TED2015
Manuel Lima: A visual history of human knowledge
Manuel Lima: 人類知識發展的視覺史
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知識是如何發展的？有時候它是由一個見解發展出許多不同的分支。資訊圖專家 Manuel Lima 探究了幾千年來人類用圖像描繪數據的歷史——從語言到王朝——都是通過樹狀圖。這是一個驚人的人類視覺史，展現了人類對用圖像紀錄知識的強烈慾望。
Manuel Lima - Data visualization researcher
Manuel Lima studies how information can be organized -- into elegant and beautiful diagrams that illustrate the many unexpected twists of big data. Full bio
Manuel Lima studies how information can be organized -- into elegant and beautiful diagrams that illustrate the many unexpected twists of big data. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
在過去的十年
00:13
Over the past 10 years,
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我一直在研究人們如何
組織資訊及將資訊視覺化
組織資訊及將資訊視覺化
00:14
I've been researching the way
people organize and visualize information.
people organize and visualize information.
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00:19
And I've noticed an interesting shift.
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我發現一個有意思的轉變
00:22
For a long period of time,
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長久以來
00:23
we believed in a natural ranking order
in the world around us,
in the world around us,
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我們相信世界存在著
自然形成的生物分級與階級
自然形成的生物分級與階級
00:28
also known as the great chain of being,
or "Scala naturae" in Latin,
or "Scala naturae" in Latin,
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也就是所謂的「存在的鎖鍊」
拉丁文稱做 "Scala naturae"
拉丁文稱做 "Scala naturae"
00:33
a top-down structure that normally starts
with God at the very top,
with God at the very top,
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這是一個自上而下的分級結構
始於最頂端的「神」
始於最頂端的「神」
00:37
followed by angels, noblemen,
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接下來是天使、貴族
00:39
common people, animals, and so on.
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平民、動物......等等
00:43
This idea was actually based
on Aristotle's ontology,
on Aristotle's ontology,
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這個觀點來自於亞里斯多德的本體論
00:48
which classified all things known to man
in a set of opposing categories,
in a set of opposing categories,
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把人類所知的所有物種，分成相對的類別
00:52
like the ones you see behind me.
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就像我身後的例子
00:56
But over time, interestingly enough,
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但是，隨著時間過去，有趣的是
00:59
this concept adopted
the branching schema of a tree
the branching schema of a tree
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這個概念採用了樹狀的概念圖
01:03
in what became known
as the Porphyrian tree,
as the Porphyrian tree,
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這就是所謂的「波菲利之樹」
01:06
also considered to be
the oldest tree of knowledge.
the oldest tree of knowledge.
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它也被認為是最古老的「知識樹」
01:11
The branching scheme
of the tree was, in fact,
of the tree was, in fact,
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事實上，類似樹枝的分支結構
01:13
such a powerful metaphor
for conveying information
for conveying information
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是用來傳播資訊時強而有力的比喻
01:16
that it became, over time,
an important communication tool
an important communication tool
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隨著時間改變，這樣的結構變成重要的溝通工具
01:19
to map a variety of systems of knowledge.
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描繪了許多知識系統
01:22
We can see trees being used
to map morality,
to map morality,
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我們看到樹狀結構被用來描繪道德秩序
01:25
with the popular tree of virtues
and tree of vices,
and tree of vices,
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利用的就是神學裡常見的善惡樹
01:28
as you can see here, with these beautiful
illustrations from medieval Europe.
illustrations from medieval Europe.
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你們可以看到，這就是源自中世紀時期
歐洲的美麗圖像
歐洲的美麗圖像
01:32
We can see trees being used
to map consanguinity,
to map consanguinity,
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樹狀結構也被用在血緣關係的呈現
01:35
the various blood ties between people.
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呈現不同人之間的血緣關係
01:39
We can also see trees being used
to map genealogy,
to map genealogy,
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樹狀結構還被用在繪製族譜
01:42
perhaps the most famous archetype
of the tree diagram.
of the tree diagram.
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這可能是樹狀圖最早的原型
01:45
I think many of you in the audience
have probably seen family trees.
have probably seen family trees.
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我想在座的各位朋友可能看過家族的樹狀結構圖
01:48
Many of you probably even have
your own family trees drawn in such a way.
your own family trees drawn in such a way.
