。
01:36
That's on average two per TED Talk.
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也就是说平均一场 TED 演讲的时间
会发生两起 SUDEP。
会发生两起 SUDEP。
01:43
Now, a normal brain
has electrical activity.
has electrical activity.
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正常的大脑都会有电流产生。
大家可以在这张大脑的图片中，
01:47
You can see some of the electrical waves
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看到一些脑电波。
01:49
coming out of this picture
of a brain here.
of a brain here.
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它们看起来和脑电图
01:52
And these should look
like typical electrical activity
like typical electrical activity
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在头皮部位读取到的普通的电流一样。
01:56
that an EEG could read on the surface.
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一旦遇到癫痫发作，
你的脑电波会有异常，
你的脑电波会有异常，
01:58
When you have a seizure,
it's a bit of unusual electrical activity,
it's a bit of unusual electrical activity,
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这可能就是病灶所在。
02:02
and it can be focal.
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02:04
It can take place
in just a small part of your brain.
in just a small part of your brain.
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它可能只发生于
你大脑中的一小部分区域。
你大脑中的一小部分区域。
02:06
When that happens,
you might have a strange sensation.
you might have a strange sensation.
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当它发生时，
你可能会有一种奇怪的感觉。
你可能会有一种奇怪的感觉。
02:10
Several could be happening
here in the audience right now,
here in the audience right now,
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就在当下的听众中，
现在可能就在发生着几例。
现在可能就在发生着几例。
02:13
and the person next to you
might not even know.
might not even know.
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而你邻座的人并不知道。
02:16
However, if you have a seizure
where that little brush fire spreads
where that little brush fire spreads
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然而，如果你的癫痫像小火苗触发的
02:20
like a forest fire over the brain,
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森林大火一样在大脑中蔓延开，
02:22
then it generalizes,
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这时，它就形成了一般意义上的癫痫。
02:23
and that generalized seizure
takes your consciousness away
takes your consciousness away
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这种癫痫会带走你的意识
02:28
and causes you to convulse.
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并且引起你的抽搐。
02:30
There are more SUDEPs
in the United States every year
in the United States every year
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美国每年发生的 SUDEP 比
02:34
than sudden infant death syndrome.
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婴儿突发综合症死亡数量还多。
02:38
Now, how many of you have heard
of sudden infant death syndrome?
of sudden infant death syndrome?
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你们当中有多少人听说过
婴儿突发死亡综合症？
婴儿突发死亡综合症？
02:41
Right? Pretty much every hand goes up.
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对吧?
几乎每个人都举起手了。
几乎每个人都举起手了。
02:43
So what's going on here?
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所以，这里到底发生了什么？
02:45
Why is this so much more common
and yet people haven't heard of it?
and yet people haven't heard of it?
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为什么癫痫这么普遍，
人们却没有听说过它呢？
人们却没有听说过它呢？
02:50
And what can you do to prevent it?
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我们可以做什么来阻止癫痫呢？
02:52
Well, there are two things,
scientifically shown,
scientifically shown,
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好的，科学证明有两件事情
02:55
that prevent or reduce the risk of SUDEP.
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可以阻止或者减少 SUDEP 的风险。
02:59
The first is: "Follow
your doctor's instructions,
your doctor's instructions,
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第一件事情就是： “遵循医嘱，
03:01
take your medications."
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按时吃药。”
03:03
Two-thirds of people who have epilepsy
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三分之二的癫痫病患者，
03:05
get it under control
with their medications.
with their medications.
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通过药物可以把病情控制住。
03:07
The second thing that reduces
the risk of SUDEP is companionship.
the risk of SUDEP is companionship.
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第二件可以减少 SUDEP 风险的事情
是陪伴。
是陪伴。
03:12
It's having somebody there
at the time that you have a seizure.
at the time that you have a seizure.
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也就是说在你发生癫痫时
有人陪在身边。
有人陪在身边。
03:16
Now, SUDEP, even though
most of you have never heard of it,
most of you have never heard of it,
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现在，虽然你们中的大多数人
从未听说过SUDEP，
从未听说过SUDEP，
03:20
is actually the number two cause
of years of potential life lost
of years of potential life lost
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是 在神经系统疾病患者的
潜在死因排行榜上
潜在死因排行榜上
03:25
of all neurological disorders.
