TED2018
Stephen DeBerry: Why the "wrong side of the tracks" is usually the east side of cities
史帝芬狄貝瑞: 為什麼城市的東邊通常是「軌道劣勢的那一邊」
Filmed:
Readability: 4.5
1,583,893 views
處在社會、經濟、環境邊緣的社區，有什麼共通性？其一是，它們通常位在城市的東區。這場簡短演說的主題是個讓人驚訝的洞見，人類學家及創業投資家史帝芬狄貝瑞解釋，在像加州的東帕羅奧圖及東耶路撒冷等地，環境和人為因素如何刻意造成差距，並點出一些文雅的問題解決方案。
Stephen DeBerry - Anthropologist, venture capitalist
Stephen DeBerry uses the economy and culture to build a more just and joyful society. Full bio
Stephen DeBerry uses the economy and culture to build a more just and joyful society. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I came to talk about first principles
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我來談的是基本原則
00:15
and communities that I love --
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以及我所愛的社區——
00:17
especially East Palo Alto, California,
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特別是加州的東帕羅奧圖，
00:20
which is full of amazing people.
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那裡有好多很棒的人。
00:23
It's also a community
that's oddly separated
that's oddly separated
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穿過矽谷的 101 號公路
00:26
by the 101 freeway
that runs through Silicon Valley.
that runs through Silicon Valley.
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把這個社區以很奇怪的
方式分割開來。
方式分割開來。
00:29
On the west side of the freeway
in Palo Alto are the "haves,"
in Palo Alto are the "haves,"
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在帕羅奧圖，這條公路的西邊
是「擁有」的一邊，
是「擁有」的一邊，
00:33
on just about any dimension
you can think of:
you can think of:
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幾乎任何你能想出的面向都是：
00:35
education, income, access to water.
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教育、收入、供水。
00:38
On the east side of the freeway
are the "have-nots."
are the "have-nots."
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在公路的東邊則是「沒有」的一邊。
00:41
And even if you don't know East Palo Alto,
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即使你不知道東帕羅奧圖，
00:43
you might know the story
of eastside disparity,
of eastside disparity,
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你可能也有聽過東區差距的故事，
00:46
whether it's the separation
of the railroad tracks in East Pittsburgh
of the railroad tracks in East Pittsburgh
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不論是被火車鐵軌分開的東匹茲堡，
00:50
or the Grosse Pointe Gate in East Detroit
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或是東底特律的葛洛斯波因特門，
00:53
or East St. Louis,
East Oakland, East Philly.
East Oakland, East Philly.
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或是東聖路易斯、
東奧克蘭、東費城。
東奧克蘭、東費城。
00:56
Why is it that communities on the social,
economic and environmental margin
economic and environmental margin
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為什麼處在社會、經濟，
及環境邊緣的社區，
及環境邊緣的社區，
01:01
tend to be on the east sides of places?
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通常都會在一個地方的東區？
01:05
Turns out,
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結果發現，
01:06
it's the wind.
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原因是風。
01:09
If you look at the Earth
from the North Pole,
from the North Pole,
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如果從北極來看地球，
01:11
you'd see that it rotates
counterclockwise.
counterclockwise.
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看到的地球是逆時鐘方向轉動的。
01:13
The impact of this
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這所造成的影響
01:15
is that the winds in the northern
and the southern hemispheres
and the southern hemispheres
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是北半球和南半球的風
01:18
blow in the same direction
as the rotation of the Earth --
as the rotation of the Earth --
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隨著地球轉動的方向吹——
01:21
to the east.
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向東吹。
01:22
A way to think about this is:
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可以這樣想：
01:24
imagine you're sitting around a campfire.
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想像你坐在營火旁邊。
01:26
You've got to seat 10 people,
you've got to keep everyone warm.
you've got to keep everyone warm.
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你得要讓十個人坐在這裡，
且要讓每個人都能溫暖。
且要讓每個人都能溫暖。
01:29
The question is: Who sits with
the smoky wind blowing in their face?
the smoky wind blowing in their face?
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問題是：誰要坐在下風處
被煙吹得滿臉？
被煙吹得滿臉？
01:33
And the answer is:
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答案是：
01:34
people with less power.
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比較沒有權力的人。
01:37
This campfire dynamic
is what's playing out in cities,
is what's playing out in cities,
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在城市中發生的就是
這種營火動態關係，
這種營火動態關係，
01:39
not just in the US,
but all around the world:
but all around the world:
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不僅是在美國，全世界都一樣：
01:42
East London; the east side
of Paris is this way;
of Paris is this way;
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東倫敦，巴黎的東區也是如此；
01:45
East Jerusalem.