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甚至有些人就是用樹狀圖描繪家族關係
01:53
We can see trees even mapping
systems of law,
systems of law,
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我們還可以看到，樹狀結構被用來描繪法治系統
01:56
the various decrees and rulings
of kings and rulers.
of kings and rulers.
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國王或統治者制定的各式各樣法令
02:01
And finally, of course,
also a very popular scientific metaphor,
also a very popular scientific metaphor,
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當然，科學界也常利用樹狀結構
02:05
we can see trees being used
to map all species known to man.
to map all species known to man.
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樹狀結透被用來呈現人類所知的各類物種
02:11
And trees ultimately became
such a powerful visual metaphor
such a powerful visual metaphor
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因此，樹狀結構變成了視覺上強而有力的比喻
02:15
because in many ways,
they really embody this human desire
they really embody this human desire
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某種程度上，樹狀結構將人類的欲望具體化
02:17
for order, for balance,
for unity, for symmetry.
for unity, for symmetry.
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展現層級順序、平衡、統一性或對稱性
02:21
However, nowadays we are really facing
new complex, intricate challenges
new complex, intricate challenges
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然而，現在我們面臨了更新、更複雜的挑戰
02:26
that cannot be understood by simply
employing a simple tree diagram.
employing a simple tree diagram.
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簡單的樹狀結構已經不敷使用
02:32
And a new metaphor is currently emerging,
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新的象徵方式正在產生
02:35
and it's currently replacing the tree
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而且逐漸取代樹狀結構
02:37
in visualizing various
systems of knowledge.
systems of knowledge.
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將各種知識系統視覺化
02:40
It's really providing us with a new lens
to understand the world around us.
to understand the world around us.
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並且提供我們了解世界的新視角
02:45
And this new metaphor
is the metaphor of the network.
is the metaphor of the network.
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這個新的比喻方式，就是網絡式比喻
02:49
And we can see this shift
from trees into networks
from trees into networks
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以往的樹狀結構表現已經逐漸轉向網絡結構
02:52
in many domains of knowledge.
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擴及各種知識領域
02:54
We can see this shift in the way
we try to understand the brain.
we try to understand the brain.
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這個轉變類似於我們了解腦部的方式
03:00
While before, we used
to think of the brain
to think of the brain
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以前，我們認為大腦是
03:02
as a modular, centralized organ,
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模組化、集中化的器官
03:04
where a given area was responsible
for a set of actions and behaviors,
for a set of actions and behaviors,
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每個區域負責管理特定的動作和行為
03:08
the more we know about the brain,
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我們對大腦了解的越多
03:10
the more we think of it
as a large music symphony,
as a large music symphony,
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越覺得這是一個大型的交響樂團
03:13
played by hundreds
and thousands of instruments.
and thousands of instruments.
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由數以百件的的樂器組成
03:16
This is a beautiful snapshot
created by the Blue Brain Project,
created by the Blue Brain Project,
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這是一個美麗的圖像，由Blue Print Project製作
(由EPFL和 IBM支持的專案
旨在用超級電腦建構虛擬大腦)
(由EPFL和 IBM支持的專案
旨在用超級電腦建構虛擬大腦)
03:19
where you can see 10,000 neurons
and 30 million connections.
and 30 million connections.
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展現了1萬個神經元和所產生的3千萬個連結
03:24
And this is only mapping 10 percent
of a mammalian neocortex.
of a mammalian neocortex.
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而這僅僅描繪了哺乳動物大腦的
新皮質層的十分之一
新皮質層的十分之一
03:30
We can also see this shift in the way
we try to conceive of human knowledge.
we try to conceive of human knowledge.
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在了解人類知識的領域上，也發生了一樣的轉變
03:36
These are some remarkable trees
of knowledge, or trees of science,
of knowledge, or trees of science,
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這些樹狀圖是一位西班牙學者Ramon Llull
03:39
by Spanish scholar Ramon Llull.