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SUDEP 多年位居第二。
03:29
The vertical axis is the number of deaths
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竖轴是死亡人数，
03:33
times the remaining life span,
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乘以剩余寿命。
03:36
so higher is much worse impact.
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越高越糟糕。
03:40
SUDEP, however, unlike these others,
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然而，SUDEP不像其它症状，
03:43
is something that people right here
could do something to push that down.
could do something to push that down.
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在座各位可以做一些小事
就能把它降低。
就能把它降低。
03:49
Now, what is Roz Picard, an AI researcher,
doing here telling you about SUDEP, right?
doing here telling you about SUDEP, right?
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我，罗兹·皮卡德，一个AI研究者
能告诉你们有关 SUDEP 什么呢？
能告诉你们有关 SUDEP 什么呢？
03:56
I'm not a neurologist.
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我又不是一个神经学家。
03:59
When I was working at the Media Lab
on measurement of emotion,
on measurement of emotion,
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当我在研究情绪测量的
多媒体实验室工作时,
多媒体实验室工作时,
04:03
trying to make our machines
more intelligent about our emotions,
more intelligent about our emotions,
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我们研究如何让机器对
我们的情感更智能。
我们的情感更智能。
04:06
we started doing a lot of work
measuring stress.
measuring stress.
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为此，我们启动了很多测量压力的工作。
04:11
We built lots of sensors
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我们构建了很多传感器
04:13
that measured it
in lots of different ways.
in lots of different ways.
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以很多不同的方式来测量压力。
04:15
But one of them in particular
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但脱颖而出的是
04:17
grew out of some of this very old work
with measuring sweaty palms
with measuring sweaty palms
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一个用电子信号来测量手掌出汗的
04:22
with an electrical signal.
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老研究。
04:23
This is a signal of skin conductance
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这是一个皮肤电导率的信号，
04:25
that's known to go up
when you get nervous,
when you get nervous,
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很多人知道，
它在你紧张时会上升，
它在你紧张时会上升，
04:27
but it turns out it also goes up with
a lot of other interesting conditions.
a lot of other interesting conditions.
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它也会随着其它有趣的环境而上升。
04:31
But measuring it with wires on your hand
is really inconvenient.
is really inconvenient.
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但是通过手上绑一根电线的方式
来测量确实很不方便。
来测量确实很不方便。
04:34
So we invented a bunch of other ways
of doing this at the MIT Media Lab.
of doing this at the MIT Media Lab.
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所以我们发明了其它的方法
在MIT的多媒体实验室进行测试。
在MIT的多媒体实验室进行测试。
04:38
And with these wearables,
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这些可穿戴测量仪让我们
04:40
we started to collect the first-ever
clinical quality data 24-7.
clinical quality data 24-7.
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能一周七天，24小时无间断地
获取这些临床质量数据，
这是前所未有的。
这是前所未有的。
04:45
Here's a picture of what that looked like
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这张照片就是
一个MIT在第一次7/24周期
从手腕上收集到的皮肤电导率。
从手腕上收集到的皮肤电导率。
04:48
the first time an MIT student collected
skin conductance on the wrist 24-7.
skin conductance on the wrist 24-7.
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04:55
Let's zoom in a little bit here.
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我们放大这里。
04:57
What you see is 24 hours
from left to right,
from left to right,
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你们可以看到从左到右是24小时
05:00
and here is two days of data.
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这里有两天的数据。
05:02
And first, what surprised us
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首先，令我们震惊的是
05:05
was sleep was the biggest
peak of the day.
peak of the day.
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睡眠时，数据达到一天中最高峰。
05:08
Now, that sounds broken, right?
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现在，听上去好像是仪器坏了？
05:10
You're calm when you're asleep,
so what's going on here?
so what's going on here?
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你在睡觉时是平静的，
所以，究竟发生了什么？
所以，究竟发生了什么？
05:14
Well, it turns out
that our physiology during sleep
that our physiology during sleep
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研究发现我们在睡眠时的生理机能
05:17
is very different
than our physiology during wake,
than our physiology during wake,
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与我们在清醒时的生理机能大为不同。
05:19
and while there's still a bit of a mystery
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虽然我们对此的了解还不全面，
05:21
why these peaks are usually
the biggest of the day during sleep,
the biggest of the day during sleep,
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“为什么通常总是在睡眠时
出现一天的最高峰？”
出现一天的最高峰？”
05:25
we now believe they're related
to memory consolidation
to memory consolidation
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我们现在认为它们和睡眠时的记忆固化
05:28
and memory formation during sleep.
