TED2014
Amanda Burden: How public spaces make cities work
阿曼達．伯登: 公共空間如何讓城市運作
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超過八百萬人擁擠地居住在紐約市中。這怎麼可能？有部分原因是人們可以在城市中最棒的公共空間──從袖珍公園到綿延的濱水遊憩區──散步、遊玩。阿曼達．伯登協助規劃城市中數個最新的公共空間，意想不到的是，她運用的是動物行為學家的經驗。她分享了在規劃人們喜愛的公園時所碰到的驚人挑戰，以及這件事為什麼如此重要。
Amanda Burden - Urban planner
As New York’s chief city planner under the Bloomberg administration, Amanda Burden led revitalization of some of the city's most familiar features -- from the High Line to the Brooklyn waterfront. Full bio
As New York’s chief city planner under the Bloomberg administration, Amanda Burden led revitalization of some of the city's most familiar features -- from the High Line to the Brooklyn waterfront. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
When people think about cities,
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當人們想到城市時，
00:14
they tend to think of certain things.
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都會想到某些事物，
00:17
They think of buildings and streets
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他們會想到建築、街道、
00:19
and skyscrapers, noisy cabs.
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摩天大樓和吵雜的計程車。
00:21
But when I think about cities,
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但是當我想到城市，
00:23
I think about people.
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我會想到人。
00:25
Cities are fundamentally about people,
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基本上，城市與人有關，
00:29
and where people go
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大家上哪去、
00:31
and where people meet
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在哪碰面
00:32
are at the core of what makes a city work.
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都是位在城市運作的樞紐位置。
00:35
So even more important than buildings in a city
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因此在城市中比建築還重要的是
00:39
are the public spaces in between them.
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在建築之間的公共空間。
00:42
And today, some of the most transformative
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現今在城市中變化最大的部分
00:44
changes in cities
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00:46
are happening in these public spaces.
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正是發生在這些公共空間中。
00:49
So I believe that lively, enjoyable public spaces
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因此我相信怡人又宜居的公共空間
00:53
are the key to planning a great city.
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是設計卓越城市的關鍵。
00:56
They are what makes it come alive.
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讓城市活躍起來的即是公共空間。
01:00
But what makes a public space work?
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那是什麼讓公共空間發揮效用？
01:03
What attracts people to successful public spaces,
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吸引人們到優良公共空間的是什麼？
01:07
and what is it about unsuccessful places
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讓人們遠離不良空間的因素又是什麼？
01:09
that keeps people away?
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01:12
I thought, if I could answer those questions,
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我想如果我能回答那些問題，
01:15
I could make a huge contribution to my city.
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我就能為所在城市貢獻良多。
01:19
But one of the more wonky things about me
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但有件較怪的事情是
01:21
is that I am an animal behaviorist,
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我是動物行為學家，
01:25
and I use those skills not to study animal behavior
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我運用這些技能
不是為了研究動物行為，
不是為了研究動物行為，
01:29
but to study how people in cities
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而是研究城市中的人類
01:31
use city public spaces.
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如何使用城市的公共空間。
01:34
One of the first spaces that I studied
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我最早期研究的空間之一
01:37
was this little vest pocket park called Paley Park
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就是這個袖珍型的公園，
稱為帕里公園，
稱為帕里公園，
01:40
in midtown Manhattan.
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位在曼哈頓市區。
01:43
This little space became a small phenomenon,
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這小巧的空間成了一個小奇蹟，
01:47
and because it had such a profound impact
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而因為它對紐約人
帶來如此深遠的影響，
帶來如此深遠的影響，
01:50
on New Yorkers,
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因此這座公園讓我印象十分深刻。
01:51
it made an enormous impression on me.
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01:55
I studied this park very early on in my career
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在我職涯早期，
我便開始研究這座公園，
我便開始研究這座公園，
01:58
because it happened to have been built
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因為建造它的人剛好是
01:59
by my stepfather,
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我的繼父，
02:01
so I knew that places like Paley Park
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因此我知道像帕里公園這樣的地方
02:04
didn't happen by accident.
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並非偶然。
02:06
I saw firsthand that they required
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我直接看到他們需要
02:09
incredible dedication
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對細節有無比的投入和關注。
02:10
and enormous attention to detail.
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但是什麼讓這空間
02:13
But what was it about this space
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02:15
that made it special and drew people to it?
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如此特別且吸引人前往？
02:19
Well, I would sit in the park and watch very carefully,
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嗯，我會坐在公園裡仔細觀察，
02:21
and first among other things
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最首要的是
02:23
were the comfortable, movable chairs.