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製作的一些著名的知識樹，或著科學樹
03:41
And Llull was actually the precursor,
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Ramon Llull是一位先驅
03:43
the very first one who created
the metaphor of science as a tree,
the metaphor of science as a tree,
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他是首位將科學知識以樹狀比喻的人
03:47
a metaphor we use
every single day, when we say,
every single day, when we say,
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我們每天都會使用這個比喻
03:50
"Biology is a branch of science,"
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當我們說：生物學是科學的一 個分支
03:52
when we say,
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或著說
03:53
"Genetics is a branch of science."
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基因學是科學的一個分支，運用的就是這個意象
對我來說，也許眾多知識樹中，最美麗的一個
03:56
But perhaps the most beautiful of all
trees of knowledge, at least for me,
trees of knowledge, at least for me,
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03:59
was created for the French encyclopedia
by Diderot and d'Alembert in 1751.
by Diderot and d'Alembert in 1751.
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就是由Diderot和d'Alembert在
1751年為法國百科全書製作的
1751年為法國百科全書製作的
04:04
This was really the bastion
of the French Enlightenment,
of the French Enlightenment,
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這真是一個法國啟蒙時代的精神堡壘
04:07
and this gorgeous illustration
was featured as a table of contents
was featured as a table of contents
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這個華麗的圖像被用做
04:10
for the encyclopedia.
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百科全書的目錄
04:12
And it actually maps out
all domains of knowledge
all domains of knowledge
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它也確實的以樹狀結構
04:16
as separate branches of a tree.
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描繪出各知個識領域的分支
04:19
But knowledge is much more
intricate than this.
intricate than this.
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實際上，知識領域比這個圖像還要複雜
04:22
These are two maps of Wikipedia
showing the inter-linkage of articles --
showing the inter-linkage of articles --
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這兩個取自維基百科的圖像
顯示了文章之間的內部連結
顯示了文章之間的內部連結
04:27
related to history on the left,
and mathematics on the right.
and mathematics on the right.
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左邊是和歷史有關的連結
右邊是和數學有關的連結
右邊是和數學有關的連結
04:31
And I think by looking at these maps
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我認為，藉由這兩張圖像
04:33
and other ones that have been
created of Wikipedia --
created of Wikipedia --
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以及其他由維基百科所製作的圖像
04:36
arguably one of the largest rhizomatic
structures ever created by man --
structures ever created by man --
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可以說是人類所創造出的最複雜的結構
04:39
we can really understand
how human knowledge is much more intricate
how human knowledge is much more intricate
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我們可以了解人類的知識是非常複雜的
04:43
and interdependent, just like a network.
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而且是互相依賴的，就像網絡一樣
04:47
We can also see this interesting shift
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同樣有意思的轉變
04:49
in the way we map
social ties between people.
social ties between people.
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也發生在描繪人們的社會連結的方法上
04:53
This is the typical organization chart.
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這是一個典型的組織結構圖
04:55
I'm assuming many of you have seen
a similar chart as well,
a similar chart as well,
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我想在座各位應該都看過類似的圖表
04:58
in your own corporations, or others.
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不管是在你們自己的公司或是其他公司看到過
05:00
It's a top-down structure
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這是一個由上而下的結構
05:01
that normally starts
with the CEO at the very top,
with the CEO at the very top,
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通常，從最頂端的執行長開始
05:04
and where you can drill down all the way
to the individual workmen on the bottom.
to the individual workmen on the bottom.
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往下一直延伸到最底部的各個工作人員
05:09
But humans sometimes are, well, actually,
all humans are unique in their own way,
all humans are unique in their own way,
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但是人們有時候會...其實，每個人都有獨特的地方
05:14
and sometimes you really don't play well
under this really rigid structure.
under this really rigid structure.
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有時候，在這樣嚴謹的架構下，你無法好好發揮
05:20
I think the Internet is really changing
this paradigm quite a lot.
this paradigm quite a lot.
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網路大幅的改變了這個結構
05:23
This is a fantastic map
of online social collaboration
of online social collaboration
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這是一個關於網路上社交協力合作的圖像
05:27
between Perl developers.
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描繪Perl的設計者之間的關係
05:28
Perl is a famous programming language,
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Perl是一個知名的程式語言
05:30
and here, you can see
how different programmers
how different programmers
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你們可以看到，不同的設計者之間
05:33
are actually exchanging files,
and working together on a given project.
and working together on a given project.