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以及记忆形成有关。
05:31
We also saw things
that were exactly what we expected.
that were exactly what we expected.
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我们同样看到了我们精确期待
会发生的事情。
会发生的事情。
05:35
When an MIT student
is working hard in the lab
is working hard in the lab
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当一个MIT的学生在努力在实验室工作
05:37
or on homeworks,
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或者在写作业时，
05:39
there is not only emotional stress,
but there's cognitive load,
but there's cognitive load,
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他承受的不仅有情感压力，
还有认知负载，
还有认知负载，
05:43
and it turns out that cognitive load,
cognitive effort, mental engagement,
cognitive effort, mental engagement,
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研究表明认知负载，认知努力，
精神上的专注
精神上的专注
05:48
excitement about learning something --
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还有对所学习东西的兴奋等,
05:50
those things also make the signal go up.
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这些东西都会让这个信号上升。
05:55
Unfortunately, to the embarrassment
of we MIT professors,
of we MIT professors,
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很不幸，
这让我们MIT的教授们有些难堪，
这让我们MIT的教授们有些难堪，
05:58
(Laughter)
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（大笑）
05:59
the low point every day
is classroom activity.
is classroom activity.
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因为，每天的低点是课堂活动。
06:04
Now, I am just showing you
one person's data here,
one person's data here,
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我在这里只给你们展示了一个人的数据。
06:07
but this, unfortunately,
is true in general.
is true in general.
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但是这点，很不幸，
却基本上是真实的。
却基本上是真实的。
06:12
This sweatband has inside it
a homebuilt skin-conductance sensor,
a homebuilt skin-conductance sensor,
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这个防汗带内置了一个自主研发的
皮肤电传导传感器，
皮肤电传导传感器，
06:16
and one day, one of our undergrads
knocked on my door
knocked on my door
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一天，我们的一个大学生
06:21
right at the end of the December semester,
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在12月学期结束的时候敲开了我的门
06:24
and he said, "Professor Picard,
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然后他说到：“皮卡德教授
06:26
can I please borrow
one of your wristband sensors?
one of your wristband sensors?
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我能借一个您的腕部传感器吗？
06:29
My little brother has autism,
he can't talk,
he can't talk,
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我幼小的弟弟有自闭症，
他不能说话，
他不能说话，
06:33
and I want to see
what's stressing him out."
what's stressing him out."
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我想要知道什么东西会给他压力。”
06:36
And I said, "Sure, in fact,
don't just take one, take two,"
don't just take one, take two,"
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我说到： “当然可以，实际上，
不要拿一个，拿两个吧”
不要拿一个，拿两个吧”
06:39
because they broke easily back then.
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因为它们那时很容易坏掉。
06:42
So he took them home,
he put them on his little brother.
he put them on his little brother.
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所以他把它们带回家，
并给他弟弟穿戴上了。
并给他弟弟穿戴上了。
06:44
Now, I was back in MIT,
looking at the data on my laptop,
looking at the data on my laptop,
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然后，我回到了 MIT，看着我笔记本上的数据
06:47
and the first day, I thought,
"Hmm, that's odd,
"Hmm, that's odd,
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第一天，我想到：
“额，这个有些古怪”
“额，这个有些古怪”
06:50
he put them on both wrists
instead of waiting for one to break.
instead of waiting for one to break.
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“他把传感器戴在了两个手腕上，
而不是等一个先坏掉。
而不是等一个先坏掉。
06:53
OK, fine, don't follow my instructions."
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不过没事，不用遵守我的指令。”
06:56
I'm glad he didn't.
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我很欣慰他没有按照我的指令。
06:58
Second day -- chill.
Looked like classroom activity.
Looked like classroom activity.
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第二天 -- 数据平稳低迷，
看起来像课堂活动。
看起来像课堂活动。
07:01
(Laughter)
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（大笑）
07:03
A few more days ahead.
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又过去了几天。
07:05
The next day, one wrist signal was flat
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一天，一个手腕的信号变平直了
07:09
and the other had
the biggest peak I've ever seen,
the biggest peak I've ever seen,
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而另外一个手腕的信号
出现了我从未遇到过的峰值。
出现了我从未遇到过的峰值。
07:14
and I thought, "What's going on?
