TEDMED 2016
David R. Williams: How racism makes us sick
大衛．威廉: 種族歧視是如何讓我們生病的
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為什麼一個人的種族對健康如此重要？大衛．威廉建立了一個可以衡量差別待遇對於整體身心狀態的衡量尺。他的尺不單純衡量前人量過的收入與教育程度造成的差別，它還加入了更多的條件。比如說，淺意識的歧視，住宅區的分隔，負面的刻板印象造成的不公平。在這令人大開眼界的演講，威廉證明了種族歧視如何造成了不好的系統，也提供了一些希望能夠打破不公平待遇的方案。
David R. Williams - Public health sociologist
David R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin? Full bio
David R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
An article in the Yale Alumni Magazine
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耶魯大學的校友雜誌中，
00:17
told the story of Clyde Murphy,
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敘述了克萊德．漠菲的故事，
他是在 1970 年畢業的一個黑人。
00:19
a black man who was a member
of the Class of 1970.
of the Class of 1970.
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00:24
Clyde was a success story.
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克萊德是一個成功的案例。
00:28
After Yale and a law degree from Columbia,
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從耶魯大學畢業後，
他順利取得哥倫比亞大學法律學位，
他順利取得哥倫比亞大學法律學位，
00:32
Clyde spent the next 30 years
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接下來三十年，
他成為了一名美國頂尖的民權律師。
00:34
as one of America's
top civil rights lawyers.
top civil rights lawyers.
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00:38
He was also a great husband and father.
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同時，他也是一位很好的丈夫與父親。
00:42
But despite his success,
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雖然克萊德的私人生活以及事業
都算是相當完美成功，
00:44
personally and professionally,
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00:48
Clyde's story had a sad ending.
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但他的生活最後卻以悲劇告終。
00:51
In 2010,
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在 2010 年，
00:53
at the age of 62,
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克萊德 62 歲，
00:56
Clyde died from a blood clot in his lung.
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死於肺血栓塞。
01:02
Clyde's experience was not unique.
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克萊德的案例並不獨特。
01:06
Many of his black classmates from Yale
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許多跟他一起
從耶魯大學畢業的黑人，
從耶魯大學畢業的黑人，
都很早過世。
01:09
also died young.
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01:12
In fact, the magazine article indicated
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雜誌中曾有文章指出，
01:16
that 41 years after graduation from Yale,
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從耶魯大學畢業 41 年後，
1970 年畢業的黑人其死亡率
01:20
the black members of the Class of 1970
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比同期班上其他同學的平均死亡率
01:23
had a death rate
that was three times higher
that was three times higher
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還要高三倍。
01:26
than that of the average class member.
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01:30
It's stunning.
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太驚人了。
01:33
America has recently awakened
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美國最近
01:36
to a steady drumbeat
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持續發生令人警醒的事情，
許多未武裝的黑人被警察射殺。
01:38
of unarmed black men
being shot by the police.
being shot by the police.
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01:43
What is even a bigger story
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更嚴重的是，
01:48
is that every seven minutes,
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每七分鐘
就有一個黑人比預期中提早死亡。
01:51
a black person dies prematurely
in the United States.
in the United States.
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01:56
That is over 200 black people
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每一天都有超過 200 多個黑人，
因為其與白人之間的
健康條件不平等而死亡。
健康條件不平等而死亡。
02:00
die every single day
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02:02
who would not die if the health
of blacks and whites were equal.
of blacks and whites were equal.
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02:10
For the last 25 years,
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過去 25 年來，
02:12
I have been on a mission
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我一直肩負使命
努力去了解為什麼一個人的種族
02:14
to understand why does race
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會如此影響他的健康。
02:17
matter so profoundly for health.
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02:21
When I started my career,
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當我剛開始我的工作時，
許多人認為那只是因為不同種族
02:23
many believed that it was simply
about racial differences
about racial differences
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有著收入與教育程度之差別。
02:27
in income and education.
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02:30
I discovered that while
economic status matters for health,
economic status matters for health,
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我發現雖然經濟處境
會影響一個人的健康，
會影響一個人的健康，
02:36
there is more to the story.