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如何交換檔案，以及針對一項專案共同合作
05:37
And here, you can notice that this is
a completely decentralized process --
a completely decentralized process --
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由此，你們可以看到，這是一個完全分散化的過程
05:41
there's no leader in this organization,
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在這個組織中並沒有領導人
05:43
it's a network.
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而是一個「網絡」
05:46
We can also see this interesting shift
when we look at terrorism.
when we look at terrorism.
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這樣的轉變，也發生在恐怖主義的世界
05:51
One of the main challenges
of understanding terrorism nowadays
of understanding terrorism nowadays
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現今，想要了解恐怖主義最困難的一點
05:54
is that we are dealing with
decentralized, independent cells,
decentralized, independent cells,
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就是我們在對付完全分散化的獨立個體
05:58
where there's no leader
leading the whole process.
leading the whole process.
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並沒有一個領導人，領導整個過程
06:02
And here, you can actually see
how visualization is being used.
how visualization is being used.
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這張圖你們可以看到視覺化的應用
06:05
The diagram that you see behind me
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我身後的這張圖表
06:07
shows all the terrorists involved
in the Madrid attack in 2004.
in the Madrid attack in 2004.
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顯示了2004年，所有參與馬德里攻擊事件
的恐怖份子
的恐怖份子
06:11
And what they did here is,
they actually segmented the network
they actually segmented the network
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這張圖所做的是，把網絡關係切割成不同的部分
06:14
into three different years,
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並分成3個年份呈現
06:16
represented by the vertical layers
that you see behind me.
that you see behind me.
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藉由我身後這張圖上，直立的面相表示
06:19
And the blue lines tie together
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用藍色的線條
06:21
the people that were present
in that network year after year.
in that network year after year.
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把網絡中所牽涉到的人連接在一起，年復一年
06:25
So even though there's no leader per se,
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因此，即使沒有領導人
06:27
these people are probably the most
influential ones in that organization,
influential ones in that organization,
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這些人可能就是整個組織中，最有影響力的人
06:30
the ones that know more about the past,
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他們熟悉過去
06:32
and the future plans and goals
of this particular cell.
of this particular cell.
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以及未來的計畫和目標
06:37
We can also see this shift
from trees into networks
from trees into networks
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由樹狀結構到網絡結構，這樣的轉變
06:40
in the way we classify
and organize species.
and organize species.
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也被用來分類和組織生物物種
06:45
The image on the right
is the only illustration
is the only illustration
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右邊的圖像，是唯一一張圖示
06:48
that Darwin included
in "The Origin of Species,"
in "The Origin of Species,"
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被達爾文收錄在《物種起源》之中
06:51
which Darwin called the "Tree of Life."
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達爾文將其稱之為"生命樹"
06:54
There's actually a letter
from Darwin to the publisher,
from Darwin to the publisher,
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這張影像，其實是達爾文寫給出版商的一封信
06:57
expanding on the importance
of this particular diagram.
of this particular diagram.
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詳述了這張圖表的重要性
06:59
It was critical for Darwin's
theory of evolution.
theory of evolution.
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這張圖對於達爾文的進化論十分重要
07:03
But recently, scientists discovered
that overlaying this tree of life
that overlaying this tree of life
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但是，最近有些科學家發現
07:06
is a dense network of bacteria,
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層層交疊的生命樹也是細菌世界的濃縮網絡
07:09
and these bacteria
are actually tying together
are actually tying together
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實際上，這些細菌都相互連結在一起
07:11
species that were completely
separated before,
separated before,
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然而，以前有些物種完全的被獨立出來
07:13
to what scientists are now calling
not the tree of life,
not the tree of life,
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現在，科學家們不再使用「生命樹」的稱呼
07:16
but the web of life, the network of life.
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而改稱做生命網，意思是生命的網絡
07:21
And finally, we can really
see this shift, again,
see this shift, again,
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最後，當我們觀察地球上生態系統
07:24
when we look at ecosystems
around our planet.
around our planet.
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我們會再次發現這個有意思的轉變
07:27
No more do we have these simplified
predator-versus-prey diagrams
predator-versus-prey diagrams
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這個簡單的「捕食者-獵物」的圖形將不再出現
07:30
we have all learned at school.
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我們都曾在學校學過
07:33
This is a much more accurate
depiction of an ecosystem.
depiction of an ecosystem.
