TEDMED 2016
David R. Williams: How racism makes us sick
David R.Williams: Como nos fai enfermar o racismo
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Por que ten tanta trascendencia a raza para a saúde? David R. Williams desenvolveu unha escala para medir o impacto real da discriminación no benestar alén de criterios tradicionais como a renda e o nivel educativo. Revelou, así, como algúns factores, como os prexuízos implícitos, a segregación residencial e os estereotipos negativos, orixinan e perpetúan a desigualdade. Nesta esclarecedora charla, Williams proba como o racismo está a xerar un sistema corrupto e achega esperanzadores exemplos de programas en desenvolvemento nos Estados Unidos que traballan para erradicar a discriminación.
David R. Williams - Public health sociologist
David R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin? Full bio
David R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
An article in the Yale Alumni Magazine
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Un artigo da revista de exalumnos de Yale
00:17
told the story of Clyde Murphy,
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contaba a historia de Clyde Murphy.
00:19
a black man who was a member
of the Class of 1970.
of the Class of 1970.
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Un home negro,
membro da promoción de 1970.
membro da promoción de 1970.
00:24
Clyde was a success story.
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A de Clyde é unha historia de éxito.
Tras saír de Yale e graduarse en Dereito
pola Universidade de Columbia,
pola Universidade de Columbia,
00:28
After Yale and a law degree from Columbia,
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Clyde foi durante os seguintes trinta anos
00:32
Clyde spent the next 30 years
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00:34
as one of America's
top civil rights lawyers.
top civil rights lawyers.
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un dos mellores avogados de dereitos civís
dos Estados Unidos (EE.UU).
dos Estados Unidos (EE.UU).
00:38
He was also a great husband and father.
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Tamén foi un gran marido e un gran pai.
00:42
But despite his success,
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Porén, malia o seu éxito,
persoal e profesional,
persoal e profesional,
00:44
personally and professionally,
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00:48
Clyde's story had a sad ending.
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a historia de Clyde tivo un triste final.
00:51
In 2010,
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En 2010,
00:53
at the age of 62,
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aos 62 anos de idade,
00:56
Clyde died from a blood clot in his lung.
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Clyde finou a causa
dun coágulo de sangue nun pulmón.
dun coágulo de sangue nun pulmón.
01:02
Clyde's experience was not unique.
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Clyde non foi o único
ao que lle aconteceu algo así.
ao que lle aconteceu algo así.
01:06
Many of his black classmates from Yale
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Moitos dos seus compañeiros negros
de Yale tamén morreron novos.
de Yale tamén morreron novos.
01:09
also died young.
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01:12
In fact, the magazine article indicated
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De feito, o artigo da revista indicaba
01:16
that 41 years after graduation from Yale,
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que 41 anos despois da súa graduación
na Universidade de Yale,
na Universidade de Yale,
01:20
the black members of the Class of 1970
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os alumnos negros da promoción de 1970
01:23
had a death rate
that was three times higher
that was three times higher
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presentaban unha taxa de mortalidade
tres veces superior á da media da clase.
tres veces superior á da media da clase.
01:26
than that of the average class member.
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01:30
It's stunning.
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É abraiante.
01:33
America has recently awakened
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EE.UU acordou recentemente
01:36
to a steady drumbeat
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ante o balbordo constante dos disparos
da policía a homes negros desarmados.
da policía a homes negros desarmados.
01:38
of unarmed black men
being shot by the police.
being shot by the police.
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01:43
What is even a bigger story
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O que é mesmo máis grave
01:48
is that every seven minutes,
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é que cada sete minutos
01:51
a black person dies prematurely
in the United States.
in the United States.
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unha persoa negra
morre de xeito prematuro nos EE.UU.
morre de xeito prematuro nos EE.UU.
01:56
That is over 200 black people
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Isto quere dicir que máis
de 200 persoas negras morren cada día
de 200 persoas negras morren cada día
02:00
die every single day
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02:02
who would not die if the health
of blacks and whites were equal.
of blacks and whites were equal.
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e que non morrerían se negros e brancos
tivesen a mesma saúde.
tivesen a mesma saúde.
02:10
For the last 25 years,
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Durante os últimos 25 anos,
entregueime á misión
entregueime á misión
02:12
I have been on a mission
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02:14
to understand why does race
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de entender por que a raza
ten tanta transcendencia para a saúde.
ten tanta transcendencia para a saúde.
02:17
matter so profoundly for health.
