TEDGlobal 2014
Alessandra Orofino: It’s our city. Let’s fix it
亞歷山德拉•奧羅菲諾: 這是我們的城市，讓我們去修復它
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很多時候，民眾覺得自己對政治冷感—甚至在他們自己城市的層面亦是如此。但是城市運動家亞歷山德拉•奧羅菲諾認為透過運用科技和老式的人際關係互相結合，這種情況是可以改變的。她向我們分享家鄉里約熱內盧的個案，她說：「只有我們才能決定是要保留學校或興建停車場，是要回收計劃或蓋建築工地，是要汽車還是公車，要孤獨亦或團結。」
Alessandra Orofino - Political mobilization activist
Alessandra Orofino founded Meu Rio, Rio de Janeiro’s largest mobilization network. Full bio
Alessandra Orofino founded Meu Rio, Rio de Janeiro’s largest mobilization network. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Fifty-four percent of the world's population
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世界上 54% 的人口
00:16
lives in our cities.
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居住在我們的城市。
00:19
In developing countries,
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在發展中國家，
00:21
one third of that population
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有三分之一的人口
00:23
is living in slums.
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住在貧民窟。
00:26
Seventy-five percent of global energy consumption
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全球 75% 的能源消耗
00:31
occurs in our cities,
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發生在我們的城市，
00:34
and 80 percent of gas emissions
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而 80%
導致全球暖化的氣體排放，
00:36
that cause global warming
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00:38
come from our cities.
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來自我們的城市。
00:41
So things that you and I might think about
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你和我都認為屬於
00:44
as global problems,
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全球問題的事情，
00:46
like climate change, the energy crisis
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例如氣候變化、能源危機，
00:49
or poverty,
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或者貧窮，
00:50
are really, in many ways, city problems.
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從各方面看，
事實上都是城市的問題。
事實上都是城市的問題。
00:55
They will not be solved
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問題不會解決，
00:57
unless people who live in cities,
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除非住在城市裡的人，
01:00
like most of us,
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就像我們大部份的人，
01:02
actually start doing a better job,
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真正開始做較好的事情，
01:05
because right now, we are
not doing a very good one.
not doing a very good one.
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因為我們現在做的還不足夠。
01:09
And that becomes very clear
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那就變得十分清楚，
01:12
when we look into three aspects of city life:
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當我們看看城市生活的三個面貌：
01:16
first, our citizens' willingness to engage
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首先，是我們市民
01:20
with democratic institutions;
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參與民主制度的意願；
01:23
second, our cities' ability to really include
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第二，我們城市能夠
使所有市民成為整體的一部分；
01:28
all of their residents;
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01:30
and lastly, our own ability
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最後，我們自己能夠
01:33
to live fulfilling and happy lives.
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充實且快樂地生活。
01:38
When it comes to engagement,
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當談及參與的承諾時，
01:40
the data is very clear.
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數據就十分清楚。
01:43
Voter turnout around the world
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全世界的投票率
01:45
peaked in the late '80s,
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在八十年代後期達到高峰，
01:47
and it has been declining at a pace
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然後以我們從未見過的步伐下降，
01:49
that we have never seen before,
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在國家層面來說，
如果數字很糟榚的話，
如果數字很糟榚的話，
01:52
and if those numbers are bad at the national level,
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01:56
at the level of our cities,
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在我們城市的層面來說，
01:58
they are just dismal.
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可以說是慘淡。
02:01
In the last two years,
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在過去兩年，
02:02
two of the world's most consolidated,
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全球兩個最團結
02:05
oldest democracies, the U.S. and France,
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最古老的民主社會，美國和法國，
02:09
held nationwide municipal elections.
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舉行了全國性的市政選舉。
02:12
In France, voter turnout hit a record low.
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在法國，
投票率創下歷史新低，
約 40% 選民決定
02:16
Almost 40 percent of voters decided
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02:20
not to show up.
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不去投票。
02:23
In the U.S., the numbers were even scarier.
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在美國，數字更為可怕。
02:26
In some American cities,
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在一些美國城市，
02:28
voter turnout was close to five percent.
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投票率接近 5%。
02:33
I'll let that sink in for a second.