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這張圖是一個更加精確的生態系統圖
07:36
This is a diagram created
by Professor David Lavigne,
by Professor David Lavigne,
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是由David Lavigne教授所發明
07:39
mapping close to 100 species
that interact with the codfish
that interact with the codfish
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描繪的將近100種生物和鱈魚的互動關係
07:42
off the coast of Newfoundland in Canada.
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地點是在加拿大的紐芬蘭島的海岸
07:46
And I think here, we can really understand
the intricate and interdependent nature
the intricate and interdependent nature
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現在，我們真的了解到
地球上生態系統具有的複雜和相互依賴的本質
07:50
of most ecosystems
that abound on our planet.
that abound on our planet.
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07:54
But even though recent,
this metaphor of the network,
this metaphor of the network,
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最近，這種網絡的比喻
07:58
is really already adopting
various shapes and forms,
various shapes and forms,
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已經被採納為各種不同的形狀和形式
08:01
and it's almost becoming
a growing visual taxonomy.
a growing visual taxonomy.
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幾乎變成不斷增長的視覺分類學
08:03
It's almost becoming
the syntax of a new language.
the syntax of a new language.
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也幾乎變成一種新語言的語法
08:06
And this is one aspect
that truly fascinates me.
that truly fascinates me.
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這個面向深深的令我著迷
08:09
And these are actually
15 different typologies
15 different typologies
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這些是我長時間收集的
08:12
I've been collecting over time,
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十五個不同的類型
08:14
and it really shows the immense
visual diversity of this new metaphor.
visual diversity of this new metaphor.
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這些新的比喻呈現了廣大的視覺差異
08:19
And here is an example.
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舉個例子
08:20
On the very top band,
you have radial convergence,
you have radial convergence,
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在最上面一層，是放射狀的聚合體
08:24
a visualization model that has become
really popular over the last five years.
really popular over the last five years.
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是最近五年來開始變得非常風行的視覺化模型
08:29
At the top left, the very first project
is a gene network,
is a gene network,
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在上方最左邊，第一個專案是有關基因網絡
08:33
followed by a network
of IP addresses -- machines, servers --
of IP addresses -- machines, servers --
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接著的是機器或伺服器的IP網址
08:37
followed by a network of Facebook friends.
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接下來是臉書朋友群的網絡
08:41
You probably couldn't find
more disparate topics,
more disparate topics,
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你可能不會再找到更多迥異的主題
08:43
yet they are using the same metaphor,
the same visual model,
the same visual model,
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但是他們用的都是一樣的比喻，一樣的視覺模型
08:47
to map the never-ending complexities
of its own subject.
of its own subject.
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來描繪這些題材上永無止境的複雜性
08:52
And here are a few more examples
of the many I've been collecting,
of the many I've been collecting,
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這裡還有一些我收集的例子
08:55
of this growing visual
taxonomy of networks.
taxonomy of networks.
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都是關於正在成長的視覺分類網絡
09:00
But networks are not just
a scientific metaphor.
a scientific metaphor.
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但是網絡並不只是一種科學意象
09:04
As designers, researchers, and scientists
try to map a variety of complex systems,
try to map a variety of complex systems,
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正當設計者、研究者和科學家們
嘗試要描繪各種複雜的系統
嘗試要描繪各種複雜的系統
09:09
they are in many ways influencing
traditional art fields,
traditional art fields,
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同時，他們也以不同的方式影響了傳統的藝術領域
09:12
like painting and sculpture,
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例如繪畫和雕塑
09:14
and influencing many different artists.
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也影響了許多不同的藝術家
09:16
And perhaps because networks have
this huge aesthetical force to them --
this huge aesthetical force to them --
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也許，正因為網絡意象具備的了龐大的美感
09:20
they're immensely gorgeous --
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而且是如此的燦爛
09:22
they are really becoming a cultural meme,
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它變成了一種文化模因
(通過模仿等傳遞的文化基因)
(通過模仿等傳遞的文化基因)
09:24
and driving a new art movement,
which I've called "networkism."
which I've called "networkism."
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推動了新的藝術運動，我稱之為「網絡化主義」
09:30
And we can see this influence
in this movement in a variety of ways.
in this movement in a variety of ways.