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但是事實遠不止於此。
比如說，我們來看看
年輕人的預期壽命，
年輕人的預期壽命，
02:38
So for example, if we look
at life expectancy at age 25,
at life expectancy at age 25,
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02:43
at age 25 there's a five-year gap
between blacks and whites.
between blacks and whites.
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25 歲的白人預期
可以比同年齡的黑人多活五年。
可以比同年齡的黑人多活五年。
受教育程度不同所造成的
死亡年齡差距
死亡年齡差距
02:49
And the gap by education
for both whites and blacks
for both whites and blacks
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比種族鴻溝造成的更大。
02:53
is even larger than the racial gap.
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02:56
At the same time,
at every level of education,
at every level of education,
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同時，每一個教育階段的白人，
都比黑人活得久。
03:01
whites live longer than blacks.
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03:04
So whites who are high school dropouts
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高中輟學的白人
比高中輟學的黑人
還要多活 3.4 年，
還要多活 3.4 年，
03:06
live 3.4 years longer
than their black counterparts,
than their black counterparts,
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03:10
and the gap is even larger
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來比較大學畢業生的話，
03:13
among college graduates.
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差距則更大。
03:16
Most surprising of all,
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最讓我驚訝的是，
只有高中畢業的白人
03:19
whites who have graduated from high school
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比起有大學以上學歷的黑人
03:22
live longer than blacks
with a college degree
with a college degree
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活得更久。
03:26
or more education.
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03:28
So why does race matter
so profoundly for health?
so profoundly for health?
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到底為什麼一個人的種族
會如此影響他的健康？
會如此影響他的健康？
除了教育程度與收入之外
03:32
What else is it
beyond education and income
beyond education and income
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03:37
that might matter?
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還有什麼原因呢？
03:40
In the early 1990s,
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1990 年代早期，
03:42
I was asked to review a new book
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有人請我複審一本
03:45
on the health of black America.
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關於黑人健康的書。
03:48
I was struck that almost every single one
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我發現書中的 25 個章節裡，
幾乎每一個章節
03:51
of its 25 chapters
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都提到種族歧視
03:53
said that racism
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是傷害黑人的健康的重要因素。
03:55
was a factor that was hurting
the health of blacks.
the health of blacks.
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03:59
All of these researchers
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這些研究者
04:02
were stating that racism was a factor
adversely impacting blacks,
adversely impacting blacks,
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都指出種族歧視是負面影響
黑人生活的一個因素。
黑人生活的一個因素。
04:08
but they provided no evidence.
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但他們沒有提出證據。
04:10
For me, that was not good enough.
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對我來說，那是遠遠不夠的。
04:13
A few months later,
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幾個月之後，
我在華盛頓發表演講，
04:15
I was speaking at a conference
in Washington, DC,
in Washington, DC,
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我提出我研究中的當務之急
04:18
and I said that one
of the priorities for research
of the priorities for research
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就是記錄種族歧視如何影響健康。
04:21
was to document the ways
in which racism affected health.
in which racism affected health.
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04:26
A white gentleman stood in the audience
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一個白人男士站起來說，
雖然他對我表示贊同，
認為種族歧視很重要，
認為種族歧視很重要，
04:29
and said that while he agreed
with me that racism was important,
with me that racism was important,
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04:34
we could never measure racism.
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但是我們永遠無法衡量它。
04:36
"We measure self-esteem," I said.
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我回答道，我們可以衡量自尊心。
04:40
"There's no reason
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如果我們認真對待這件事，
那就沒有理由說
我們無法衡量種族歧視。
我們無法衡量種族歧視。
04:41
why we can't measure racism
if we put our minds to it."
if we put our minds to it."
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04:45
And so I put my mind to it
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所以我全力以赴，
並發展出一個三步驟衡量法。
04:48
and developed three scales.
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04:50
The first one captured
major experiences of discrimination,
major experiences of discrimination,
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第一是對被歧視的經歷進行評估，
比如說，不公平地被辭職，
或是被警察攔著。
或是被警察攔著。
04:54
like being unfairly fired
or being unfairly stopped by the police.
or being unfairly stopped by the police.