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舒適的活動座椅。
02:26
People would come in, find their own seat,
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人們會進入公園，找到自己的座位，
02:29
move it a bit, actually, and then stay a while,
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其實會稍微移動，然後停留一陣子，
02:32
and then interestingly,
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接著有趣的是
02:34
people themselves attracted other people,
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人們會吸引其他人；
02:37
and ironically, I felt more peaceful
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而諷刺的是，我會覺得更加平靜，
02:40
if there were other people around.
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只要身旁還有其他人在。
02:42
And it was green.
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還有綠意。
02:44
This little park provided what New Yorkers crave:
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這小巧的公園提供了紐約人所渴求的：
02:48
comfort and greenery.
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舒適與綠色植物。
02:50
But my question was,
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但我的問題是
02:52
why weren't there more places with greenery
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為什麼沒有更多綠色植物，
02:55
and places to sit in the middle of the city
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以及能在城市中心安坐的地方，
02:57
where you didn't feel alone,
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讓你身在其中不覺得孤單，
03:00
or like a trespasser?
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或是像個侵入者？
03:02
Unfortunately, that's not how cities
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遺憾的是，
城市並非依此規劃。
03:05
were being designed.
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03:07
So here you see a familiar sight.
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你可以在這裡看見一個熟悉的畫面。
03:10
This is how plazas have been
designed for generations.
designed for generations.
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這是好幾個世代以來
大廈設計的模式。
大廈設計的模式。
03:15
They have that stylish, Spartan look
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這種流行、簡約的樣貌
03:18
that we often associate with modern architecture,
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讓我們常和現代建築聯想在一塊，
03:21
but it's not surprising that people
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但不意外的是
人們會遠離像這樣的空間。
03:24
avoid spaces like this.
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03:26
They not only look desolate,
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那裡看起來人煙稀少，
03:28
they feel downright dangerous.
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感覺十分危險。
03:30
I mean, where would you sit here?
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我是說，你在這裡時會坐哪邊？
03:34
What would you do here?
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你會在這裡做什麼？
03:36
But architects love them.
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但建築師愛那些地方。
03:40
They are plinths for their creations.
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那是他們的創意基礎。
03:43
They might tolerate a sculpture or two,
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他們也許要容忍一、兩個雕塑，
03:45
but that's about it.
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但僅此而已。
03:47
And for developers, they are ideal.
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對開發商來說非常完美。
03:50
There's nothing to water, nothing to maintain,
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不需要澆水、不用維護，
03:52
and no undesirable people to worry about.
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也沒有煩人的討厭鬼。
03:56
But don't you think this is a waste?
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但是你不覺得這是種浪費嗎？
04:00
For me, becoming a city planner
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對我來說，成為城市規劃師
04:02
meant being able to truly change the city
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意謂著能真的改變城市，
04:05
that I lived in and loved.
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我居住和深愛的城市。
04:07
I wanted to be able to create places
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我希望打造出的地方
04:10
that would give you the feeling that you got
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也能讓你擁有帕里公園
帶來的同樣感受，
帶來的同樣感受，
04:12
in Paley Park,
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並且阻止開發商建造
像這樣冷冰冰的大廈。
像這樣冷冰冰的大廈。
04:13
and not allow developers to
build bleak plazas like this.
build bleak plazas like this.
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04:18
But over the many years,
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但是經過許多年後，
04:19
I have learned how hard it is
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我意識到很難
04:22
to create successful, meaningful,
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創造成功、有意義，
又怡人的公共空間。
04:25
enjoyable public spaces.
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04:27
As I learned from my stepfather,
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我向繼父學習時，
04:28
they certainly do not happen by accident,
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這些事發生並非偶然，
04:30
especially in a city like New York,
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尤其在像紐約這樣的城市，
04:33
where public space has to
be fought for to begin with,
be fought for to begin with,
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需極力爭取才能打造公共空間，
04:37
and then for them to be successful,
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為了讓事情圓滿達成，
04:39
somebody has to think very hard
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得有人絞盡腦汁思考
04:41
about every detail.
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每一個細節。
04:43
Now, open spaces in cities are opportunities.
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城市中的開放空間都是機會。
04:47
Yes, they are opportunities
for commercial investment,
for commercial investment,
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沒錯，它們是商業投資的機會，
04:50
but they are also opportunities for the common good
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但是這些機會也都是
這座城市的公共利益，
04:54
of the city,
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04:56
and those two goals are often
not aligned with one another,
not aligned with one another,
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那兩項目標常背道而馳，
04:59
and therein lies the conflict.