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東耶路撒冷。
01:46
Even down the street from
where we're sitting right now,
where we're sitting right now,
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甚至是延著我們現在
所在地的這條街，
所在地的這條街，
01:49
the marginalized community
is East Vancouver.
is East Vancouver.
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被邊緣化的社區是東溫哥華。
01:52
I'm not the only one to notice this.
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並不是只有我注意到這現象。
01:54
I nerded on this hard, for years.
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多年來，我像怪胎一樣
投入研究這現象。
投入研究這現象。
01:56
And I finally found a group
of economic historians in the UK
of economic historians in the UK
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我終於找到在英國
有一個經濟歷史學家團體
有一個經濟歷史學家團體
02:00
who modeled industrial-era
smokestack dispersion.
smokestack dispersion.
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他們針對工業時代的
煙囪散佈建立了模型。
煙囪散佈建立了模型。
02:03
And they came to the same
conclusion mathematically
conclusion mathematically
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他們在數學上得到的結論，
和我這個人類學者得到的結論一樣，
02:06
that I'd come to as an anthropologist,
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02:08
which is: wind and pollution are driving
marginalized communities to the east.
marginalized communities to the east.
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也就是：風和污染會造成
被邊緣化的社區向東移。
被邊緣化的社區向東移。
02:13
The dominant logic of the industrial era
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在工業時代，主流的邏輯
02:16
is about disparity.
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就是差距。
02:18
It's about haves and have-nots,
and that's become part of our culture.
and that's become part of our culture.
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重點是「擁有」和「沒有」，
且那已經變成我們文化的一部分。
且那已經變成我們文化的一部分。
02:21
That's why you know exactly
what I'm talking about
what I'm talking about
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那就是為什麼當我說某人
來自「軌道劣勢的那一邊」，
來自「軌道劣勢的那一邊」，
02:24
if I tell you someone's
from the "wrong side of the tracks."
from the "wrong side of the tracks."
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你們都很清楚我在說的是什麼。
02:27
That phrase comes from the direction
that wind would blow dirty train smoke --
that wind would blow dirty train smoke --
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那個句子的由來，就是火車冒的
骯髒黑煙被風吹動的方向——
骯髒黑煙被風吹動的方向——
02:31
to the east, usually.
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通常是向東吹。
02:34
I'm not saying every single community
in the east is on the margin,
in the east is on the margin,
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我的意思並不是每個
東邊的社區都是邊緣社區，
東邊的社區都是邊緣社區，
02:37
or every community
on the margin is in the east,
on the margin is in the east,
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也不是說每個邊緣社區都在東邊，
02:40
but I'm trying to make a bigger point
about disparity by design.
about disparity by design.
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但我想要強調的是刻意造成的差距。
02:44
So if you find yourself
talking about any cardinal direction
talking about any cardinal direction
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所以，如果你發現
你在談論一條公路、
你在談論一條公路、
02:47
of a freeway, a river, some train tracks,
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一條河、火車鐵軌的根本方向時，
02:51
you're talking about
an eastside community.
an eastside community.
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你其實就是在談論東邊的社區。
02:54
Now, the wind is obviously
a natural phenomenon.
a natural phenomenon.
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很明顯，風是種自然現象。
02:58
But the human design decisions
that we make to separate ourselves
that we make to separate ourselves
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但人類設計來自我分離的決定
03:02
is not natural.
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並不自然。
03:04
Consider the fact that every
eastside community in the United States
eastside community in the United States
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想想看，在美國的每一個東邊社區
03:08
was built during the era
of legal segregation.
of legal segregation.
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都是在依法進行
種族隔離的時代建造的。
種族隔離的時代建造的。
03:11
We clearly weren't even trying to design
for the benefit of everyone,
for the benefit of everyone,
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顯然在設計時，我們根本
不會考量每個人的利益，
不會考量每個人的利益，
03:15
so we ended up dealing
with issues like redlining.
with issues like redlining.
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結果就是我們得處理像
拒絕貸款標準這類的議題。
拒絕貸款標準這類的議題。
03:18
This is where the government
literally created maps
literally created maps
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政府真的就是造出地圖，
03:21
to tell bankers where they shouldn't lend.
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來告訴銀行家不要借錢給哪裡的人。
03:23
These are some of those actual maps.
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這些都是真正的地圖。
03:25
And you'll notice how
the red tends to be clustered
the red tends to be clustered
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你們可以注意到，紅色部分都傾向
03:28
on the east sides of these cities.