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但是歧視通常發生在
更細小且不易察覺的層面上，
更細小且不易察覺的層面上，
04:58
But discrimination also occurs
in more minor and subtle experiences,
in more minor and subtle experiences,
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05:04
and so my second scale,
called the Everyday Discrimination Scale,
called the Everyday Discrimination Scale,
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所以我的第二步驟叫做
每日歧視比例尺。
每日歧視比例尺。
05:08
captures nine items
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它包含九項條目，
比如體驗到
05:09
that captures experiences
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你所受到的禮遇不如他人，
05:11
like you're treated
with less courtesy than others,
with less courtesy than others,
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05:14
you receive poorer service
than others in restaurants or stores,
than others in restaurants or stores,
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在餐館受到其次的待遇，
05:18
or people act as if they're afraid of you.
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或著是人們看到你會感到害怕。
05:21
This scale captures
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這個尺很明顯地表示出
05:24
ways in which the dignity and the respect
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一般社會人士瞧不起的人，
他們的尊嚴與自尊心會
05:27
of people who society does not value
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每一天一點一點地被侵蝕。
05:30
is chipped away on a daily basis.
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05:33
Research has found
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我的研究指出，
05:37
that higher levels of discrimination
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隨著歧視的惡化
更多的疾病會產生，
05:40
are associated with an elevated risk
of a broad range of diseases
of a broad range of diseases
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05:45
from blood pressure to abdominal obesity
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從高血壓到肥胖症，
05:49
to breast cancer to heart disease
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從乳癌到心臟病，
甚至提早死亡。
05:51
and even premature mortality.
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05:55
Strikingly, some of the effects
are observed at a very young age.
are observed at a very young age.
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讓人驚訝的是，很多負面的作用
在年輕人身上就能發現。
在年輕人身上就能發現。
比如說，一個研究
黑人青少年的研究指出，
黑人青少年的研究指出，
06:00
For example, a study of black teens
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06:06
found that those who reported higher
levels of discrimination as teenagers
levels of discrimination as teenagers
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在青少年期受到越多
歧視的孩子們，在二十歲那年
歧視的孩子們，在二十歲那年
06:13
had higher levels of stress hormones,
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相對的有越多的壓力荷爾蒙，
06:17
of blood pressure
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更高的血壓，
更重的體重。
06:19
and of weight at age 20.
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06:24
However,
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但是，
06:27
the stress of discrimination
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受到歧視會有更大的壓力
只是許多問題的其中一個。
06:30
is only one aspect.
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不公平待遇與種族歧視
06:32
Discrimination and racism
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06:34
also matters in other
profound ways for health.
profound ways for health.
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還有更多不同影響健康的方法。
比如說，醫療制度的不公平待遇。
06:39
For example, there's
discrimination in medical care.
discrimination in medical care.
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06:43
In 1999, the National Academy of Medicine
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在 1999 年，全國醫療協會
請我在一個委員會中幫忙，
06:47
asked me to serve on a committee
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過程中，我們藉由科學證明，
06:49
that found, concluded
based on the scientific evidence,
based on the scientific evidence,
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06:54
that blacks and other minorities
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黑人與其他少數民族
06:56
receive poorer quality care than whites.
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比白人還要受到更差的醫療服務。
07:00
This was true for all kinds
of medical treatment,
of medical treatment,
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各式各樣的醫療服務都相對更差，
從最基本的
07:04
from the most simple
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07:06
to the most technologically sophisticated.
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到最複雜的。
07:10
One explanation for this pattern
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其中一個原因
是一個叫做「隱性偏見」的現象，
07:13
was a phenomenon
that's called "implicit bias"
that's called "implicit bias"
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07:17
or "unconscious discrimination."
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又稱「淺意識歧視。」
07:20
Research for decades
by social psychologists
by social psychologists
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十多年來，社會學家的研究指出
如果你對某些人種
07:22
indicates that if you hold
a negative stereotype
a negative stereotype
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07:26
about a group in your subconscious mind
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有負面的刻板印象，
07:29
and you meet someone from that group,
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當你遇到一個那個種族的人，
你會對那個人有歧視。
07:32
you will discriminate against that person.