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Cando comecei a miña carreira,
02:21
When I started my career,
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02:23
many believed that it was simply
about racial differences
about racial differences
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moitos crían que se trataba simplemente
de diferenzas raciais en renda e educación
de diferenzas raciais en renda e educación
02:27
in income and education.
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02:30
I discovered that while
economic status matters for health,
economic status matters for health,
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Descubrín que, se ben o estatus económico
é importante para a saúde,
é importante para a saúde,
02:36
there is more to the story.
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a historia non remata aí.
02:38
So for example, if we look
at life expectancy at age 25,
at life expectancy at age 25,
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Se, por exemplo, observamos
a esperanza de vida aos 25 anos,
a esperanza de vida aos 25 anos,
02:43
at age 25 there's a five-year gap
between blacks and whites.
between blacks and whites.
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aos 25 anos de idade, hai unha fenda
de cinco anos entre negros e brancos,
de cinco anos entre negros e brancos,
02:49
And the gap by education
for both whites and blacks
for both whites and blacks
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mais a fenda por nivel de educación
tanto en brancos como negros
tanto en brancos como negros
02:53
is even larger than the racial gap.
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é mesmo maior que a racial.
02:56
At the same time,
at every level of education,
at every level of education,
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Porén, ao mesmo tempo,
en tódolos niveis educativos,
en tódolos niveis educativos,
03:01
whites live longer than blacks.
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os brancos viven máis tempo que os negros.
03:04
So whites who are high school dropouts
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Entón, os brancos
que abandonan o instituto
que abandonan o instituto
03:06
live 3.4 years longer
than their black counterparts,
than their black counterparts,
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viven 3,4 anos máis de media
que os seus homólogos negros.
que os seus homólogos negros.
03:10
and the gap is even larger
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A fenda é aínda maior
entre os graduados universitarios.
entre os graduados universitarios.
03:13
among college graduates.
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03:16
Most surprising of all,
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Pero o máis sorprendente é que os brancos
que rematan a secundaria
que rematan a secundaria
03:19
whites who have graduated from high school
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03:22
live longer than blacks
with a college degree
with a college degree
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viven máis tempo que os negros
licenciados ou con educación superior.
licenciados ou con educación superior.
03:26
or more education.
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03:28
So why does race matter
so profoundly for health?
so profoundly for health?
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Así que, por que a raza resulta tan
transcendental para a saúde?
transcendental para a saúde?
03:32
What else is it
beyond education and income
beyond education and income
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Que pode haber alén do nivel de formación
e a renda que importe tanto?
e a renda que importe tanto?
03:37
that might matter?
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03:40
In the early 1990s,
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Ao comezo da década dos noventa,
encargáronme a recensión dun novo libro
encargáronme a recensión dun novo libro
03:42
I was asked to review a new book
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sobre a saúde
da poboación negra dos EE.UU.
da poboación negra dos EE.UU.
03:45
on the health of black America.
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03:48
I was struck that almost every single one
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Abraioume o feito de que case cada un
dos seus 25 capítulos
dos seus 25 capítulos
03:51
of its 25 chapters
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03:53
said that racism
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dixese que o racismo era un factor
que estaba a afectar a saúde dos negros.
que estaba a afectar a saúde dos negros.
03:55
was a factor that was hurting
the health of blacks.
the health of blacks.
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03:59
All of these researchers
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Todos os investigadores participantes
04:02
were stating that racism was a factor
adversely impacting blacks,
adversely impacting blacks,
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afirmaban que o racismo era un factor
que afectaba negativamente os negros
que afectaba negativamente os negros
mais non achegaban ningunha proba.
04:08
but they provided no evidence.
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04:10
For me, that was not good enough.
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Para min, aquilo non era bo dabondo.
04:13
A few months later,
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Algúns meses despois, participei
nun congreso en Washington DC
nun congreso en Washington DC
04:15
I was speaking at a conference
in Washington, DC,
in Washington, DC,
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04:18
and I said that one
of the priorities for research
of the priorities for research
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e dixen que
unha das prioridades da investigación
unha das prioridades da investigación
04:21
was to document the ways
in which racism affected health.
in which racism affected health.
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debía ser documentar de que maneiras
afectaba o racismo a saúde.
afectaba o racismo a saúde.
04:26
A white gentleman stood in the audience
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Un señor branco
ergueuse de entre o público
ergueuse de entre o público
04:29
and said that while he agreed
with me that racism was important,
with me that racism was important,
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e dixo que, se ben coincidía comigo
en sinalar a importancia do racismo,
en sinalar a importancia do racismo,
04:34
we could never measure racism.
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nunca poderíamos medilo.