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聚集在這些城市的東區。
03:32
Those financial design decisions
became a self-fulfilling prophecy:
became a self-fulfilling prophecy:
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那些財務計畫的決策
成了自我實現的預言：
成了自我實現的預言：
03:36
no loans turned
into low property tax base
into low property tax base
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沒有貸款，形成了低財產稅基，
03:39
and that bled into worse schools
and a less well-prepared workforce,
and a less well-prepared workforce,
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導致了更糟糕的學校
和準備不足的勞動力，
和準備不足的勞動力，
03:44
and -- lo and behold -- lower incomes.
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以及——你看哪——較低的收入。
03:46
It means that you
can't qualify for a loan.
can't qualify for a loan.
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那就表示你不可能取得貸款資格。
03:49
Just a vicious downward spiral.
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這是個惡性向下的漩渦。
03:51
And that's just the case with lending.
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那還只是借款的例子。
03:53
We've made similarly sinister design
decisions on any number of issues,
decisions on any number of issues,
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我們在許多其他議題上
也做出了類似的惡意決策，
也做出了類似的惡意決策，
03:57
from water infrastructure
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從水的基礎建設，
03:59
to where we decide to place
grocery stores versus liquor stores,
grocery stores versus liquor stores,
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到我們決定要在哪裡開設
雜貨店或酒精飲料店，
雜貨店或酒精飲料店，
04:03
or even for whom and how
we design and fund technology products.
we design and fund technology products.
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或甚至我們為誰
及如何設計和投資科技產品。
及如何設計和投資科技產品。
04:09
Collectively, this list of harms
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總的來說，這張傷害清單
04:13
is the artifact of our more
primitive selves.
primitive selves.
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就是我們原始自我的加工品。
04:17
I don't think this is how
we'd want to be remembered,
we'd want to be remembered,
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我不認為我們希望後世
對我們的印象就是這樣，
對我們的印象就是這樣，
04:20
but this is basically
what we've been doing
what we've been doing
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但基本上這就是過去這個世紀
04:22
to eastside communities
for the last century.
for the last century.
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我們一直在對東邊社區所做的事。
04:26
The good news is,
it doesn't have to be this way.
it doesn't have to be this way.
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好消息是，可以不用如此。
04:29
We got ourselves into
this eastside dilemma
this eastside dilemma
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我們因為不好的計畫
而讓我們自己陷入
而讓我們自己陷入
04:31
through bad design,
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這東區的兩難當中，
04:33
and so we can get out of it
with good design.
with good design.
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所以我們可以用好的計畫來解決。
04:35
And I believe the first principle
of good design is actually really simple:
of good design is actually really simple:
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我相信，好的計畫的
第一條原則其實很簡單：
第一條原則其實很簡單：
04:39
we have to start with the commitment
to design for the benefit of everyone.
to design for the benefit of everyone.
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我們得要承諾，
真正為每個人的利益著想。
真正為每個人的利益著想。
04:43
So, remember the campfire metaphor.
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還記得營火的比喻吧？
04:46
If we want to benefit everyone,
maybe we just sit in a horseshoe,
maybe we just sit in a horseshoe,
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如果我們想讓每個人都受益，
也許我們坐成馬蹄形就好，
也許我們坐成馬蹄形就好，
04:49
so nobody gets the smoke in their face.
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就沒有人會坐在
會被煙吹到的地方了。
會被煙吹到的地方了。
04:52
I've got to make a note
to the gentrifiers,
to the gentrifiers,
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我得要針對中產階級化的人補充一點，
04:54
because the point
of this image is not to say
of this image is not to say
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因為這張圖片的重點並不是要說
你能夠滾進東邊的社區，
把擋路的人們趕走，
把擋路的人們趕走，
04:56
you get to roll into eastside communities
and just move people out of the way,
and just move people out of the way,
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因為你不能。
05:00
because you don't.
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05:01
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
05:02
But the point is,
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但，重點是，
05:04
if you start with this first principle
of benefiting everyone,
of benefiting everyone,
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如果你開始採用這第一條原則，
讓每個人受益，
讓每個人受益，
05:07
then elegant solutions may become
more obvious than you assume.
more obvious than you assume.
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那麼文雅的解決方案會比
你想像的還要更明顯。
你想像的還要更明顯。
05:12
What are the elegant solutions
to close this gap
to close this gap
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要用怎樣的文雅解決方案來縮小
05:15
between Palo Alto and East Palo Alto
in Silicon Valley?
in Silicon Valley?
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矽谷的帕羅奧圖
與東帕羅奧圖之間的差距？
與東帕羅奧圖之間的差距？
05:19
I've got to like the odds
of starting with EPA [East Palo Alto].
of starting with EPA [East Palo Alto].