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我当时在想，“到底发生了什么？
07:16
We've stressed people out at MIT
every way imaginable.
every way imaginable.
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“我们在 MIT 给人们
各种可以想象到的压力。
各种可以想象到的压力。
07:20
I've never seen a peak this big."
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我从来没见到过这么大的峰值。”
07:24
And it was only on one side.
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而且它还只是一边的数据。
07:26
How can you be stressed on one side
of your body and not the other?
of your body and not the other?
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你的身体怎样才能做到一边有压力
而不是另外一边呢？
而不是另外一边呢？
07:29
So I thought one or both sensors
must be broken.
must be broken.
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所以，我以为其中一个或者
两个传感器一定是坏了。
两个传感器一定是坏了。
07:33
Now, I'm an electroengineer by training,
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我是一个受过培训的电子工程师，
07:35
so I started a whole bunch of stuff
to try to debug this,
to try to debug this,
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所以，我尝试了一堆方法来调试它，
07:37
and long story short,
I could not reproduce this.
I could not reproduce this.
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简短的说，我不能重现这个现象。
07:40
So I resorted to old-fashioned debugging.
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所以，我又诉诸于老式的排障技术。
07:44
I called the student at home on vacation.
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我给那个在家休假的学生挂了电话。
07:47
"Hi, how's your little brother?
How's your Christmas?
How's your Christmas?
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“你好，你的弟弟情况如何？
你的圣诞节怎么样？”
你的圣诞节怎么样？”
07:51
Hey, do you have any idea
what happened to him?"
what happened to him?"
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你弟弟发生了什么事吗？”
07:54
And I gave this particular date and time,
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我告诉他了这个特殊的日期和时间
07:56
and the data.
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还有当时的数据。
07:58
And he said, "I don't know,
I'll check the diary."
I'll check the diary."
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他说到： “我不知道，
我会检查日记的”
我会检查日记的”
08:02
Diary? An MIT student keeps a diary?
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日记 ？ 一个 MIT 学生
会保持写日记？
会保持写日记？
08:05
So I waited and he came back.
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所以，我等待着，
他一会儿就回话。
他一会儿就回话。
08:07
He had the exact date and time,
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他告诉我精确的日期和时间，
08:09
and he says, "That was right before
he had a grand mal seizure."
he had a grand mal seizure."
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并且他说到：
“那正是在他癫痫严重发作之前。”
“那正是在他癫痫严重发作之前。”
08:14
Now, at the time, I didn't know
anything about epilepsy,
anything about epilepsy,
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在那时，我对癫痫一无所知，
08:18
and did a bunch of research,
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然后我做了很多研究，
08:20
realized that another student's dad
is chief of neurosurgery
is chief of neurosurgery
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而后我了解到另外一个学生的父亲是
08:23
at Children's Hospital Boston,
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波士顿儿童医院的首席神经外科医生，
08:25
screwed up my courage
and called Dr. Joe Madsen.
and called Dr. Joe Madsen.
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我鼓足勇气，打电话给乔·马森医生。
08:27
"Hi, Dr. Madsen,
my name's Rosalind Picard.
my name's Rosalind Picard.
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“你好，乔·马森医生，
我叫罗莎琳德·皮卡尔。
我叫罗莎琳德·皮卡尔。
08:30
Is it possible somebody could have
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有没有可能某个人会产生
08:34
a huge sympathetic
nervous system surge" --
nervous system surge" --
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巨大的交叉神经系统激增” --
08:38
that's what drives the skin conductance --
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这就是驱动表层电导率激增的原因 --
08:41
"20 minutes before a seizure?"
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“并且这会在癫痫发作前
20分钟出现 ？”
20分钟出现 ？”
08:44
And he says, "Probably not."
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他说： “可能不会。”
08:47
He says, "It's interesting.
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他说： “这很有趣。
08:49
We've had people whose hair
stands on end on one arm
stands on end on one arm
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我们有病人出现一只手臂的汗毛
竖起来的情况
竖起来的情况
08:52
20 minutes before a seizure."
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在癫痫发作前20分钟。“
08:55
And I'm like, "On one arm?"
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我说：“一只胳膊？”
08:56
I didn't want to tell him that, initially,
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起初，我并不想告诉他那件事情，
08:58
because I thought this was too ridiculous.