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衝突就因此而生。
05:02
The first opportunity I had to fight
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我首次得爭取的機會
05:05
for a great public open space was in the early 1980s,
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是 1980 年代早期的
一項大型公共開放空間，
一項大型公共開放空間，
05:08
when I was leading a team of planners
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當時我帶領了一組規劃團隊，
05:10
at a gigantic landfill called Battery Park City
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位於名叫砲台公園城
的巨型垃圾掩埋場，
的巨型垃圾掩埋場，
05:13
in lower Manhattan on the Hudson River.
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就在曼哈頓的哈德遜河岸邊。
05:16
And this sandy wasteland had lain barren
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這塊沙質荒地已荒廢了
05:19
for 10 years,
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十年之久，
05:20
and we were told, unless we found a developer
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有人說，除非我們找到開發商，
05:23
in six months, it would go bankrupt.
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不然在六個月內
這塊地就會完全枯竭了。
這塊地就會完全枯竭了。
05:25
So we came up with a radical,
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因此我們想到的是一個極端，
05:27
almost insane idea.
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近乎瘋狂的想法。
05:29
Instead of building a park
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與其蓋一座公園
05:31
as a complement to future development,
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讓它成為未來發展的一部分，
05:34
why don't we reverse that equation
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我們何不翻轉那個機制，
05:36
and build a small but very high-quality
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改為先建造小巧、高質感的
05:39
public open space first,
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公共開放空間，
05:41
and see if that made a difference.
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看看能不能帶來什麼變化。
05:44
So we only could afford to build a two-block section
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我們只能建設兩個街區的大小，
05:48
of what would become a mile-long esplanade,
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──後來成為一哩長的濱海遊憩區──
05:51
so whatever we built had to be perfect.
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因此不管我們蓋什麼，
都要非常完美才行。
都要非常完美才行。
05:54
So just to make sure, I insisted
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為了確定這件事，
05:57
that we build a mock-up
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我堅持要蓋一個木造實體模型，
05:59
in wood, at scale, of the railing and the sea wall.
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設有欄杆和防波堤。
06:03
And when I sat down on that test bench
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當我坐在測試的長凳上時，
06:06
with sand still swirling all around me,
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身旁還有漫天飛舞的沙子，
06:09
the railing hit exactly at eye level,
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欄杆剛好位在眼睛的高度，
06:12
blocking my view and ruining my experience
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阻礙了我的視線，而且也破壞了
我在水岸邊的體驗。
06:15
at the water's edge.
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06:18
So you see, details really do make a difference.
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你可以看到細節真的大有影響。
06:21
But design is not just how something looks,
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但設計不只是關於
東西看起來的樣子，
東西看起來的樣子，
06:25
it's how your body feels on that seat in that space,
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也關於你在那個空間裡
坐在椅子上的身體感受，
坐在椅子上的身體感受，
06:31
and I believe that successful design always depends
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我相信成功的設計
永遠取決於個人的體驗。
06:34
on that very individual experience.
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06:37
In this photo, everything looks very finished,
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在這張照片中，
每樣東西看起來都完工了，
每樣東西看起來都完工了，
06:42
but that granite edge, those lights,
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但是花崗岩的邊緣、那些燈光、
06:44
the back on that bench,
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長凳的椅背、
06:46
the trees in planting,
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栽植的樹木，
06:48
and the many different kinds of places to sit
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以及在各種地方的座位，
06:51
were all little battles that turned this project
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都是這些小挑戰讓計畫煥然一新，
06:54
into a place that people wanted to be.
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成為大家都想去的地方。
06:58
Now, this proved very valuable 20 years later
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20 年後，證明了這十分珍貴，
07:02
when Michael Bloomberg asked me to be
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當時麥克．彭博邀請我擔任
07:04
his planning commissioner
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都市計劃局長，
07:05
and put me in charge of shaping
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讓我負責塑造
07:07
the entire city of New York.
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整座紐約市。
07:09
And he said to me on that very day,
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在那個特別的日子裡，他告訴我，
07:11
he said that New York was projected
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過去紐約是設計成
07:13
to grow from eight to nine million people.
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讓市民從八百萬人
發展為九百萬人的地方。
發展為九百萬人的地方。
07:16
And he asked me,
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他問我：
07:18
"So where are you going to put
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「你打算把那多出來的
一百萬名紐約客放在哪裡？」
一百萬名紐約客放在哪裡？」
07:20
one million additional New Yorkers?"
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07:22
Well, I didn't have any idea.