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我覺得從東帕羅奧圖
開始會比較有機會。
開始會比較有機會。
05:22
It's in the middle of Silicon Valley,
the epicenter of innovation
the epicenter of innovation
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它位在矽谷的中間，
創新與財富創造的集中地。
05:26
and wealth creation.
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05:27
If we can solve this problem anywhere,
it ought to be here.
it ought to be here.
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若我們能為某個地方解決
這個問題，這裡最有可能。
這個問題，這裡最有可能。
05:31
And if we can solve the problems for EPA,
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若我們能為東帕羅奧圖解決問題，
05:33
we could apply those solutions
to other eastside communities.
to other eastside communities.
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我們就能把那些解決方案
用在其他的東邊社區上。
用在其他的東邊社區上。
05:36
If you think about it, it's actually
a massive investment opportunity
a massive investment opportunity
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想想看，它其實是個
很巨大的投資機會，
很巨大的投資機會，
05:41
and an opportunity to drive
policy change and philanthropy.
policy change and philanthropy.
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也是個推動政策改變和慈善的機會。
05:47
But at the core, it's this
fundamental design principle,
fundamental design principle,
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但在它的核心，其實就是
這條基礎的計畫原則，
這條基礎的計畫原則，
05:50
this choice of whether we're going
to decide to take care of everyone.
to decide to take care of everyone.
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決定我們是否要照顧
每個人的這個選擇。
每個人的這個選擇。
05:56
And it's a choice we can make, loved ones.
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鄉親啊，我們能做出這個選擇。
05:59
We've got the capital.
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我們有資本。
06:01
We've got technology on our side,
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科技也站在我們這一邊，
06:03
and it keeps getting better.
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且變得越來越好。
06:04
We've got some of the best entrepreneurs
in the world in this building
in the world in this building
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一些世上最棒的企業家
現在就在這棟大樓裡、這社區中。
06:08
and in these communities right now.
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06:11
But the fundamental question is:
What are we designing for?
What are we designing for?
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但，最根本的問題是：
我們要計畫什麼？
我們要計畫什麼？
06:14
More haves and have-nots? More disparity?
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更多的「擁有」和「沒有」，
更多的差距？
更多的差距？
06:17
Or parity,
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或沒有差距，
06:19
the choice to come together.
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選擇要團結在一起？
06:22
Because the reality is,
this is not the industrial era.
this is not the industrial era.
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因為現實是，現在不是工業時代。
06:27
We don't live in the era
of legal segregation.
of legal segregation.
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我們不生活在
依法進行種族隔離的時代。
依法進行種族隔離的時代。
06:32
So the punchline is,
there is no wrong side of the tracks.
there is no wrong side of the tracks.
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所以最妙的結語是
軌道沒有劣勢的一邊。
軌道沒有劣勢的一邊。
06:36
And all I'm saying is,
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我想要說的是，
06:38
we should design our economy
and our communities with that in mind.
and our communities with that in mind.
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我們在計畫經濟和社區的時候，
都不能忘記這一點。
都不能忘記這一點。
06:43
Thank you.
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謝謝。
06:44
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen DeBerry - Anthropologist, venture capitalistStephen DeBerry uses the economy and culture to build a more just and joyful society.
Why you should listen
Stephen DeBerry runs Bronze Investments, an investment firm built to benefit Eastside communities -- places on the social, economic and environmental margin by design. He is a 20+ year Silicon Valley veteran, having worked as an entrepreneur and investor for the founders of Microsoft, eBay and Lotus Software. He's on a mission to use tech and for-profit business for good.
DeBerry has also been active on boards such as The California Endowment, where he helped oversee its $4 billion endowment and Planned Parenthood Federation of America, where he currently chairs the Investment Committee. He curates The Record House, an art project in East Palo Alto that connects the Silicon Valley community with visitors from across the country to connect while building one of the world’s most interesting record collections.
DeBerry earned a bachelor's degree in anthropology with highest honors from UCLA as well as Master's in social anthropology and MBA degrees from The University of Oxford. He is a Marshall Scholar and Aspen Institute Henry Crown Fellow who Ebony Magazine and The Root/Washington Post named one of the 100 most powerful African-Americans in the United States. DeBerry has been a national champion hurdler and adventure athlete who was a member of the first African-American mountaineering team to ascend Denali, the highest mountain in North America. The film An American Ascent documents that expedition. He lives in the San Francisco Bay Area with his wife and two daughters.
Stephen DeBerry | Speaker | TED.com