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待會我們再談談這個。
02:35
We're talking about democratic cities
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我們正在談及一些民主城市，
02:38
in which 95 percent of people
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當中 95% 的人
02:41
decided that it was not important
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覺得選舉他們的領袖並不重要，
02:43
to elect their leaders.
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02:46
The city of L.A., a city of four million people,
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洛杉機市，
一個四百萬人口的城市，
其市長選舉剛得到超過 20 萬票，
02:50
elected its mayor with just a bit over 200,000 votes.
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02:55
That was the lowest turnout the city had seen
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那是 100 年來這個城市
最低的投票率，
最低的投票率，
02:57
in 100 years.
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03:00
Right here, in my city of Rio,
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就在這裡，我的城市里約熱內盧，
03:03
in spite of mandatory voting,
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盡管實施強制投票，
03:06
almost 30 percent of the voting population
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約 30% 選民
03:10
chose to either annul their votes
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卻選擇放棄他們的選票，
03:12
or stay home and pay a fine
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選擇留在家裡並繳交罰款，
03:15
in the last mayoral elections.
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也不願參與最近的市長選舉。
03:18
When it comes to inclusiveness,
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當涉及到包容性，
03:21
our cities are not the best cases of success either,
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我們的城市也不是最成功的個案，
03:24
and again, you don't need to look very far
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而且，你並不需要看得太遠
03:27
in order to find proof of that.
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去尋找證明。
03:28
The city of Rio is incredibly unequal.
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里約熱內盧市是難以置信的不公平。
03:33
This is Leblon.
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這是列布隆。
03:35
Leblon is the city's richest neighborhood.
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列布隆是城市裡最富有的社區。
03:38
And this is Complexo do Alemão.
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而這是阿萊芒街區，
03:40
This is where over 70,000
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這座城市超過七萬名
03:43
of the city's poorest residents live.
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最貧窮的居民住在此處，
03:46
Leblon has an HDI, a Human Development Index,
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列布隆的人類發展指數 (HDI)，
03:50
of .967.
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為 .967，
03:53
That is higher than Norway, Switzerland
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較挪威、瑞士或瑞典還高。
03:57
or Sweden.
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03:59
Complexo do Alemão has an HDI of .711.
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阿萊芒街區的 HDI 為 .711，
04:03
It sits somewhere in between the HDI
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在阿爾及利亞與
加彭共和國的 HDI 之間。
加彭共和國的 HDI 之間。
04:06
of Algeria and Gabon.
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04:09
So Rio, like so many cities across the global South,
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那麼里約熱內盧
就像南半球的眾多城市，
是一個可從北歐
04:14
is a place where you can go from northern Europe
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04:17
to sub-Saharan Africa
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到非洲南撒哈拉
04:18
in the space of 30 minutes.
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只要花三十分鐘的地方。
04:21
If you drive, that is.
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如果你駕車的話，就可以了。
04:23
If you take public transit, it's about two hours.
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如果你乘搭公共交通，就需約二小時。
04:28
And lastly, perhaps most importantly,
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最後，或者是最重要的，
不同的城市，以及其非常活躍的
04:32
cities, with the incredible wealth
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04:34
of relations that they enable,
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人際關係，使它可成為
04:37
could be the ideal places for human happiness
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人類快樂幸褔發展的理想地。
04:41
to flourish.
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04:42
We like being around people.
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我們喜歡被其他人圍繞，
04:44
We are social animals.
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我們是群體動物。
04:47
Instead, countries where urbanization
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但是，
都市化已達至高峰的國家，
04:50
has already peaked seem to be the very countries
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正是那些城市不再使我們高興的國家。
04:54
in which cities have stopped making us happy.
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04:58
The United States population has suffered
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美國人
05:01
from a general decrease in happiness
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整體而言已受到幸褔感下降之苦，
05:04
for the past three decades,
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過去三十年皆如此。
05:07
and the main reason is this.
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主要原因正是：
05:10
The American way of building cities
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以美國方式建設的城市
05:13
has caused good quality public spaces
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使那麼高質素的公共空間
05:16
to virtually disappear in many,
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實質上在很多
很多的美國城市之中消失，
05:18
many American cities,
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05:19
and as a result, they have seen
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而結果是，他們看到
05:21
a decline of relations,
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關係的倒退，
05:24
of the things that make us happy.