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嗯，我當時毫無頭緒。
07:25
Now, you know that New York does
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你知道紐約
非常重視吸引外來人口，
07:28
place a high value on attracting immigrants,
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07:31
so we were excited about the prospect of growth,
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因此，我們對於發展前景非常興奮，
07:34
but honestly, where were we going to grow
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但老實說，我們在哪裡發展
07:37
in a city that was already built out to its edges
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這座已經建設到邊緣
07:40
and surrounded by water?
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且被水環繞的城市？
07:43
How were we going to find housing
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我們要怎麼找出
07:44
for that many new New Yorkers?
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新進紐約客的居所？
07:47
And if we couldn't spread out,
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如果我們不能擴展
07:49
which was probably a good thing,
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──那大概會是件好事──
07:50
where could new housing go?
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那我們要把新房子安置何處？
07:53
And what about cars?
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那車子怎麼辦？
07:55
Our city couldn't possibly handle any more cars.
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我們的城市不可能再負擔更多車子了。
07:59
So what were we going to do?
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那我們要怎麼辦？
08:02
If we couldn't spread out, we had to go up.
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如果我們無法擴展，我們就得向上攀伸。
08:06
And if we had to go up,
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如果我們得向上攀伸，
08:07
we had to go up in places
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我們就必須在
08:09
where you wouldn't need to own a car.
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你不需要有車的地方攀伸。
08:11
So that meant using one of our greatest assets:
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因此那代表了要運用
我們最重要的資產之一：
我們最重要的資產之一：
08:13
our transit system.
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我們的運輸系統。
08:16
But we had never before thought
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但我們過去從沒想過
08:17
of how we could make the most of it.
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我們能如何充分運用運輸系統。
08:20
So here was the answer to our puzzle.
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因此，這就是我們拼圖的關鍵。
08:23
If we were to channel and redirect
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如果我們要重新引導
08:27
all new development around transit,
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所有新的開發繞著運輸進行，
08:29
we could actually handle that population increase,
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我們就能面對人口成長，
08:32
we thought.
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這是我們的想法。
08:34
And so here was the plan,
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就是這份計畫，
08:36
what we really needed to do:
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我們確實要做的是：
08:38
We needed to redo our zoning --
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我們需要重劃區域，
08:41
and zoning is the city planner's regulatory tool --
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──區域劃分是都市規劃師的管控方式──
08:44
and basically reshape the entire city,
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基本上要重新塑造整座城市，
08:47
targeting where new development could go
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著眼在新開發能往何處發展，
08:50
and prohibiting any development at all
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全面禁止任何開發，
08:52
in our car-oriented,
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1714
在當前這片以車輛為導向的
08:54
suburban-style neighborhoods.
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郊區風格街坊之中。
08:56
Well, this was an unbelievably ambitious idea,
195
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3732
這是種非常驚人的雄心壯志，
08:59
ambitious because communities
196
527924
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說雄心壯志，是因為社區
09:02
had to approve those plans.
197
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必須認可那些計畫。
09:06
So how was I going to get this done?
198
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那我要怎麼完成這件事？
09:09
By listening. So I began listening,
199
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2908
透過聆聽。
我開始聆聽，
我開始聆聽，
09:12
in fact, thousands of hours of listening
200
540042
3354
其實我聆聽了上千小時，
09:15
just to establish trust.
201
543396
1818
只為了能取得信任。
09:17
You know, communities can tell
202
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2089
社區可以分辨得出來
09:19
whether or not you understand their neighborhoods.
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2152
你是否真的了解他們的街坊。
09:21
It's not something you can just fake.
204
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3096
那是假裝不了的事。
09:24
And so I began walking.
205
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2706
因此我開始步行。
09:27
I can't tell you how many blocks I walked,
206
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2320
我不知道自己到底走了多少街區，
09:29
in sweltering summers, in freezing winters,
207
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3409
在汗流浹背的夏天、寒風刺骨的冬日，
09:32
year after year,
208
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1830
年復一年，
09:34
just so I could get to understand
209
562816
2088
只因為如此一來我才能了解
09:36
the DNA of each neighborhood
210
564904
2027
每一個街坊的基因，
09:38
and know what each street felt like.
211
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2575
以及每一條街傳達的感受。
09:41
I became an incredibly geeky zoning expert,
212
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3495
我變成超神的區域劃分專家，
09:45
finding ways that zoning could address
213
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2069
並找到方法讓區域劃分能滿足
09:47
communities' concerns.
214
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2062
社區所關心的事務。
09:49
So little by little, neighborhood by neighborhood,
215
577132
2572
因此，一點一滴、一個個街坊，
09:51
block by block,
216
579704
1435
一塊塊街區，
09:53
we began to set height limits
217
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1873
我們開始限高，
09:55
so that all new development
218
583012
1732
如此一來所有新的開發
09:56
would be predictable and near transit.