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網絡意象的影響力以部不同的方式
影響著網絡化主義
影響著網絡化主義
09:33
This is just one of many examples,
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這是其中一個例子
09:35
where you can see this influence
from science into art.
from science into art.
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你可以看到這股影響力從科學延伸到藝術
09:38
The example on your left side
is IP-mapping,
is IP-mapping,
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在你們左手邊的圖是IP網址配對圖
09:41
a computer-generated map of IP addresses;
again -- servers, machines.
again -- servers, machines.
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一個利用電腦產生的IP網址配對圖
09:45
And on your right side,
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在你們右手邊的圖
09:46
you have "Transient Structures
and Unstable Networks" by Sharon Molloy,
and Unstable Networks" by Sharon Molloy,
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是由Sharon Molloy所製作的
「暫時性結構和不穩定網絡」
「暫時性結構和不穩定網絡」
09:51
using oil and enamel on canvas.
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採用油彩和瓷漆繪製
09:53
And here are a few more
paintings by Sharon Molloy,
paintings by Sharon Molloy,
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這裡還有一些Sharon Molloly所畫的
09:56
some gorgeous, intricate paintings.
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燦爛、複雜精密的繪畫
10:00
And here's another example
of that interesting cross-pollination
of that interesting cross-pollination
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這裡還有其他的例子，是關於科學和藝術之間
10:03
between science and art.
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有意思的跨領域交互影響作用
10:05
On your left side,
you have "Operation Smile."
you have "Operation Smile."
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在你們的左方，是「機器的微笑」
10:08
It is a computer-generated map
of a social network.
of a social network.
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是運用電腦產生的社會網絡圖示
10:11
And on your right side,
you have "Field 4," by Emma McNally,
you have "Field 4," by Emma McNally,
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在你們的右手邊，是Emma McNally
製作的「領域四」
製作的「領域四」
10:14
using only graphite on paper.
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只用石墨畫在紙上
10:17
Emma McNally is one of the main
leaders of this movement,
leaders of this movement,
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Emma McNally 是這股風潮的主要領導者之一
10:20
and she creates these striking,
imaginary landscapes,
imaginary landscapes,
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她創造了這些顯著突出的視覺效果
10:23
where you can really notice the influence
from traditional network visualization.
from traditional network visualization.
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你可以注意到傳統網絡視覺圖像帶來的影響
10:30
But networkism doesn't happen
only in two dimensions.
only in two dimensions.
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但是網絡主義並不只是發生在二維面向
10:33
This is perhaps
one of my favorite projects
one of my favorite projects
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這張圖是關於這股新潮流的作品
10:35
of this new movement.
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也是我最喜歡的案例之一
10:37
And I think the title really
says it all -- it's called:
says it all -- it's called:
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作品名稱完全反映它的主旨
10:39
"Galaxies Forming Along Filaments,
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名叫「細絲上的星雲」
10:41
Like Droplets Along the Strands
of a Spider's Web."
of a Spider's Web."
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看起來像是掛在蜘蛛網上的水滴
10:46
And I just find this particular project
to be immensely powerful.
to be immensely powerful.
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我發現這個作品具有無比魄力
10:49
It was created by Tomás Saraceno,
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這是由Tomás Saraceno所製作
10:51
and he occupies these large spaces,
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他在這個空間裡複製了廣大的宇宙
10:54
creates these massive installations
using only elastic ropes.
using only elastic ropes.
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只用了彈性繩製作的這個龐大的裝置藝術
10:57
As you actually navigate that space
and bounce along those elastic ropes,
and bounce along those elastic ropes,
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你可以親身穿梭這些宇宙空間之中
並且在彈性繩之間來回移動
並且在彈性繩之間來回移動
11:01
the entire network kind of shifts,
almost like a real organic network would.
almost like a real organic network would.
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整個網絡空間好似會移動
彷彿是個活生生的有機網絡
彷彿是個活生生的有機網絡
11:07
And here's yet another example
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這裡還有其他的例子
11:09
of networkism taken
to a whole different level.
to a whole different level.
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網絡主義擴展到另一個領域
11:12
This was created
by Japanese artist Chiharu Shiota
by Japanese artist Chiharu Shiota
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由日本藝術家鹽田千春所創作
11:15
in a piece called "In Silence."