04:36
"We measure self-esteem," I said.
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"Medimos a autoestima",
díxenlle.
díxenlle.
04:40
"There's no reason
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Non hai razón para non podermos medir
o racismo, se nos poñemos mans á obra.
o racismo, se nos poñemos mans á obra.
04:41
why we can't measure racism
if we put our minds to it."
if we put our minds to it."
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04:45
And so I put my mind to it
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Así que me puxen mans á obra
e desenvolvín tres escalas.
e desenvolvín tres escalas.
04:48
and developed three scales.
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04:50
The first one captured
major experiences of discrimination,
major experiences of discrimination,
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A primeira recolle experiencias
graves de discriminación,
graves de discriminación,
04:54
like being unfairly fired
or being unfairly stopped by the police.
or being unfairly stopped by the police.
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como ser inxustamente despedido
ou ser inxustamente detido pola policía.
ou ser inxustamente detido pola policía.
04:58
But discrimination also occurs
in more minor and subtle experiences,
in more minor and subtle experiences,
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Con todo, a discriminación preséntase
en situacións máis correntes e sutís
en situacións máis correntes e sutís
05:04
and so my second scale,
called the Everyday Discrimination Scale,
called the Everyday Discrimination Scale,
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e, así, a miña segunda escala,
chamada "Escala de Discriminación Cotiá",
chamada "Escala de Discriminación Cotiá",
05:08
captures nine items
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recolle nove elementos
que reflicten experiencias
que reflicten experiencias
05:09
that captures experiences
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como ser tratado
con menos cortesía que outros,
con menos cortesía que outros,
05:11
like you're treated
with less courtesy than others,
with less courtesy than others,
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05:14
you receive poorer service
than others in restaurants or stores,
than others in restaurants or stores,
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recibir un peor servizo
en tendas e restaurantes
en tendas e restaurantes
05:18
or people act as if they're afraid of you.
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ou ver como a xente actúa
como se tivese medo de ti.
como se tivese medo de ti.
05:21
This scale captures
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Esta escala captura algunhas das formas
polas que a dignidade e o respecto
polas que a dignidade e o respecto
05:24
ways in which the dignity and the respect
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05:27
of people who society does not value
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dunhas persoas que a sociedade non valora,
vai minguando día a día.
vai minguando día a día.
05:30
is chipped away on a daily basis.
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05:33
Research has found
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A investigación revela
05:37
that higher levels of discrimination
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que os niveis
máis elevados de discriminación
máis elevados de discriminación
05:40
are associated with an elevated risk
of a broad range of diseases
of a broad range of diseases
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correlacionan cun alto risco
de padecer un amplo abano de doenzas,
de padecer un amplo abano de doenzas,
05:45
from blood pressure to abdominal obesity
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dende hipertensión a obesidade abdominal,
05:49
to breast cancer to heart disease
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pasando por cancro de mama,
doenzas cardíacas
doenzas cardíacas
05:51
and even premature mortality.
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e incluso mortalidade prematura.
05:55
Strikingly, some of the effects
are observed at a very young age.
are observed at a very young age.
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Sorprendentemente, algúns dos efectos
obsérvanse en persoas moi novas.
obsérvanse en persoas moi novas.
06:00
For example, a study of black teens
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Por exemplo, un estudo realizado
con adolescentes negros,
con adolescentes negros,
06:06
found that those who reported higher
levels of discrimination as teenagers
levels of discrimination as teenagers
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revelou que os que aducían altos niveis
de discriminación na adolescencia
de discriminación na adolescencia
06:13
had higher levels of stress hormones,
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presentaban un nivel elevado
de hormonas do estrés,
de hormonas do estrés,
06:17
of blood pressure
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de presión arterial e de peso
aos 20 anos de idade.
aos 20 anos de idade.
06:19
and of weight at age 20.
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06:24
However,
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Porén,
06:27
the stress of discrimination
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o estrés causado pola discriminación
é apenas un aspecto.
é apenas un aspecto.
06:30
is only one aspect.
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06:32
Discrimination and racism
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A discriminación e o racismo inciden
de moitas outras maneiras na saúde.
de moitas outras maneiras na saúde.
06:34
also matters in other
profound ways for health.
profound ways for health.
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06:39
For example, there's
discrimination in medical care.
discrimination in medical care.
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Por exemplo, existe discriminación
na atención sanitaria.
na atención sanitaria.
06:43
In 1999, the National Academy of Medicine
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En 1999,
a Academia Nacional de Medicina dos EE.UU.
a Academia Nacional de Medicina dos EE.UU.