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因为我认为这太荒谬了。
09:00
He explained how this could
happen in the brain,
happen in the brain,
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他解释到这种情况如何在大脑中发生，
09:03
and he got interested.
I showed him the data.
I showed him the data.
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他也很感兴趣，我给他展示了数据。
09:05
We made a whole bunch more devices,
got them safety certified.
got them safety certified.
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我们制作了更多的设备，
并且通过安全认证。
并且通过安全认证。
09:08
90 families were being
enrolled in a study,
enrolled in a study,
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90 个家庭参与到这个研究中，
09:10
all with children who were going
to be monitored 24-7
to be monitored 24-7
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这些家庭的孩子每时每刻都会
被监视测量，
被监视测量，
09:13
with gold-standard EEG on their scalp
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就通过装置于他们头皮上的
配备标准的脑电图分析器
配备标准的脑电图分析器
09:17
for reading the brain activity,
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来读取脑部活动，
09:18
video to watch the behavior,
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还有视频来观察行为。
09:20
electrocardiogram -- ECG --
and now EDA, electrodermal activity,
and now EDA, electrodermal activity,
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心电监护仪还有皮肤电活动等
09:24
to see if there was
something in this periphery
something in this periphery
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用来检查在这范围之内
是否存在某物
是否存在某物
09:27
that we could easily pick up,
related to a seizure.
related to a seizure.
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使得我们能很快的发现，
并且它和癫痫有关。
并且它和癫痫有关。
09:30
We found, in 100 percent
of the first batch of grand mal seizures,
of the first batch of grand mal seizures,
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我们发现，在第一批的癫痫大发作中，
100%的情况
100%的情况
09:36
this whopper of responses
in the skin conductance.
in the skin conductance.
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都有这种皮肤电导率的巨大波动。
09:40
The blue in the middle, the boy's sleep,
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中间的蓝色，男孩的睡眠，
09:42
is usually the biggest peak of the day.
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通常是一天中的最大高峰值。
09:44
These three seizures you see here
are popping out of the forest
are popping out of the forest
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这里看到的三个癫痫
就像从森林里冒出来
就像从森林里冒出来
09:48
like redwood trees.
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的红杉树。
09:51
Furthermore, when you couple
the skin conductance at the top
the skin conductance at the top
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另外，如果你把顶部的表皮电导率与
09:54
with the movement from the wrist
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腕部的运动连接起来，
09:58
and you get lots of data
and train machine learning and AI on it,
and train machine learning and AI on it,
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4800
加上你得到的大量数据，
并且训练这方面的机器学习和AI，
并且训练这方面的机器学习和AI，
10:03
you can build an automated AI
that detects these patterns
that detects these patterns
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你就能构建一个自动的人工智能
来更好地监测这些数据变动
来更好地监测这些数据变动
10:07
much better than just
a shake detector can do.
a shake detector can do.
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远比一个震动探测器能做的多。
10:12
So we realized that we needed
to get this out,
to get this out,
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我们意识到我们需要把它做出来，
10:16
and with the PhD work of Ming-Zher Poh
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随着博明哲博士的工作
10:18
and later great improvements by Empatica,
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以及后来Empatica公司的巨大改进后，
10:21
this has made progress and the seizure
detection is much more accurate.
detection is much more accurate.
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这个传感器取得了进步，
而且对癫痫的检测也变的更加精确。
而且对癫痫的检测也变的更加精确。
10:25
But we also learned some other things
about SUDEP during this.
about SUDEP during this.
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另外在这个过程中，
我们又学到了更多关于SUDEP的知识。
我们又学到了更多关于SUDEP的知识。
10:28
One thing we learned is that SUDEP,
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3412
其中一个是，
10:32
while it's rare after
a generalized tonic-clonic seizure,
a generalized tonic-clonic seizure,
190
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2912
SUDEP虽然很少会在
强直阵痉挛发生后
强直阵痉挛发生后
10:35
that's when it's most likely
to happen -- after that type.
to happen -- after that type.