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07:34
You will treat them differently.
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你會不公平的對待他。
07:36
It's an unconscious process.
It's an automatic process.
It's an automatic process.
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整個過程是淺意識的。
是自動化的。
是自動化的。
是個微妙但也正常的的過程，
07:40
It is a subtle process, but it's normal
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連最善意的人也可能會犯的錯誤。
07:44
and it occurs even among
the most well-intentioned individuals.
the most well-intentioned individuals.
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07:51
But the deeper that I delved
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我越是更深層地
研究種族歧視，
07:54
into the health impact of racism,
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07:57
the more insidious the effects became.
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我越發現它的隱患。
08:01
There is institutional discrimination,
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我發現連最基本的
08:04
which refers to discrimination
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社會制度都有
嚴重的歧視存在。
08:07
that exists in the processes
of social institutions.
of social institutions.
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08:12
Residential segregation by race,
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社區因為不同種族而隔離，
造成白人與黑人
住在非常不同的社區，
住在非常不同的社區，
08:14
which has led to blacks and whites living
in very different neighborhood contexts,
in very different neighborhood contexts,
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是最典型的社會制度種族歧視。
08:19
is a classic example
of institutional racism.
of institutional racism.
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08:25
One of America's best-kept secrets
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美國最大的一個秘密，
就是社區的隔離
08:29
is how residential segregation
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是造成種族不平等的秘密來源。
08:31
is the secret source
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08:33
that creates racial inequality
in the United States.
in the United States.
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08:38
In America, where you live
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在美國，你住哪
會影響一個人的
08:41
determines your access to opportunities
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教育與工作機會，
08:44
in education, in employment,
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08:48
in housing and even
in access to medical care.
in access to medical care.
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連醫療制度與找房子都會受到影響。
08:53
One study of the 171 largest
cities in the United States
cities in the United States
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有一個研究指出
美國前 171 的大城市當中，
美國前 171 的大城市當中，
沒有一個城市是
09:00
concluded that there is not even one city
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09:03
where whites live
under equal conditions to blacks,
under equal conditions to blacks,
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白人與黑人的居住環境是平等的，
而且當中住在最爛的環境的白人
09:06
and that the worst urban contexts
in which whites reside
in which whites reside
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都還是比一般的黑人住的還要好。
09:10
is considerably better than the average
context of black communities.
context of black communities.
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09:15
Another study found
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另外一個研究指出，
如果我們能夠在統計上排除
09:17
that if you could eliminate statistically
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09:20
residential segregation,
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社區隔離，
09:22
you would completely erase
black-white differences in income,
black-white differences in income,
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我們就能夠排除黑白種族在
收入、教育、
09:26
education and unemployment,
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失業率、單親媽媽等等的差別，
09:29
and reduce black-white differences
in single motherhood
in single motherhood
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09:32
by two thirds,
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拉近三分之二的差距，
09:33
all of that driven by segregation.
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這些都是因為隔離造成的。
09:36
I have also learned
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我同時瞭解到
我們對黑人的
09:39
how the negative stereotypes
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負面的刻板印象，
09:41
and images of blacks in our culture
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確實地造成
09:44
literally create and sustain
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09:47
both institutional
and individual discrimination.
and individual discrimination.
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制度與個人的偏見。
09:52
A group of researchers
have put together a database
have put together a database
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一群科學家收集了一批數據，
09:56
that contains the books,
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裡面有大學畢業的普通美國人
一輩子下來會閱讀的書本、
雜誌與報刊，
雜誌與報刊，
09:58
magazines and articles
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收集起來研究他們的內容，
10:01
that an average college-educated
American would read over their lifetime.
American would read over their lifetime.
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10:06
It allows us to look within this database
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我們藉此找出
美國人在長大的過程中
10:09
and see how Americans
have seen words paired together
have seen words paired together
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10:14
as they grow up in their society.
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讀到某些詞彙時，聯想到什麼。
10:17
So when the word "black"
appears in American culture,
appears in American culture,
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當美國人看到「黑人」這個字時，
他們通常同時看到的字是什麼？
10:21
what co-occurs with it?