06:47
asked me to serve on a committee
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convidoume a tomar parte nunha comisión
06:49
that found, concluded
based on the scientific evidence,
based on the scientific evidence,
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que concluíu, baseándose
en probas científicas,
en probas científicas,
06:54
that blacks and other minorities
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que os negros e outras minorías
06:56
receive poorer quality care than whites.
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reciben unha atención
de peor calidade que os brancos.
de peor calidade que os brancos.
07:00
This was true for all kinds
of medical treatment,
of medical treatment,
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Isto acontece con calquera tipo
de tratamento médico,
de tratamento médico,
07:04
from the most simple
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dende o máis simple
ao máis sofisticado tecnoloxicamente.
ao máis sofisticado tecnoloxicamente.
07:06
to the most technologically sophisticated.
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07:10
One explanation for this pattern
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Unha posible explicación a este patrón
07:13
was a phenomenon
that's called "implicit bias"
that's called "implicit bias"
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podería ser o fenómeno
coñecido como "prexuízo implícito"
coñecido como "prexuízo implícito"
07:17
or "unconscious discrimination."
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ou "discriminación inconsciente".
07:20
Research for decades
by social psychologists
by social psychologists
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Segundo as investigacións
dos psicólogos sociais,
dos psicólogos sociais,
07:22
indicates that if you hold
a negative stereotype
a negative stereotype
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se unha persoa ten un estereotipo negativo
sobre un grupo no seu subconsciente
sobre un grupo no seu subconsciente
07:26
about a group in your subconscious mind
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07:29
and you meet someone from that group,
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ao coñecer alguén dese grupo,
discriminará esa persoa.
discriminará esa persoa.
07:32
you will discriminate against that person.
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07:34
You will treat them differently.
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Tratarao de maneira diferente.
07:36
It's an unconscious process.
It's an automatic process.
It's an automatic process.
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É un proceso inconsciente,
un proceso automático.
un proceso automático.
07:40
It is a subtle process, but it's normal
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É un proceso sutil, mais é normal
07:44
and it occurs even among
the most well-intentioned individuals.
the most well-intentioned individuals.
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e acontécelles mesmo ás persoas
con mellores intencións.
con mellores intencións.
07:51
But the deeper that I delved
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Pero canto máis afondaba
no impacto do racismo na saúde,
no impacto do racismo na saúde,
07:54
into the health impact of racism,
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07:57
the more insidious the effects became.
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máis perniciosos
se tornaban os seus efectos.
se tornaban os seus efectos.
08:01
There is institutional discrimination,
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Existe discriminación institucional,
08:04
which refers to discrimination
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é dicir, discriminación
08:07
that exists in the processes
of social institutions.
of social institutions.
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que se dá nos procesos propios
das institucións sociais.
das institucións sociais.
08:12
Residential segregation by race,
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A segregación residencial por razas,
08:14
which has led to blacks and whites living
in very different neighborhood contexts,
in very different neighborhood contexts,
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que se traduce en negros e brancos
vivindo en barrios moi diferenciados,
vivindo en barrios moi diferenciados,
08:19
is a classic example
of institutional racism.
of institutional racism.
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é un exemplo clásico
de racismo institucional.
de racismo institucional.
08:25
One of America's best-kept secrets
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Un dos segredos mellor gardados
dos Estados Unidos
dos Estados Unidos
08:29
is how residential segregation
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é o de que a segregación residencial
é a fonte secreta
é a fonte secreta
08:31
is the secret source
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da desigualdade racial do país.
08:33
that creates racial inequality
in the United States.
in the United States.
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08:38
In America, where you live
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Nos Estados Unidos, o lugar no que un vive
08:41
determines your access to opportunities
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determina o seu acceso a oportunidades
08:44
in education, in employment,
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en educación, emprego, vivenda
08:48
in housing and even
in access to medical care.
in access to medical care.
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e incluso en acceso a atención sanitaria.
08:53
One study of the 171 largest
cities in the United States
cities in the United States
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Un estudo realizado nas 171 meirandes
cidades dos Estados Unidos
cidades dos Estados Unidos
09:00
concluded that there is not even one city
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concluíu que nin nunha soa destas cidades
09:03
where whites live
under equal conditions to blacks,
under equal conditions to blacks,
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os brancos viven
nas mesmas condicións que os negros
nas mesmas condicións que os negros
09:06
and that the worst urban contexts
in which whites reside
in which whites reside
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e que os peores contextos
residenciais dos brancos
residenciais dos brancos
09:10
is considerably better than the average
context of black communities.
context of black communities.