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这是最有可能发生的时刻 --
在那种类型之后。
在那种类型之后。
10:38
And when it happens,
it doesn't happen during the seizure,
it doesn't happen during the seizure,
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SUDEP 并不在癫痫发作时发生，
10:41
and it doesn't usually happen
immediately afterwards,
immediately afterwards,
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并且它通常不会马上发生，
10:44
but immediately afterwards,
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但是，紧接着，
10:46
when the person just seems
very still and quiet,
very still and quiet,
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当病人看起来非常安稳时，
10:49
they may go into another phase,
where the breathing stops,
where the breathing stops,
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他们可能会进入另外一个阶段，
他们会停止呼吸
他们会停止呼吸
10:54
and then after the breathing stops,
later the heart stops.
later the heart stops.
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在呼吸停止后，后来心脏停止。
10:57
So there's some time
to get somebody there.
to get somebody there.
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2043
所以，存在一段时间
可以让某人赶过去。
可以让某人赶过去。
11:00
We also learned that there is a region
deep in the brain called the amygdala,
deep in the brain called the amygdala,
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我们还了解到大脑深处
存在一个区域叫作杏仁核区
存在一个区域叫作杏仁核区
11:05
which we had been studying
in our emotion research a lot.
in our emotion research a lot.
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我们在情感实验室
一直对它做了许多研究。
一直对它做了许多研究。
11:08
We have two amygdalas,
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我们有两个杏仁核，
11:09
and if you stimulate the right one,
202
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如果你刺激右边那一个
11:11
you get a big right
skin conductance response.
skin conductance response.
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2739
你就会得到一个巨大的
右侧皮层传导率反应。
右侧皮层传导率反应。
11:14
Now, you have to sign up right now
for a craniotomy to get this done,
for a craniotomy to get this done,
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现在，你需要进行穿颅手术
来做到这一点
来做到这一点
11:18
not exactly something
we're going to volunteer to do,
we're going to volunteer to do,
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2833
这并不是什么我们会自愿去做的事情，
11:21
but it causes a big right skin
conductance response.
conductance response.
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2513
但是它的确会引起一个巨大的
右侧表皮传导率反应。
右侧表皮传导率反应。
11:23
Stimulate the left one, big left
skin conductance response on the palm.
skin conductance response on the palm.
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3853
刺激左侧那个，
会引起手掌上左侧的皮层传导率反应。
会引起手掌上左侧的皮层传导率反应。
11:27
And furthermore, when somebody
stimulates your amygdala
stimulates your amygdala
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更进一步说，
当某人刺激你的杏仁核时，
当某人刺激你的杏仁核时，
11:31
while you're sitting there
and you might just be working,
and you might just be working,
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3419
你可能正坐着工作。
11:35
you don't show any signs of distress,
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1888
你并不会表现出来任何悲痛的信号
11:37
but you stop breathing,
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但你会停止呼吸。
11:40
and you don't start again
until somebody stimulates you.
until somebody stimulates you.
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并且在某人再次刺激你之前
你不会恢复呼吸。
你不会恢复呼吸。
11:44
"Hey, Roz, are you there?"
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“你好，罗兹，你还好吧？”
11:46
And you open your mouth to talk.
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这时你张开口开始说话。
11:48
As you take that breath to speak,
215
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2194
当你为了说话而吸了那口气之后，
11:51
you start breathing again.
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1505
你开始继续呼吸。
11:54
So we had started with work on stress,
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所以，我们开始研究压力，
11:58
which had enabled us
to build lots of sensors
to build lots of sensors
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2253
这使得我们可以建造许多传感器，
12:00
that were gathering
high quality enough data
high quality enough data
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2132
它们能收集足够多的高质量数据，
12:02
that we could leave the lab
and start to get this in the wild;
and start to get this in the wild;
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2921
使得我们可以收集实验室之外的数据。
12:05
accidentally found a whopper
of a response with the seizure,
of a response with the seizure,
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2864
我们无意间还发现了
癫痫引发的高峰反应
癫痫引发的高峰反应
12:08
neurological activation that can cause
a much bigger response
a much bigger response
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神经系统激活，
相对于传统的压力来说，
相对于传统的压力来说，
12:11
than traditional stressors;
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1310
能够引起更大的反应。
12:12
lots of partnership with hospitals
and an epilepsy monitoring unit,
and an epilepsy monitoring unit,
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3198
许多医院正与癫痫监控单元合作，
12:16
especially Children's Hospital Boston
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特别是波士顿儿童医院
12:17
and the Brigham;
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1151
和布里格姆医院。
12:19
and machine learning and AI on top of this
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2525
现在还可利用机器学习和
人工智能的技术
人工智能的技术
12:21
to take and collect lots more data
228
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3021
用来获取和收集更多的数据
12:24
in service of trying
to understand these events
to understand these events
229
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2629
以便尝试理解这些事件，
12:27
and if we could prevent SUDEP.