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作品名稱是「静谧」
11:17
And Chiharu, like Tomás Saraceno,
fills these rooms with this dense network,
fills these rooms with this dense network,
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和Tomás Saraceno一樣
鹽田用稠密的網絡布置整個房間
鹽田用稠密的網絡布置整個房間
11:23
this dense web of elastic ropes
and black wool and thread,
and black wool and thread,
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採用彈性繩、黑色毛線組成這個密集的網絡
11:26
sometimes including objects,
as you can see here,
as you can see here,
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你們可以看到，她有時候也置入一些物品
11:29
sometimes even including people,
in many of her installations.
in many of her installations.
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有時候，在她的藝術裝置中也納入了「人」
11:35
But networks are also
not just a new trend,
not just a new trend,
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但是「網絡」不只是一個新趨勢
11:38
and it's too easy for us
to dismiss it as such.
to dismiss it as such.
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我們容易認為這就是「網絡」的意義
11:41
Networks really embody
notions of decentralization,
notions of decentralization,
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實際上，「網絡」體現了分權化的概念
11:44
of interconnectedness, of interdependence.
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互相聯繫和互相依賴的概念
11:48
And this new way of thinking is critical
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這樣的新思維非常的重要
11:50
for us to solve many of the complex
problems we are facing nowadays,
problems we are facing nowadays,
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幫助我們解決現今面臨的許多複雜問題
11:54
from decoding the human brain,
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從解析人類大腦
11:56
to understanding
the vast universe out there.
the vast universe out there.
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到了解浩瀚的宇宙
11:59
On your left side, you have a snapshot
of a neural network of a mouse --
of a neural network of a mouse --
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在你的左手邊，是老鼠的神經網路的快照
12:04
very similar to our own
at this particular scale.
at this particular scale.
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某種程度上，和人類的大腦非常相似
12:07
And on your right side, you have
the Millennium Simulation.
the Millennium Simulation.
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在你的右手邊的圖像，來自千禧年模擬計畫
12:10
It was the largest
and most realistic simulation
and most realistic simulation
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是目前為止，關於宇宙結構的成長
12:13
of the growth of cosmic structure.
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最大規模的模擬計畫
12:15
It was able to recreate the history
of 20 million galaxies
of 20 million galaxies
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它重新建構了過去2千萬年的銀河成長歷史
12:20
in approximately 25 terabytes of output.
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相當於25萬億位元組的輸出訊號
12:24
And coincidentally or not,
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也許是巧合
12:25
I just find this particular comparison
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我發現，對比
12:27
between the smallest scale
of knowledge -- the brain --
of knowledge -- the brain --
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最小規模的知識--人類大腦
12:30
and the largest scale of knowledge --
the universe itself --
the universe itself --
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和最大規模的知識--宇宙
12:32
to be really quite striking
and fascinating.
and fascinating.
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會發現有相當驚人、新奇的結果
12:35
Because as Bruce Mau once said,
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因為Bruce Mau(知名平面設計師)曾說過
12:38
"When everything is connected
to everything else,
to everything else,
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「當世界上所有的事物都互相連結在一起」
12:40
for better or for worse,
everything matters."
everything matters."
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「無論好的與壞的，都同等重要」
12:43
Thank you so much.
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謝謝
12:44
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Manuel Lima - Data visualization researcherManuel Lima studies how information can be organized -- into elegant and beautiful diagrams that illustrate the many unexpected twists of big data.
Why you should listen
Data expert Manuel Lima approaches intimidatingly dry stacks of bits with the eye of a designer. His website, VisualComplexity, is an encyclopedic and visually stunning catalog of the myriad paths artists take to illuminate the shadowy corners of stockpiled information, whether it’s a taxonomy of rap names or tracking oil money.
Lima’s passion for data has also driven him to become a historian. In The Book of Trees, he digs to the 12th-century roots of the tree diagram, one of humanity’s most powerful and ancient tools for visually representing knowledge.
More profile about the speakerLima’s passion for data has also driven him to become a historian. In The Book of Trees, he digs to the 12th-century roots of the tree diagram, one of humanity’s most powerful and ancient tools for visually representing knowledge.
Manuel Lima | Speaker | TED.com