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son considerablemente mellores que
o contexto medio das comunidades negras.
o contexto medio das comunidades negras.
09:15
Another study found
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Outro estudo probou
09:17
that if you could eliminate statistically
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que se conseguísemos eliminar
estatisticamente a segregación residencial
estatisticamente a segregación residencial
09:20
residential segregation,
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09:22
you would completely erase
black-white differences in income,
black-white differences in income,
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erradicaríamos por completo as diferenzas
raciais en renda, educación e desemprego
raciais en renda, educación e desemprego
09:26
education and unemployment,
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09:29
and reduce black-white differences
in single motherhood
in single motherhood
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e que reduciríamos a fenda racial
en número de familias monoparentais
en número de familias monoparentais
09:32
by two thirds,
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en dúas terceiras partes.
09:33
all of that driven by segregation.
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E todo iso é ocasionado pola segregación.
09:36
I have also learned
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Aprendín tamén
como os estereotipos negativos
como os estereotipos negativos
09:39
how the negative stereotypes
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09:41
and images of blacks in our culture
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e a imaxe dos negros
na cultura estadounidense
na cultura estadounidense
09:44
literally create and sustain
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literalmente orixinan e perpetúan
09:47
both institutional
and individual discrimination.
and individual discrimination.
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tanto a discriminación institucional
como a individual.
como a individual.
09:52
A group of researchers
have put together a database
have put together a database
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Un grupo de investigadores
reuniu nunha base de datos
reuniu nunha base de datos
09:56
that contains the books,
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todos os libros, revistas e artigos
09:58
magazines and articles
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10:01
that an average college-educated
American would read over their lifetime.
American would read over their lifetime.
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que un estadounidense medio con formación
universitaria le durante toda a súa vida.
universitaria le durante toda a súa vida.
10:06
It allows us to look within this database
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Isto permítenos ollar
para esta base de datos
para esta base de datos
10:09
and see how Americans
have seen words paired together
have seen words paired together
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e comprobar como os estadounidenses
van vendo certas palabras emparelladas
van vendo certas palabras emparelladas
10:14
as they grow up in their society.
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a medida que van medrando
na súa sociedade
na súa sociedade
10:17
So when the word "black"
appears in American culture,
appears in American culture,
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Así, cando aparece a palabra "negro"
na cultura estadounidense,
na cultura estadounidense,
10:21
what co-occurs with it?
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de que vai acompañada?
10:23
"Poor,"
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"Pobre",
10:24
"violent,"
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"violento",
10:25
"religious,"
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"relixioso",
10:27
"lazy,"
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"preguiceiro",
10:28
"cheerful,"
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"alegre",
10:29
"dangerous."
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"perigoso".
10:31
When "white" occurs,
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Cando aparece "branco",
10:33
the frequently co-occurring words
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as palabras frecuentemente
emparelladas son
emparelladas son
10:35
are "wealthy,"
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"rico",
10:36
"progressive,"
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"progresista",
10:38
"conventional,"
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"convencional"
10:40
"stubborn,"
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"perseverante",
10:41
"successful,"
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"exitoso"
10:42
"educated."
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"culto".
10:44
So when a police officer
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Entón, cando un policía
10:47
overreacts when he sees
an unarmed black male
an unarmed black male
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sobreactúa ao ver un home negro desarmado
10:53
and perceives him
to be violent and dangerous,
to be violent and dangerous,
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e o percibe como violento e perigoso,
10:57
we are not necessarily dealing
with an inherently bad cop.
with an inherently bad cop.
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non temos necesariamente por que estar
a tratar cun policía intrinsecamente malo.
a tratar cun policía intrinsecamente malo.
11:03
We may be simply viewing
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2536
Pode que simplemente esteamos a ver
un estadounidense normal
un estadounidense normal
11:05
a normal American
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2016
11:07
who is reflecting
what he has been exposed to
what he has been exposed to
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actuando como reflexo
daquilo ao que estivo exposto
daquilo ao que estivo exposto
11:11
as a result of being raised
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como resultado de medrar nesta sociedade.
11:14
in this society.
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11:16
From my own experience,
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2320
Na miña experiencia persoal,
11:19
I believe that your race
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creo que a raza non ten por que
determinar o destino dunha persoa.
determinar o destino dunha persoa.
11:22
does not have to be
a determinant of your destiny.
a determinant of your destiny.