230
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1594
看看我们是否能够阻止 SUDEP。
12:30
This is now commercialized by Empatica,
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Empatica 公司已将这些商业化
12:33
a start-up that I had
the privilege to cofound,
the privilege to cofound,
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这是一家初创企业，
我有幸是它的联合创办人，
我有幸是它的联合创办人，
12:36
and the team there has done an amazing job
improving the technology
improving the technology
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4206
他们团队出色地改进了
12:40
to make a very beautiful sensor
234
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1759
制造更完美的传感器的技术，
12:42
that not only tells time and does steps
and sleep and all that good stuff,
and sleep and all that good stuff,
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3859
这个传感器不止告诉我们时间，
步数，睡眠这些好数据，
步数，睡眠这些好数据，
12:46
but this is running real-time
AI and machine learning
AI and machine learning
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3096
它还实时运行着一个AI和
机器学习程序
机器学习程序
12:49
to detect generalized
tonic-clonic seizures
tonic-clonic seizures
237
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2618
用来检测常规的强直阵痉挛型癫痫，
12:52
and send an alert for help
238
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2151
并会在我要发生癫痫并且失去意识时
12:54
if I were to have a seizure
and lose consciousness.
and lose consciousness.
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3192
发出警报。
12:57
This just got FDA-approved
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2816
这个已经被食药监局批准
13:00
as the first smartwatch
to get approved in neurology.
to get approved in neurology.
241
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4140
作为第一个在神经系统方面
被批准的智能腕表。
被批准的智能腕表。
13:05
(Applause)
242
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7000
（掌声）
13:14
Now, the next slide is what made
my skin conductance go up.
my skin conductance go up.
243
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3531
现在，接下来的这张幻灯片
导致我的皮层传导率上升。
导致我的皮层传导率上升。
13:18
One morning, I'm checking my email
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1706
一天，我检查我的邮箱
13:20
and I see a story from a mom
245
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2297
我看到了一封来自一个妈妈的故事。
13:22
who said she was in the shower,
246
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1886
她说她正在淋浴，
13:24
and her phone was
on the counter by the shower,
on the counter by the shower,
247
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2453
她的手机放在淋浴房的柜台上，
13:27
and it said her daughter
might need her help.
might need her help.
248
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2157
手机告诉她女儿可能需要她的帮助。
13:30
So she interrupts her shower and goes
running to her daughter's bedroom,
running to her daughter's bedroom,
249
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3381
所以她中断洗澡奔跑进女儿的卧室
13:33
and she finds her daughter
facedown in bed, blue and not breathing.
facedown in bed, blue and not breathing.
250
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3743
她发现女儿在被窝里脸朝下，
发紫并且没有呼吸。
发紫并且没有呼吸。
13:37
She flips her over -- human stimulation --
251
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3281
她把她翻转过来 ——人类刺激
13:40
and her daughter takes a breath,
and another breath,
and another breath,
252
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3683
然后她女儿吸了一口气，
接着另外一口气，
接着另外一口气，
13:44
and her daughter turns pink and is fine.
253
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3954
最终她女儿脸色变粉并且好了。
13:49
I think I turned white reading this email.
254
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3224
我想我在读到这封邮件时脸色变白了。
13:52
My first response is,
"Oh no, it's not perfect.
"Oh no, it's not perfect.
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2322
我的第一反应是
“噢，不，这还不完善。
“噢，不，这还不完善。
13:55
The Bluetooth could break,
the battery could die.
the battery could die.
256
823145
2325
“蓝牙可能会坏掉，电池会耗尽。
13:57
All these things could go wrong.
Don't rely on this."
Don't rely on this."
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这些都可能出错。你不能依赖这个。“
13:59
And she said, "It's OK.
I know no technology is perfect.
I know no technology is perfect.
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然后她说 “没关系的，
我知道没有技术是完美的。
我知道没有技术是完美的。
14:03
None of us can always
be there all the time.
be there all the time.