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10:23
"Poor,"
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「窮苦」、
10:24
"violent,"
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「暴力」、
「有虔誠信仰」、
10:25
"religious,"
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「懶惰」、
10:27
"lazy,"
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10:28
"cheerful,"
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「開心」、
10:29
"dangerous."
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「危險。」
當 「白人」 出現時，
10:31
When "white" occurs,
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10:33
the frequently co-occurring words
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經常發生的詞彙是
10:35
are "wealthy,"
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「富有」、
「先進」、
10:36
"progressive,"
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「常見」、
10:38
"conventional,"
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10:40
"stubborn,"
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「固執」、
「成功」、
10:41
"successful,"
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「有受教育。」
10:42
"educated."
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10:44
So when a police officer
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因此當一個警察
看到一個未武裝的黑人，
10:47
overreacts when he sees
an unarmed black male
an unarmed black male
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10:53
and perceives him
to be violent and dangerous,
to be violent and dangerous,
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卻緊張地以為他是危險人物，
我們面對的不見得是
一個不好的警察。
一個不好的警察。
10:57
we are not necessarily dealing
with an inherently bad cop.
with an inherently bad cop.
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11:03
We may be simply viewing
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他只不過是一個顯現出
受到這個社會
11:05
a normal American
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11:07
who is reflecting
what he has been exposed to
what he has been exposed to
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長期薰陶而長大的
11:11
as a result of being raised
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普通美國人而已。
11:14
in this society.
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11:16
From my own experience,
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我的經驗告訴我，
11:19
I believe that your race
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你的種族
並不一定要註定你的終身。
11:22
does not have to be
a determinant of your destiny.
a determinant of your destiny.
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11:26
I migrated to the United States
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我在 1970 年代末，
從加勒比海小島聖露西亞
11:29
from the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia
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11:32
in the late 1970s
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移民到美國
11:34
in pursuit of higher education,
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來念大學，
11:38
and in the last 40 years,
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接下來 40 年，
我混得不錯。
11:40
I have done well.
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11:42
I have had a supportive family,
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我有個支持我的家庭，
我努力地工作，
11:44
I have worked hard,
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11:47
I have done well.
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我得到了許多。
11:49
But it took more for me to be successful.
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但是那還不夠讓我成功。
11:52
I received a minority fellowship
from the University of Michigan.
from the University of Michigan.
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密西根大學給了我
少數民族的獎學金。
少數民族的獎學金。
11:57
Yes. I am an affirmative action baby.
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是的。我是一個平權措施的寶寶。
12:02
Without affirmative action,
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沒有平權措施，
我不可能有今天。
12:05
I would not be here.
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12:09
But in the last 40 years,
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但是以往 40 年來，
美國的黑人沒有我成功。
12:11
black America has been
less successful than I have.
less successful than I have.
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12:16
In 1978, black households
in the United States
in the United States
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在 1978 年，
白人家庭每賺一塊錢，
白人家庭每賺一塊錢，
黑人家庭只賺 59 分。
12:22
earned 59 cents for every dollar
of income whites earned.
of income whites earned.
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12:27
In 2015,
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在 2015 年，
當白人家庭賺一塊錢美金，
12:29
black families still earn 59 cents
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4856
12:34
for every dollar of income
that white families receive,
that white families receive,
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黑人家庭仍然只賺 59 分，
而且種族差別造成的
貧富懸殊更加嚴重。
貧富懸殊更加嚴重。
12:38
and the racial gaps in wealth
are even more stunning.
are even more stunning.
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12:42
For every dollar of wealth
that whites have,
that whites have,
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白人擁有的每一塊錢，
12:45
black families have six pennies
and Latinos have seven pennies.
and Latinos have seven pennies.
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黑人家庭只有 6 分，
中南美的家庭只有 7 分錢。
中南美的家庭只有 7 分錢。
12:50
The fact is,
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實話說，
種族歧視
12:52
racism
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1936
造成了一個不公平的系統，
12:54
is producing a truly rigged system
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4336
12:58
that is systematically disadvantaging
some racial groups in the United States.
some racial groups in the United States.