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使我們快樂的事情消失。
05:26
Many studies show an increase
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很多研究都顯示現在孤獨感增加，
05:28
in solitude and a decrease in solidarity,
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而減少了團結、
05:33
honesty, and social and civic participation.
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誠信、社會及公民參與。
05:38
So how do we start building cities
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那麼我們是如何開始建立
一些我們關心的城市？
05:41
that make us care?
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05:44
Cities that value their most important asset:
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看重其最重要資產的城市：
05:48
the incredible diversity
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住在城市裡的民眾
05:51
of the people who live in them?
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其異常豐富的多樣性？
05:53
Cities that make us happy?
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使我們快樂的城市？
05:57
Well, I believe that if we want to change
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我相信如果我們要改變
05:59
what our cities look like,
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我們城市的樣貌，
06:02
then we really have to change
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那麼我們真的要改變
06:04
the decision-making processes
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決策過程，
06:07
that have given us the results
that we have right now.
that we have right now.
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以及導致我們現在所得的結果。
06:11
We need a participation revolution,
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我們需要參與革命，
06:14
and we need it fast.
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而且我們急迫需要。
06:17
The idea of voting as our
only exercise in citizenship
only exercise in citizenship
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投票這個我們唯一可行使的公民權利
06:22
does not make sense anymore.
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已不再有意義，
06:25
People are tired of only being treated
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民眾已厭倦每隔幾年
06:28
as empowered individuals every few years
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被看待成獲授權人士，
06:32
when it's time to delegate that power
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可將權力委派別人
06:35
to someone else.
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作代表。
06:37
If the protests that swept Brazil
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如果 2013 年 6 月的抗議潮
在巴西席捲後，
在巴西席捲後，
06:40
in June 2013 have taught us anything,
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我們所學會的事情
06:45
it's that every time we try
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就是每次嘗試
06:48
to exercise our power
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在選舉的背景之下，
06:51
outside of an electoral context,
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行使我們的權力時，
06:53
we are beaten up, humiliated or arrested.
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我們會遭受到毆打、
侮辱、甚至逮捕，
侮辱、甚至逮捕，
06:59
And this needs to change,
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這個情況需要改變，
07:02
because when it does,
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因為當它真的改變時，
07:04
not only will people re-engage
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民眾不僅重新
07:06
with the structures of representation,
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參與代議體制，
07:09
but also complement these structures
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也會把這些組織
07:12
with direct, effective, and
collective decision making,
collective decision making,
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與直接、有效的，
以及集體決策互補，
07:19
decision making of the kind
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這類決策
07:21
that attacks inequality
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可以對抗這種結構本身的不平等；
07:23
by its very inclusive nature,
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07:26
decision making of the kind
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這類決策
07:28
that can change our cities
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可以改變我們的城市，
07:30
into better places for us to live.
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成為我們可活得更好的地方。
07:33
But there is a catch, obviously:
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但是明顯地這有個陷阱：
07:37
Enabling widespread participation
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實現廣泛的參與
07:40
and redistributing power
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以及重新分配權力
07:42
can be a logistical nightmare,
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可會是難辦之事，
07:44
and there's where technology can play
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而在這方面，技術可以擔當
07:47
an incredibly helpful role,
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一個極為有用的角色，
07:49
by making it easier for people to organize,
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使民眾更容易組織、
07:52
communicate and make decisions
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溝通和做出決定，
07:54
without having to be in the same room
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而不必同時身處
07:56
at the same time.
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在同一個房間。
07:58
Unfortunately for us,
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不幸的是，
08:00
when it comes to fostering democratic processes,
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當我們談到促進民主進程時，
08:03
our city governments have not used technology
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我們的市政府並沒有運用科技
08:06
to its full potential.
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來充份發揮其潛力。
08:09
So far, most city governments have been effective
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到目前為止，
大部分市政府有效地
大部分市政府有效地
08:13
at using tech to turn citizens into human sensors
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運用科技把市民變成人類感應器，
08:17
who serve authorities with data on the city:
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把城市裡的數據傳送給當局：
08:21
potholes, fallen trees or broken lamps.