219
584744
3617
都能在預料之中，並且靠近交通運輸區。
10:00
Over the course of 12 years,
220
588361
1781
這 12 年來，
10:02
we were able to rezone
221
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2469
我們重新劃分了
10:04
124 neighborhoods,
222
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124 個街坊，
10:07
40 percent of the city,
223
595180
2779
40% 的城市，
10:09
12,500 blocks, so that now,
224
597959
4539
12,500 塊街區，因此到現在，
10:14
90 percent of all new development of New York
225
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3237
紐約所有新的開發中有 90%
10:17
is within a 10-minute walk of a subway.
226
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2648
都在步行 10 分鐘能抵達地鐵的位置。
10:20
In other words, nobody in those new buildings
227
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2650
換句話說，那些新建築裡的居民
10:23
needs to own a car.
228
611033
1876
都不需要擁有汽車。
10:24
Well, those rezonings were exhausting
229
612909
4093
嗯，那些重劃區域的事讓人疲憊不堪，
10:29
and enervating and important,
230
617002
3038
而且讓人無力卻又十分重要，
10:32
but rezoning was never my mission.
231
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2550
但是重劃區域從來就不是我的任務。
10:34
You can't see zoning and you can't feel zoning.
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你看不見區域劃分，無法感受區域劃分。
10:38
My mission was always to create
233
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我的任務一向都是打造
10:40
great public spaces.
234
628169
1924
完美的公共空間。
10:42
So in the areas where we zoned
for significant development,
for significant development,
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630093
3892
因此，在這些我們劃分為
重大發展的區域中，
重大發展的區域中，
10:45
I was determined to create places
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2191
我決定打造的空間
10:48
that would make a difference in people's lives.
237
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2694
是能為人們生活帶來重大改變的地方。
10:50
Here you see what was
238
638870
2086
你可以在這裡看到
10:52
two miles of abandoned, degraded waterfront
239
640956
2424
兩哩廢棄、破敗的濱水區，
10:55
in the neighborhoods of Greenpoint
240
643380
1767
位在布魯克林區的綠點
與威廉斯堡街坊，
與威廉斯堡街坊，
10:57
and Williamsburg in Brooklyn,
241
645147
1782
根本不可能靠近和使用。
10:58
impossible to get to and impossible to use.
242
646929
3560
11:02
Now the zoning here was massive,
243
650489
2494
這裡的區域劃分規模龐大，
11:04
so I felt an obligation to create
244
652983
3022
因此我有責任
在這些濱水區上打造優美的公園，
11:08
magnificent parks on these waterfronts,
245
656005
3025
11:11
and I spent an incredible amount of time
246
659030
2740
我花了非常多的時間
11:13
on every square inch of these plans.
247
661770
3105
在這些計畫中的每一吋土地上。
11:16
I wanted to make sure that there were
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664875
2065
我希望能確定那裡會有
11:18
tree-lined paths from the upland to the water,
249
666940
2539
從高地到水域的林蔭步道，
11:21
that there were trees and plantings everywhere,
250
669479
2411
到處都有樹木和植栽，
11:23
and, of course, lots and lots of places to sit.
251
671890
4188
當然，還要有很多、很多座位。
11:28
Honestly, I had no idea how it would turn out.
252
676078
3370
老實說，我不知道結果會如何。
11:31
I had to have faith.
253
679448
1625
我必須有信心。
11:33
But I put everything that I had studied and learned
254
681073
2963
但我放下所有的事，
為了能研究和了解
為了能研究和了解
11:36
into those plans.
255
684036
1734
那些計畫。
11:37
And then it opened,
256
685770
1660
啟用後，
11:39
and I have to tell you, it was incredible.
257
687430
3287
我得告訴你，那非常棒。
11:42
People came from all over the city
258
690717
2085
人們從城市的各個角落
11:44
to be in these parks.
259
692802
1657
來到這些公園裡。
11:46
I know they changed the lives
of the people who live there,
of the people who live there,
260
694459
3420
我知道那些公園
改變了當地居民的生活，
改變了當地居民的生活，
11:49
but they also changed New Yorkers' whole image
261
697879
2495
但它們也改變了紐約客
11:52
of their city.