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11:26
I migrated to the United States
202
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2536
Eu emigrei aos Estados Unidos
dende a illa caribeña de Santa Lucía,
dende a illa caribeña de Santa Lucía,
11:29
from the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia
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2080
11:32
in the late 1970s
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1640
a finais dos setenta
11:34
in pursuit of higher education,
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1840
na procura dunha educación superior.
11:38
and in the last 40 years,
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E nos últimos 40 anos foime ben.
11:40
I have done well.
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1200
11:42
I have had a supportive family,
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Tiven unha familia que me apoiou,
11:44
I have worked hard,
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1280
traballei arreo.
11:47
I have done well.
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1200
Foime ben.
11:49
But it took more for me to be successful.
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Pero costoume máis prosperar.
11:52
I received a minority fellowship
from the University of Michigan.
from the University of Michigan.
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Fun beneficiario dunha bolsa
para minorías da Universidade de Michigan.
para minorías da Universidade de Michigan.
11:57
Yes. I am an affirmative action baby.
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4240
Si, son fillo da discriminación positiva.
12:02
Without affirmative action,
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2776
Sen discriminación positiva,
non estaría aquí.
non estaría aquí.
12:05
I would not be here.
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1680
12:09
But in the last 40 years,
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Pero nos últimos 40 anos,
12:11
black America has been
less successful than I have.
less successful than I have.
217
719560
3760
a comunidade negra dos Estados Unidos
non tivo tanto éxito.
non tivo tanto éxito.
12:16
In 1978, black households
in the United States
in the United States
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5296
En 1978, as familias negras
dos Estados Unidos
dos Estados Unidos
12:22
earned 59 cents for every dollar
of income whites earned.
of income whites earned.
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730040
4120
gañaban 59 céntimos
por cada dólar de salario dos brancos.
por cada dólar de salario dos brancos.
12:27
In 2015,
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2256
En 2015, as familias negras
aínda gañan 59 céntimos
aínda gañan 59 céntimos
12:29
black families still earn 59 cents
221
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4856
12:34
for every dollar of income
that white families receive,
that white families receive,
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3816
por cada dólar de salario
percibido polas familias brancas.
percibido polas familias brancas.
12:38
and the racial gaps in wealth
are even more stunning.
are even more stunning.
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3600
A fenda racial no relativo á riqueza
é mesmo máis escandalosa.
é mesmo máis escandalosa.
12:42
For every dollar of wealth
that whites have,
that whites have,
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Por cada dólar de riqueza dos brancos,
12:45
black families have six pennies
and Latinos have seven pennies.
and Latinos have seven pennies.
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3480
as familias negras suman seis centavos
e os latinos, sete.
e os latinos, sete.
12:50
The fact is,
226
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1456
É un feito que o racismo
12:52
racism
227
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1936
12:54
is producing a truly rigged system
228
762240
4336
está a xerar un sistema
totalmente corrupto
totalmente corrupto
12:58
that is systematically disadvantaging
some racial groups in the United States.
some racial groups in the United States.
229
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5240
que sistematicamente desfavorece
certos grupos raciais nos Estados Unidos.
certos grupos raciais nos Estados Unidos.
13:04
To paraphrase Plato,
230
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2176
Citando a Platón,
13:07
there is nothing so unfair
231
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2280
non hai nada máis inxusto
13:10
as the equal treatment of unequal people.
232
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3320
que tratar igual
aos que son diferentes.
aos que son diferentes.
13:15
And that's why I am committed
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2896
Por iso estou comprometido
co traballo para erradicar o racismo.
co traballo para erradicar o racismo.
13:18
to working to dismantle racism.
234
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2520
13:21
I deeply appreciate the fact
235
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Valoro profundamente o feito
de me erguer sobre os ombreiros
de me erguer sobre os ombreiros
13:24
that I am standing on the shoulders
236
792440
3256
daqueles que sacrificaron
ata as súas vidas
ata as súas vidas
13:27
of those who have sacrificed
even their lives to open the doors
even their lives to open the doors
237
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4336
para abrir as portas
que eu puiden atravesar.
que eu puiden atravesar.
13:32
that I have walked through.
238
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1286
13:34
I want to ensure
that those doors remain open
that those doors remain open
239
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3896
Quero asegurarme
de que esas portas fiquen abertas
de que esas portas fiquen abertas
13:38
and that everyone
can walk through those doors.
can walk through those doors.
240
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e de que calquera poida atravesalas.