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一個徹底損害某些美國人種的系統。
13:04
To paraphrase Plato,
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改述一下柏拉圖曾經說的，
世界上沒有比平等對待
不平等的人民，
不平等的人民，
13:07
there is nothing so unfair
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13:10
as the equal treatment of unequal people.
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還要更不平等的事情了。
13:15
And that's why I am committed
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因此我這麼投入地
想要拆除種族歧視。
13:18
to working to dismantle racism.
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13:21
I deeply appreciate the fact
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我深刻領悟到我能夠有今天，
是因為有許多前人犧牲自我，
13:24
that I am standing on the shoulders
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替我們打造了一條通路
13:27
of those who have sacrificed
even their lives to open the doors
even their lives to open the doors
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13:32
that I have walked through.
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好讓我們通過。
13:34
I want to ensure
that those doors remain open
that those doors remain open
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我希望這條通路繼續維持暢通，
讓更多人通過。
13:38
and that everyone
can walk through those doors.
can walk through those doors.
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13:44
Robert Kennedy said,
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羅伯特甘迺迪說：
13:46
"Each time a man" --
or woman, I would add --
or woman, I would add --
242
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「每當一個男人」
──我還要加上或是女人──
──我還要加上或是女人──
「為了理想而奮鬥，
13:50
"stands up for an ideal
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或者是為了大眾的利益
13:52
or acts to improve the lot of others
244
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13:54
or strikes out against injustice,
245
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而與不公平打鬥，
小小的希望之波浪
就會慢慢地前進，
就會慢慢地前進，
13:57
he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope,
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小小的波浪聚集
在一起變成大急流。
在一起變成大急流。
14:01
and those ripples can build a current
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3096
14:04
that can sweep down the mightiest walls
of oppression and resistance."
of oppression and resistance."
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沖倒壓制與抵抗的高牆。」
14:10
I am optimistic today
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今天我非常的樂觀，
因為在全美國，
14:12
because all across America,
250
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我都有看到希望的小波浪。
14:14
I have seen ripples of hope.
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14:17
The Boston Medical Center
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波士頓醫療中心，
請了律師加入他們的醫療團，
14:19
has added lawyers to the medical team
253
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2720
14:23
so that physicians can improve
the health of their patients
the health of their patients
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所以當醫生在治療病人的過程中，
律師可以順便處理病人
跟醫療無關的問題。
跟醫療無關的問題。
14:27
because the lawyers are addressing
the nonmedical needs their patients have.
the nonmedical needs their patients have.
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14:32
Loma Linda University
has built a gateway college
has built a gateway college
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羅馬林達大學在聖貝納迪諾附近
蓋了一間技術學院，
14:36
in nearby San Bernardino
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所以當他們提供醫療服務的同時，
14:38
so that in addition
to delivering medical care,
to delivering medical care,
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14:41
they can provide job skills
259
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他們可以教導工作技能，
14:44
and job training
260
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給弱勢團體，
與低收入的人們，
14:46
to a predominantly minority,
low-income community members
low-income community members
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874000
4776
給他們機會找到好一點的工作。
14:50
so that they will have the skills
they need to get a decent job.
they need to get a decent job.
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3960
14:56
In Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
263
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在北卡羅萊納州的教堂山附近的
初學者計畫，
14:59
the Abecedarian Project has figured out
264
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3696
發現如何減少 30 歲的黑人
15:03
how to ensure that they have lowered
the risks for heart disease
the risks for heart disease
265
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5296
15:08
for blacks in their mid-30s
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得心臟病的機率，
方法是提供高品質的
15:11
by providing high-quality day care
267
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0 歲到 5 歲的幼兒園。
15:14
from birth to age five.
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2696
15:17
In after-school centers
across the United States,
across the United States,
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3296
美國的課後安親班當中，
15:20
Wintley Phipps and the US Dream Academy
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溫特理．非浦思與美國夢想學院，
藉由高品質的輔導與細心的帶領
15:23
is breaking the cycle of incarceration
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減少了囚犯的孩子、
15:26
by providing high-quality
academic enrichment and mentoring
academic enrichment and mentoring
272
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4416
15:30
to the children of prisoners
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與在學校落後的孩子
邁上不歸之路。
15:33
and children who have
fallen behind in school.
fallen behind in school.