262
700374
1776
對所在城市的整體印象。
11:54
I often come down and watch people
263
702150
1579
我常來這看著人們
11:55
get on this little ferry
264
703729
1516
搭上這個小渡輪，
11:57
that now runs between the boroughs,
265
705245
1978
載著他們在區域間移動，
11:59
and I can't tell you why,
266
707223
1487
我不知道為什麼，
12:00
but I'm completely moved
267
708710
1572
但我深受感動，
12:02
by the fact that people are using it
268
710282
2147
看到人們搭乘渡輪，
12:04
as if it had always been there.
269
712429
2182
就像它一直都在似的。
12:06
And here is a new park in lower Manhattan.
270
714611
3273
在曼哈頓下城這裡有座新公園。
12:09
Now, the water's edge in lower Manhattan
271
717884
2757
曼哈頓下城的水岸
12:12
was a complete mess before 9/11.
272
720641
2933
在 911 之前是一團混亂。
12:15
Wall Street was essentially landlocked
273
723574
1915
基本上華爾街完全被包圍了，
12:17
because you couldn't get anywhere near this edge.
274
725489
2586
因為你完全無法靠近這邊緣。
12:20
And after 9/11, the city had very little control.
275
728075
3834
在 911 之後，這座城市缺乏秩序。
12:23
But I thought if we went
276
731909
1545
但是我想，如果我們去
12:25
to the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation
277
733454
2145
曼哈頓下城發展公司
12:27
and got money to reclaim this two miles
278
735599
2961
拿點經費開墾這兩哩的
12:30
of degraded waterfront
279
738560
1796
破敗濱水區，
12:32
that it would have an enormous effect
280
740356
1851
就能大大地影響
12:34
on the rebuilding of lower Manhattan.
281
742207
2461
曼哈頓下城的重建。
12:36
And it did.
282
744668
1180
結果確實如此。
12:37
Lower Manhattan finally has a public waterfront
283
745848
3391
曼哈頓下城終於有了公共濱水區，
12:41
on all three sides.
284
749239
2114
三側都有。
12:43
I really love this park.
285
751353
2384
我超愛這座公園。
12:45
You know, railings have to be higher now,
286
753737
2225
你知道，現在欄杆得再高一點，
12:47
so we put bar seating at the edge,
287
755962
2544
因此我們在岸邊放了長條座椅，
12:50
and you can get so close to the water
288
758506
2112
你就能親近水域，
12:52
you're practically on it.
289
760618
1728
幾乎就在水上方。
12:54
And see how the railing widens
290
762346
1869
看看欄杆變寬、變平了，
12:56
and flattens out so you can lay down
291
764215
1416
如此一來你就可以擺放
12:57
your lunch or your laptop.
292
765631
1882
你的午餐或筆電。
12:59
And I love when people come there
293
767513
1980
我超愛人們來到這裡
13:01
and look up and they say,
294
769493
1860
擡頭一看後驚呼：
13:03
"Wow, there's Brooklyn, and it's so close."
295
771353
4027
「哇！那是布魯克林，好近喔！」
13:07
So what's the trick?
296
775380
2352
那麼，訣竅在哪？
13:09
How do you turn a park
297
777732
1809
要怎麼把公園轉身一變
13:11
into a place that people want to be?
298
779541
3166
成為人們想去的地方？
13:14
Well, it's up to you,
299
782707
2843
嗯，全由你決定，
13:17
not as a city planner but as a human being.
300
785550
3365
不是以城市規劃師，
而是以一個人類的身分。
而是以一個人類的身分。
13:20
You don't tap into your design expertise.
301
788915
3400
你不是運用你的設計專業，
13:24
You tap into your humanity.
302
792315
3515
而是運用你的人性。
13:27
I mean, would you want to go there?
303
795830
3326
我的意思是，你想去那邊嗎？
13:31
Would you want to stay there?
304
799156
1983
你會想待在那裡嗎？
13:33
Can you see into it and out of it?
305
801139
2138
你的視線能一望無際嗎？
13:35
Are there other people there?
306
803277
2252
有其他人在嗎？
13:37
Does it seem green and friendly?
307
805529
2647
看起來充滿綠意和友善嗎？
13:40
Can you find your very own seat?
308
808176
3238
你能找到自己的專屬座位嗎？
13:43
Well now, all over New York City,
309
811414
3029
現在，在整座紐約市中，
13:46
there are places where you can
310
814443
1504
你也可以在一些地方
13:47
find your very own seat.
311
815947
1854
找到你的專屬座位了。
13:49
Where there used to be parking spaces,
312
817801
2522
那裡原本是停車場，
13:52
there are now pop-up cafes.
313
820323
2293
現在變成了流動咖啡店。
13:54
Where Broadway traffic used to run,
314
822616
1978
原本百老匯車輛通行的地方，
13:56
there are now tables and chairs.