13:44
Robert Kennedy said,
241
812320
2336
Robert Kennedy dixo,
13:46
"Each time a man" --
or woman, I would add --
or woman, I would add --
242
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3536
"Cada vez que un home
–ou muller, engadiría eu–
–ou muller, engadiría eu–
13:50
"stands up for an ideal
243
818240
2096
loita por unha idea,
actúa para mellorar a vida dos outros,
actúa para mellorar a vida dos outros,
13:52
or acts to improve the lot of others
244
820360
2576
13:54
or strikes out against injustice,
245
822960
2576
ou se ergue contra as inxustizas,
13:57
he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope,
246
825560
3536
envía unha pequena onda de esperanza,
14:01
and those ripples can build a current
247
829120
3096
e esas ondas poden crear unha corrente,
14:04
that can sweep down the mightiest walls
of oppression and resistance."
of oppression and resistance."
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4960
capaz de derrubar os máis poderosos muros
da opresión e resistencia.
da opresión e resistencia.
14:10
I am optimistic today
249
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2056
Hoxe son optimista,
14:12
because all across America,
250
840120
2576
pois ao longo de todo Estados Unidos
14:14
I have seen ripples of hope.
251
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2240
albisquei ondas de esperanza.
14:17
The Boston Medical Center
252
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1896
O Centro Médico de Boston
14:19
has added lawyers to the medical team
253
847640
2720
vén de engadir avogados
ao seu equipo médico
ao seu equipo médico
14:23
so that physicians can improve
the health of their patients
the health of their patients
254
851160
4056
para os facultativos poderen mellorar
a saúde dos seus pacientes,
a saúde dos seus pacientes,
14:27
because the lawyers are addressing
the nonmedical needs their patients have.
the nonmedical needs their patients have.
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855240
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ao encargárense os avogados
das necesidades extrasanitarias
dos pacientes.
dos pacientes.
A Universidade de Loma Linda (California),
14:32
Loma Linda University
has built a gateway college
has built a gateway college
256
860480
3816
construíu un centro pasarela
(Gateway College), preto de San Bernardino
(Gateway College), preto de San Bernardino
14:36
in nearby San Bernardino
257
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1816
14:38
so that in addition
to delivering medical care,
to delivering medical care,
258
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3296
para ademais de prestar
atención sanitaria,
atención sanitaria,
14:41
they can provide job skills
259
869480
2816
poder achegar
competencias laborais e formación laboral
competencias laborais e formación laboral
14:44
and job training
260
872320
1656
14:46
to a predominantly minority,
low-income community members
low-income community members
261
874000
4776
a unha maioría predominante
de individuos con baixos ingresos,
de individuos con baixos ingresos,
14:50
so that they will have the skills
they need to get a decent job.
they need to get a decent job.
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3960
para estes poderen obter as competencias
necesarias para achar un traballo decente.
necesarias para achar un traballo decente.
14:56
In Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
263
884960
2376
En Chapel Hill, Carolina do Norte,
14:59
the Abecedarian Project has figured out
264
887360
3696
o Proxecto Abecedarian atopou
15:03
how to ensure that they have lowered
the risks for heart disease
the risks for heart disease
265
891080
5296
o xeito de garantir a redución do risco
de doenzas cardíacas
de doenzas cardíacas
15:08
for blacks in their mid-30s
266
896400
3056
entre negros que andan pola trintena,
15:11
by providing high-quality day care
267
899480
3016
ofrecendo un coidado diario de calidade
desde o nacemento ata os cinco anos.
desde o nacemento ata os cinco anos.
15:14
from birth to age five.
268
902520
2696
15:17
In after-school centers
across the United States,
across the United States,
269
905240
3296
En centros extraescolares
de todo Estados Unidos
de todo Estados Unidos
15:20
Wintley Phipps and the US Dream Academy
270
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2656
Wintley Philips e a US Dream Academy
15:23
is breaking the cycle of incarceration
271
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2776
están a romper o círculo de encarceramento
15:26
by providing high-quality
academic enrichment and mentoring
academic enrichment and mentoring
272
914040
4416
proporcionando formación e orientación
académica de alta calidade
académica de alta calidade
15:30
to the children of prisoners
273
918480
2696
a fillos de reclusos
e nenos con atraso escolar.
e nenos con atraso escolar.
15:33
and children who have
fallen behind in school.
fallen behind in school.