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我们没有人可以一直在患者身边。
14:06
But this, this device plus AI
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但是这个设备加上AI，
14:11
enabled me to get there in time
to save my daughter's life."
to save my daughter's life."
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让我能够及时挽救我女儿的性命。”
14:17
Now, I've been mentioning children,
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现在，我一直在谈论小孩。
14:19
but SUDEP peaks, actually,
among people in their 20s, 30s and 40s,
among people in their 20s, 30s and 40s,
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但是实际上，SUDEP 在20岁，30岁和
40岁人群中达到峰值。
40岁人群中达到峰值。
14:25
and the next line I'm going to put up
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还有下一个我将要展示的曲线
14:27
is probably going to make
some people uncomfortable,
some people uncomfortable,
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很可能会令一些人感到不舒适，
14:29
but it's less uncomfortable
than we'll all be
than we'll all be
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但这其中若包括你们认识的人，
14:32
if this list is extended
to somebody you know.
to somebody you know.
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你们可能会更不适。
14:36
Could this happen to somebody you know?
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这可能发生在你认识的某个人身上吗？
14:39
And the reason I bring up
this uncomfortable question
this uncomfortable question
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我提出这个令人不适的问题的原因
14:41
is because one in 26 of you
will have epilepsy at some point,
will have epilepsy at some point,
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是因为你们当中每26个人
就有1个将会在某个点发生癫痫，
就有1个将会在某个点发生癫痫，
14:46
and from what I've been learning,
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并且根据我所学到的，
14:49
people with epilepsy often don't tell
their friends and their neighbors
their friends and their neighbors
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患有癫痫的人通常不会
告诉他们的朋友和邻居
告诉他们的朋友和邻居
14:52
that they have it.
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他们患有这种病的。
14:53
So if you're willing to let them
use an AI or whatever
use an AI or whatever
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所以如果你愿意让他们
使用一个AI或者其它东西
使用一个AI或者其它东西
14:58
to summon you in a moment
of possible need,
of possible need,
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在急需时刻召唤你的话，
15:03
if you would let them know that,
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如果你让他们知道这些，
15:04
you could make a difference in their life.
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你就可以改变他们的生活。
15:07
Why do all this hard work to build AIs?
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为什么做这么多辛苦工作
来构建这些AI？
来构建这些AI？
15:12
A couple of reasons here:
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有几个原因：
15:13
one is Natasha, the girl who lived,
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一个就是娜塔莎，那个活下来的女孩，
15:15
and her family wanted me
to tell you her name.
to tell you her name.
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她的家人想要我告诉你们她的名字。
15:18
Another is her family
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另外一个是她的家庭
15:20
and the wonderful people out there
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还有世界各地美好的人们，
15:22
who want to be there to support people
who have conditions
who have conditions
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他们想去帮助那些患有癫痫
15:25
that they've felt uncomfortable
in the past mentioning to others.
in the past mentioning to others.
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却在过去不敢告诉他人的人们。
15:29
And the other reason is all of you,
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另外一个原因就是你们所有人。
15:31
because we have the opportunity
to shape the future of AI.
to shape the future of AI.
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因为我们有机会去塑造 AI 的未来。
15:37
We can actually change it,
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我们可以改变它
15:39
because we are the ones building it.
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因为我们就是建设它的人。
15:41
So let's build AI
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所以，让我们来建设 AI
15:43
that makes everybody's lives better.
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来让每一个人的生活更好一些。
15:47
Thank you.
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谢谢。
15:49
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rosalind Picard - Scientist, inventor, entrepreneurMIT Professor Rosalind Picard invents technologies that help people better understand emotion and behaviors that impact human health.
Why you should listen
Rosalind Picard wrote Affective Computing, a book that outlines how to give machines the skills of emotional intelligence, credited for launching the growing field of affective computing. Named one of seven "Tech SuperHeros to Watch" by CNN, Picard cofounded two companies that have commercialized technologies invented by her team at MIT: Empatica, which created the first AI-based smartwatch cleared by FDA in Neurology, and Affectiva, which provides emotion AI software. Picard teaches and leads research in affective computing at the MIT Media Lab in Cambridge; works as MIT's faculty chair for MindHandHeart, a campus-wide wellbeing initiative; and serves as chief scientist for Empatica, creating AI-based analytics and wearables to improve human wellbeing.
Rosalind Picard | Speaker | TED.com