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2640
15:36
In Huntsville, Alabama,
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在阿拉巴馬州的亨茨維爾，
歐克伍德大學
15:38
Oakwood University,
276
926320
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是個有史以來都是黑人學生的機構，
15:39
a historically black institution,
277
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2336
15:42
is showing how we can improve
the health of black adults
the health of black adults
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4296
他們在學生入學時新生介紹當天，
提供每個學生健康檢查，
15:46
by including a health evaluation
279
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3016
15:49
as a part of freshman orientation
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而且提供學生許多健康資訊，
15:52
and giving those students
the tools they need
the tools they need
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好讓他們有足夠的智慧
去選擇美好的生活習慣，
15:55
to make healthy choices
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15:57
and providing them annually
a health transcript
a health transcript
283
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3376
接下來每一年都複診，
16:00
so they can monitor their progress.
284
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讓年輕人可以持續維持自己的健康。
16:03
And in Atlanta, Georgia,
285
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1736
在喬治亞州的亞特蘭大城，
重新建設的社區打破隔離現象，
16:05
Purpose Built Communities has dismantled
the negative effects of segregation
the negative effects of segregation
286
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5936
16:11
by transforming a crime-ridden,
287
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把充滿犯罪行為、
販毒的公營低收入戶住宅，
16:13
drug-infested public housing project
288
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2936
變成一個綜合收入水準、
16:16
into an oasis of mixed-income housing,
289
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3696
16:20
of academic performance,
290
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教育水準，
16:22
of great community wellness
291
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社區本身健康
又充滿工作機會的社區。
16:25
and of full employment.
292
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1400
16:28
And finally,
293
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1696
最後，
還有迪文方案。
16:29
there is the Devine solution.
294
977880
2000
16:32
Professor Patricia Devine
295
980680
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派翠莎．迪文教授
16:36
of the University of Wisconsin
296
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2576
在威康森大學
告訴我們如何
16:39
has shown us how we can attack
297
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3696
打破我們潛在的偏見，
16:42
our hidden biases head on
298
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2976
有效率地減少它。
16:45
and effectively reduce them.
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2040
16:48
Each one of us
300
996680
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我們每一個人
都可以是希望之波浪。
16:50
can be a ripple of hope.
301
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2160
16:53
This work will not always be easy,
302
1001200
3496
過程不會簡單，
前最高法院法官瑟古德．馬歇爾說：
16:56
but former Supreme Court Justice
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall
303
1004720
2920
17:00
has told us, "We must dissent.
304
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2896
「我們必須要持異議。
我們必須要反對漠不關心。
17:03
We must dissent from the indifference.
305
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2416
我們必須要反對冷淡。
17:06
We must dissent from the apathy.
306
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2056
我們必須要反對仇恨與不信賴。
17:08
We must dissent from the hatred
and from the mistrust.
and from the mistrust.
307
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3456
17:11
We must dissent
308
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1656
我們必須要持異議，
17:13
because America can do better,
309
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3256
因為美國可以更好，
因為美國除了更好之外
沒有其他的選擇。」
沒有其他的選擇。」
17:16
because America has no choice
but to do better."
but to do better."
310
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4816
謝謝。
17:21
Thank you.
311
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（掌聲）
17:22
(Applause)
312
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3640
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David R. Williams - Public health sociologistDavid R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin?
Why you should listen
Dr. David R. Williams has played a visible national leadership role in raising awareness levels about health disparities and identifying interventions to address them. The author of more than 400 scientific papers, Williams developed the Everyday Discrimination Scale, which is currently one of the most widely used measures to assess perceived discrimination in health studies. He was ranked as the world's most cited black scholar in the social sciences in 2008, and Thomson Reuters ranked him as one of the world's most influential scientific minds in 2014.
Williams is currently the Norman Professor of Public Health at Harvard's T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Professor of African and African American Studies and of Sociology at Harvard University. He holds an MPH degree from Loma Linda University and a PhD in Sociology from the University of Michigan.
David R. Williams | Speaker | TED.com