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路面的坑洞、樹木倒塌
以至街燈損壞。
以至街燈損壞。
08:25
They have also, to a lesser extent,
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在較小的程度上，
08:27
invited people to participate in improving
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他們也邀請市民參與改善
08:31
the outcome of decisions
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那些已為他們決定的決策結果。
08:33
that were already made for them,
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08:36
just like my mom when I was eight
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就像我八歲時，
08:37
and she told me that I had a choice:
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我媽告訴我：我可以選擇
08:39
I had to be in bed by 8 p.m.,
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在晚上八點前必須上床，
08:41
but I could choose my pink
pajamas or my blue pajamas.
pajamas or my blue pajamas.
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但是我可以選擇
粉紅色睡衣或藍色睡衣。
粉紅色睡衣或藍色睡衣。
08:45
That's not participation,
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這並不是參與。
08:47
and in fact, governments have not been very good
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而事實上，各國政府從來也沒有
08:51
at using technology to enable participation
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好好地運用技術
增加要事的民眾參與度，
08:54
on what matters —
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08:56
the way we allocate our budget,
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像是我們分配預算的方式、
08:58
the way we occupy our land,
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我們佔領土地的方式，
09:00
and the way we manage our natural resources.
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以及我們管理自然資源的方式。
09:04
Those are the kinds of decisions
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這些都是各種不同類型的決定，
09:06
that can actually impact global problems
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實際上可影響全球的問題，
09:09
that manifest themselves in our cities.
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而在我們的城市表露出來的。
09:12
The good news is,
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好消息是，
09:14
and I do have good news to share with you,
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我的確有好消息可跟大家分享，
09:16
we don't need to wait for governments to do this.
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我們無需等待政府來做這件事。
09:20
I have reason to believe
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我有理由相信，
09:22
that it's possible for citizens to build
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市民的確有可能
建立起代議體制。
09:25
their own structures of participation.
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09:29
Three years ago, I cofounded an organization
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三年前，我與其他人創辦了一個組織，
09:32
called Meu Rio,
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名為「我們的里約」(Meu Rio) 。
09:35
and we make it easier for people in the city of Rio
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我們讓里約熱內盧裡的市民，
09:38
to organize around causes and places
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就著他們所關心的事情和地方
09:41
that they care about in their own city,
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更容易地組織起來，
09:44
and have an impact on those causes and places
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對他們每日所關心的
09:46
every day.
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事情和地方產生影響。
09:49
In these past three years, Meu Rio grew
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在過去三年，「我們的里約」增長為
09:52
to a network of 160,000 citizens of Rio.
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一個達到 16 萬居民的網絡。
09:57
About 40 percent of those
members are young people
members are young people
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大約 40％ 的成員是年輕人，
10:01
aged 20 to 29.
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年齡介於 20 歲至 29 歲。
10:04
That is one in every 15 young people
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在今天的里約熱內盧，
10:08
of that age in Rio today.
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每十五個青年中就有一個是那年紀。
10:12
Amongst our members is this adorable little girl,
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這個可愛的小女孩是
我們其中一個會員，
我們其中一個會員，
10:16
Bia, to your right,
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她叫比亞，你們右手邊這位，
10:18
and Bia was just 11 years old
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比亞年僅 11 歲時，
10:21
when she started a campaign using one of our tools
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就使用我們其中一個工具
10:24
to save her model public school from demolition.
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來挽救她的模範公立學校
以避免拆遷時，
以避免拆遷時，
10:28
Her school actually ranks among the best
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事實上，她的學校
在全國公立學校中名列前茅，
10:30
public schools in the country,
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10:32
and it was going to be demolished
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它要被拆除是因為
10:34
by the Rio de Janeiro state government
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里約熱內盧州政府，
10:36
to build, I kid you not,
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我不是開玩笑，
10:38
a parking lot for the World Cup
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為了要興建一個停車場
10:41
right before the event happened.
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以供即將舉行的世界盃之用。
10:43
Bia started a campaign, and we even watched
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比亞開展了一場運動後，
我們甚至透過網路攝影機
全天候監測她的學校。
全天候監測她的學校。
10:46
her school 24/7 through webcam monitoring,
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10:49
and many months afterwards,
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幾個月後，
10:51
the government changed their minds.