274
921200
2640
15:36
In Huntsville, Alabama,
275
924600
1696
En Huntsville, Alabama,
a Universidade de Oakwood,
unha institución historicamente negra,
unha institución historicamente negra,
15:38
Oakwood University,
276
926320
1416
15:39
a historically black institution,
277
927760
2336
15:42
is showing how we can improve
the health of black adults
the health of black adults
278
930120
4296
está a amosarnos como mellorar
a saúde dos adultos negros,
a saúde dos adultos negros,
15:46
by including a health evaluation
279
934440
3016
incluíndo un exame médico como parte
da orientación aos novos alumnos,
da orientación aos novos alumnos,
15:49
as a part of freshman orientation
280
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3136
15:52
and giving those students
the tools they need
the tools they need
281
940640
2976
fornecéndolles a eses alumnos
as ferramentas necesarias
as ferramentas necesarias
15:55
to make healthy choices
282
943640
1656
para elixir opcións saudábeis
15:57
and providing them annually
a health transcript
a health transcript
283
945320
3376
e fornecéndolles anualmente
un historial médico
un historial médico
16:00
so they can monitor their progress.
284
948720
1840
para poderen supervisar os seus progresos.
16:03
And in Atlanta, Georgia,
285
951520
1736
E en Atlanta, Georgia,
16:05
Purpose Built Communities has dismantled
the negative effects of segregation
the negative effects of segregation
286
953280
5936
a ONL Purpose Built Communities erradicou
os efectos negativos da segregación,
os efectos negativos da segregación,
16:11
by transforming a crime-ridden,
287
959240
2656
convertendo un proxecto de vivenda social
asolagado polo crime e anegado pola droga
asolagado polo crime e anegado pola droga
16:13
drug-infested public housing project
288
961920
2936
16:16
into an oasis of mixed-income housing,
289
964880
3696
nun oasis de vivendas de ingresos mixtos,
16:20
of academic performance,
290
968600
2176
de rendemento académico,
16:22
of great community wellness
291
970800
2856
de benestar comunitario
e de pleno emprego.
e de pleno emprego.
16:25
and of full employment.
292
973680
1400
16:28
And finally,
293
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1696
E finalmente,
16:29
there is the Devine solution.
294
977880
2000
chegamos á solución Devine.
16:32
Professor Patricia Devine
295
980680
2640
A profesora Patricia Devine,
16:36
of the University of Wisconsin
296
984400
2576
da Universidade de Wisconsin
16:39
has shown us how we can attack
297
987000
3696
amosounos como combater de raíz
16:42
our hidden biases head on
298
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2976
e eliminar os nosos prexuízos ocultos.
16:45
and effectively reduce them.
299
993720
2040
16:48
Each one of us
300
996680
1776
Cada un de nos pode supoñer
unha onda de esperanza.
unha onda de esperanza.
16:50
can be a ripple of hope.
301
998480
2160
16:53
This work will not always be easy,
302
1001200
3496
Este traballo non será sempre doado
16:56
but former Supreme Court Justice
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall
303
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2920
pero o antigo xuíz da Corte Suprema,
Thurgood Marshall, xa o dixo:
Thurgood Marshall, xa o dixo:
17:00
has told us, "We must dissent.
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2896
"Debemos discrepar.
17:03
We must dissent from the indifference.
305
1011600
2416
Debemos discrepar da indiferenza.
17:06
We must dissent from the apathy.
306
1014040
2056
Debemos discrepar da apatía.
17:08
We must dissent from the hatred
and from the mistrust.
and from the mistrust.
307
1016120
3456
Debemos discrepar do odio
e da desconfianza.
e da desconfianza.
17:11
We must dissent
308
1019600
1656
Debemos discrepar,
17:13
because America can do better,
309
1021280
3256
porque Estados Unidos pode facelo mellor.
17:16
because America has no choice
but to do better."
but to do better."
310
1024560
4816
Porque a Estados Unidos
non lle queda outra que facelo mellor".
non lle queda outra que facelo mellor".
17:21
Thank you.
311
1029400
1216
Grazas.
17:22
(Applause)
312
1030640
3640
(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David R. Williams - Public health sociologistDavid R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin?
Why you should listen
Dr. David R. Williams has played a visible national leadership role in raising awareness levels about health disparities and identifying interventions to address them. The author of more than 400 scientific papers, Williams developed the Everyday Discrimination Scale, which is currently one of the most widely used measures to assess perceived discrimination in health studies. He was ranked as the world's most cited black scholar in the social sciences in 2008, and Thomson Reuters ranked him as one of the world's most influential scientific minds in 2014.
Williams is currently the Norman Professor of Public Health at Harvard's T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Professor of African and African American Studies and of Sociology at Harvard University. He holds an MPH degree from Loma Linda University and a PhD in Sociology from the University of Michigan.
David R. Williams | Speaker | TED.com