315
824594
1964
現在都是桌椅了。
13:58
Where 12 years ago, sidewalk
cafes were not allowed,
cafes were not allowed,
316
826558
3554
12 年前，這裡禁止設露天咖啡座，
14:02
they are now everywhere.
317
830112
1973
現在到處都是。
14:04
But claiming these spaces for public use
318
832085
2995
但是將這些空間取回做為公用
14:07
was not simple,
319
835080
1139
並非易事，
14:08
and it's even harder to keep them that way.
320
836219
2662
而維持公用更是難上加難。
14:10
So now I'm going to tell you a story
321
838881
1689
讓我告訴你一個故事，
14:12
about a very unusual park called the High Line.
322
840570
4280
是關於名為「空中花園」的非凡之地。
14:16
The High Line was an elevated railway.
323
844850
2054
空中花園原本是高架鐵路。
14:18
(Applause)
324
846904
6631
（掌聲）
14:25
The High Line was an elevated railway
325
853535
2276
空中花園原本是高架鐵路，
14:27
that ran through three neighborhoods
326
855811
1812
貫穿三個街區，
14:29
on Manhattan's West Side,
327
857623
1870
在曼哈頓西側通行，
14:31
and when the train stopped running,
328
859493
1745
當火車停駛後，
14:33
it became a self-seeded landscape,
329
861238
2156
這塊地變成了自行生長的荒地，
14:35
a kind of a garden in the sky.
330
863394
2607
就像天空中的花園。
14:38
And when I saw it the first time,
331
866001
2149
我第一次見到這座公園時，
14:40
honestly, when I went up on that old viaduct,
332
868150
2646
老實說，當我踏上那老舊的高架橋時，
14:42
I fell in love the way you fall in love with a person,
333
870796
2816
感覺就像和某人陷入熱戀一樣，
14:45
honestly.
334
873612
1227
千真萬確。
14:46
And when I was appointed,
335
874839
2121
在我上任後，
14:48
saving the first two sections of the High Line
336
876960
2076
讓空中花園前兩區
免於拆除的命運
免於拆除的命運
14:51
from demolition became my first priority
337
879036
3372
就成了我的首要任務，
14:54
and my most important project.
338
882408
2672
以及我最重要的計畫。
14:57
I knew if there was a day that I didn't
339
885080
3268
我知道只要有一天
我不擔心空中花園，它就會倒塌。
15:00
worry about the High Line, it would come down.
340
888348
3603
15:03
And the High Line,
341
891951
1989
空中花園，
15:05
even though it is widely known now
342
893940
2460
即使現在已廣為人知
15:08
and phenomenally popular,
343
896400
1819
且蔚為風潮，
15:10
it is the most contested public space in the city.
344
898219
3904
它仍是城市中最搶手的公共空間。
15:14
You might see a beautiful park,
345
902123
2875
也許你看見的是一座美麗花園，
15:16
but not everyone does.
346
904998
2447
但並非每個人都有同感。
15:19
You know, it's true, commercial interests
347
907445
2637
你知道，事實是商業利益
15:22
will always battle against public space.
348
910082
3217
永遠會與公共空間為敵。
15:25
You might say,
349
913299
1824
你也許會說：
15:27
"How wonderful it is that more than
350
915123
1570
「超過四百萬人
從世界各地來參觀空中花園
從世界各地來參觀空中花園
15:28
four million people come from all over the world
351
916693
2431
15:31
to visit the High Line."
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是多麼美好的事呀！」
15:32
Well, a developer sees just one thing: customers.
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嗯，開發商只看到一件事：顧客。
15:37
Hey, why not take out those plantings
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嘿，何不移走那些植栽，
15:40
and have shops all along the High Line?
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沿著空中花園開些商店？
15:42
Wouldn't that be terrific
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那不是超讚的嗎？
15:43
and won't it mean a lot more money for the city?
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而且還能幫城市賺很多錢吧？
15:46
Well no, it would not be terrific.
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錯了，一點也不讚。
15:48
It would be a mall, and not a park.
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那會變成購物中心，而且不是公園。
15:51
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
15:59
And you know what, it might mean
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你知道嗎？那也許代表了
16:00
more money for the city,
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幫城市賺很多錢，
16:03
but a city has to take the long view,
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但是城市要有遠見，
16:07
the view for the common good.