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政府改變主意了。
10:53
Bia's school stayed in place.
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比亞的學校可保留在原地。
10:56
There's also Jovita.
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還有袓菲達，
10:58
She's an amazing woman whose daughter
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她是一個了不起的女人，
大約 10 年前，她的女兒失蹤了。
11:00
went missing about 10 years ago,
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11:03
and since then, she has been looking
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從那時起，
她一直在尋找女兒。
11:05
for her daughter.
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11:07
In that process, she found out
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過程中，她首先發現
11:09
that first, she was not alone.
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她並不孤單。
11:12
In the last year alone, 2013,
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僅在去年 2013 年，
11:14
6,000 people disappeared
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在里約熱內盧市已有 6000 人失蹤。
11:16
in the state of Rio.
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11:18
But she also found out that in spite of that,
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但是她也發現，緃使如此，
11:21
Rio had no centralized intelligence system
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里約熱內盧並沒有中央化的情報系統
11:25
for solving missing persons cases.
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以處理失蹤人口的案件。
11:28
In other Brazilian cities, those systems
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在巴西的其他城市，
這些系統可協助警察
偵破高達 80 %的
偵破高達 80 %的
11:31
have helped solve up to 80 percent
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11:33
of missing persons cases.
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失蹤人口案件。
11:35
She started a campaign,
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她展開了一場運動，
11:37
and after the secretary of
security got 16,000 emails
security got 16,000 emails
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國家安全局局長收到
16000 封電郵，
16000 封電郵，
11:41
from people asking him to do this,
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市民要求這樣做，
11:44
he responded, and started to build a police unit
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他才回應訴求，
並建立一個警察單位，
並建立一個警察單位，
11:47
specializing in those cases.
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專門對付這類案件。
11:48
It was open to the public at the end of last month,
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在上個月底，它向公眾開放，
11:52
and Jovita was there
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袓菲達也在那裡
11:54
giving interviews and being very fancy.
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接受採訪，非常引人注目。
11:57
And then, there is Leandro.
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然後，還有萊昂德羅。
11:59
Leandro is an amazing guy
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萊昂德羅是一個
在里約熱內盧貧民窟裡
在里約熱內盧貧民窟裡
12:00
in a slum in Rio,
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了不起的傢伙，
他在貧民窟創建了一個回收計劃。
12:02
and he created a recycling project in the slum.
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12:06
At the end of last year, December 16,
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在去年年底，12 月 16 日，
12:08
he received an eviction order
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他收到里約熱內盧州政府
發出的驅逐令，
發出的驅逐令，
12:10
by the Rio de Janeiro state government
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12:12
giving him two weeks to leave the space
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要求他在兩個星期內
離開那個已使用了兩年的空間。
12:16
that he had been using for two years.
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3740
12:20
The plan was to hand it over to a developer,
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政府計劃把土地交給開發商，
12:22
who planned to turn it into a construction site.
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打算把它發展成為一個工地。
12:26
Leandro started a campaign using one of our tools,
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萊昂德羅使用我們其中一個工具
展開了一場運動，
展開了一場運動，
12:29
the Pressure Cooker,
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高壓鍋，
12:30
the same one that Bia and Jovita used,
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比亞和袓菲達曾使用過的同一工具，
12:33
and the state government changed their minds
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州政府在平安夜前
12:36
before Christmas Eve.
257
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改變了主意。
12:39
These stories make me happy,
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這些故事使我感到高興，
12:42
but not just because they have happy endings.
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不只是因為他們都得到完滿結局。
12:45
They make me happy because they are
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他們讓我高興是因為
它們是快樂的開端。
12:48
happy beginnings.
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2699
12:51
The teacher and parent community at Bia's school
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比亞學校裡的教師和家長團體
12:53
is looking for other ways they could improve
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正在尋找其他方法
12:55
that space even further.
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以進一步改善那個空間。
12:58
Leandro has ambitious plans
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萊昂德羅有著雄心勃勃的計劃，
13:00
to take his model to other
low-income communities in Rio,
low-income communities in Rio,
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把他的模型帶到里約熱內盧
其他低收入的社區裡。
其他低收入的社區裡。
13:03
and Jovita is volunteering at the police unit
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而袓菲達成為一位志工，
在她協助建立的警察單位中服務。
13:06
that she helped created.
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2840
13:09
Bia, Jovita and Leandro
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比亞、袓菲達和萊昂德羅
13:12
are living examples of something
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都是活生生的例子，
全世界各地的公民、城市和政府
13:14
that citizens and city
governments around the world
governments around the world
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13:18
need to know:
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也需要知道的：
13:20
We are ready.
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我們準備好了。
13:23
As citizens, we are ready
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身為公民，我們已經準備好
13:26
to decide on our common destinies,
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決定我們共同的命運，
13:30
because we know that the way we distribute power
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因為我們都知道，
我們分配權力的方式
我們分配權力的方式
13:34
says a lot about how we actually value everyone,
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說明了我們如何真正地珍惜每個人，
13:39
and because we know
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因為我們都知道，
13:41
that enabling and participating in local politics
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能夠參與地方政治
13:44
is a sign that we truly care
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就是我們對彼此關係
13:46
about our relations to one another,
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真正關心的跡象，
13:49
and we are ready to do this
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現在我們也準備
13:50
in cities around the world right now.
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在世界各地的城市做同樣的事情。
13:54
With the Our Cities network,
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利用我們的城市網絡，
13:57
the Meu Rio team
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「我們的里約」團隊
13:58
hopes to share what we have learned
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希望透過我們所學到的，
14:00
with other people who want to create
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跟其他要在他們自己的城市
14:02
similar initiatives in their own cities.
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展開類似活動的人一起分享。
14:05
We have already started doing it in São Paulo
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我們在聖保羅已開始這樣做，
14:08
with incredible results,
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且得到驚人的結果，
14:10
and want to take it to cities around the world
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希望透過以公民為中心的網絡，
14:13
through a network of citizen-centric,
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把它帶到世界各地的城市，
14:16
citizen-led organizations
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由公民領導的組織，
14:18
that can inspire us,
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可使我們感到鼓舞、
14:20
challenge us, and remind us to demand
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挑戰我們，並提醒我們
14:24
real participation in our city lives.
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要真正地參與我們的城市生活。
14:29
It is up to us
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只有我們才能決定
14:31
to decide whether we want schools
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是要保留學校
14:33
or parking lots,
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還是興建停車場，
14:36
community-driven recycling projects
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決定是要社區帶動的回收計劃，
14:38
or construction sites,
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還是蓋建築工地，
14:41
loneliness or solidarity, cars or buses,
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決定要孤獨亦或團結、要汽車還是公車。
14:43
and it is our responsibility to do that now,
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這是我們的責任，現在就要做，
14:47
for ourselves, for our families,
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為我們自己，為我們的家庭，
14:50
for the people who make our lives worth living,
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為著那些使我們的生活
值得活下去的人，
值得活下去的人，
14:54
and for the incredible creativity,
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為那些驚人的創造力、
14:57
beauty, and wonder that make our cities,
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美麗、奇蹟，
儘管要面對不同的問題，
15:01
in spite of all of their problems,
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15:03
the greatest invention of our time.
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也能使我們的城市
成為這時代最偉大的創造物。
成為這時代最偉大的創造物。
15:07
Obrigado. Thank you.
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謝謝。謝謝大家。
15:09
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alessandra Orofino - Political mobilization activistAlessandra Orofino founded Meu Rio, Rio de Janeiro’s largest mobilization network.
Why you should listen
After working as a field researcher in Brazil and India, interviewing young girls who had been victims of domestic violence, Alessandra Orofino founded Meu Rio in 2011. The organization has fueled bottom-up local politics using a combination of on-the-ground actions and custom-designed online and mobile platforms and apps.
Orofino, who's 25 years old with a degree in economics and human rights from Columbia, is a believer in participatory politics and in cities as the ideal locus for reinventing representative democracy, and with her team she has designed Meu Rio as a catalyst for youth activism. Among its 140,000 members are tens of thousands of millennials, identifying common issues, pooling ideas for solutions, and pressuring decision-makers to adopt new policies and practices.
Alessandra Orofino | Speaker | TED.com