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公共利益的遠見。
16:10
Most recently, the last section of the High Line,
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最近，空中花園的最後一區，
16:13
the third section of the High Line,
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1616
空中花園的第三區，
16:15
the final section of the High Line,
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空中花園的最後一區，
16:16
has been pitted against development interests,
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已經和發展利益對立，
16:19
where some of the city's leading developers
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2300
部分城市的主要開發商
16:22
are building more than 17 million square feet
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都建設超過 1700 萬平方公尺的
16:24
at the Hudson Yards.
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哈德遜園區 (Hudson Yards)。
16:27
And they came to me and proposed
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他們來找我，提到
16:28
that they "temporarily disassemble"
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他們「暫時拆除」
16:31
that third and final section.
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那第三區，也就是最後一區。
16:34
Perhaps the High Line didn't fit in
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也許空中花園不符合
16:36
with their image of a gleaming city of skyscrapers
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他們印象中在山坡上
閃亮的摩天大樓城市。
閃亮的摩天大樓城市。
16:39
on a hill.
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也許那只是他們的想像。
16:41
Perhaps it was just in their way.
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16:43
But in any case, it took nine months
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但是無論如何，都需要歷經九個月
16:46
of nonstop daily negotiation
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每日不停的協商，
16:48
to finally get the signed agreement
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2013
才能最後簽定協議，
16:50
to prohibit its demolition,
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明文禁止拆除，
16:52
and that was only two years ago.
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而那只是兩年前的事。
16:56
So you see, no matter how popular
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你看，不管一個公共空間可以
16:59
and successful a public space may be,
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有多受歡迎又多成功，
17:01
it can never be taken for granted.
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那都不是理所當然。
17:04
Public spaces always -- this is it saved --
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公共空間永遠
──這裡被拯救了──
──這裡被拯救了──
17:06
public spaces always need vigilant champions,
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3712
公共空間永遠都需要有正義使者，
17:10
not only to claim them at the outset for public use,
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不只是在一開始為了
公共使用而爭取所有權，
公共使用而爭取所有權，
17:14
but to design them for the people that use them,
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3531
而要為使用者而設計，
17:17
then to maintain them to ensure
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2031
之後維護它們來確保
17:19
that they are for everyone,
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是人人共享，
17:21
that they are not violated, invaded,
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不可侵害、侵犯、
17:24
abandoned or ignored.
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放棄或忽視。
17:26
If there is any one lesson
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如果問我在擔任城市規劃師時
17:28
that I have learned in my life as a city planner,
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學到了什麼寶貴的一課，
17:31
it is that public spaces have power.
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那就是公共空間擁有權力。
17:35
It's not just the number of people using them,
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那不只是和使用的人有關，
17:38
it's the even greater number of people
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也和更多
對城市感覺變好的人有關，
17:40
who feel better about their city
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2119
17:42
just knowing that they are there.
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這關乎於他們
認知到自己身在其中。
認知到自己身在其中。
17:45
Public space can change how you live in a city,
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公共空間能改變
你在城市的生活方式，
你在城市的生活方式，
17:49
how you feel about a city,
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你對城市的感受，
17:51
whether you choose one city over another,
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不管你選擇哪一個城市，
17:54
and public space is one of
the most important reasons
the most important reasons
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公共空間都是你留在這座城市的
17:57
why you stay in a city.
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重要因素之一。
18:00
I believe that a successful city
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我相信一座成功的城市
18:03
is like a fabulous party.
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就像是一場超讚的舞會。
18:05
People stay because they are having a great time.
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人們會留下來是因為
他們擁有了美好時光。
他們擁有了美好時光。
18:09
Thank you.
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1943
謝謝。
18:11
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
18:17
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝。（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Amanda Burden - Urban plannerAs New York’s chief city planner under the Bloomberg administration, Amanda Burden led revitalization of some of the city's most familiar features -- from the High Line to the Brooklyn waterfront.
Why you should listen
With a keen eye for detail that extends to the most humble park bench -- and a gift for convincing developers and bureaucrats of her vision -- former New York City Planning Commissioner Amanda Burden rebuilt New York City.
Taking inspiration from her mentor, the influential urban theorist William H. “Holly” Whyte, Burden stepped out of the society pages (she's Babe Paley's daughter) and into a high-profile development career, which started with the planning and design of Battery Park and brought her to the Bloomberg administration. Her high design standards and flair for human-scale public spaces (as she told the Wall Street Journal, "You can actually change a city by a small stroke") ensures that her legacy will be an enduring element of New York’s urban landscape. Post-mayoralty, she is joining Mike Bloomberg's newly established global consultancy, Bloomberg Associates, as one of the founding Principals (along with Janette Sadik-Khan, former traffic commisioner).
Amanda Burden | Speaker | TED.com