TEDGlobal 2017
Chika Ezeanya-Esiobu: How Africa can use its traditional knowledge to make progress
奇卡依珊亞依西歐布: 非洲如何用自身的傳統知識來取得進展
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
1,241,889 views
奇卡依珊亞依西歐布期望目睹非洲人透過認知自身傳統知識的重要性，來釋放被壓迫的創意和創新能量。在這場強而有力的演說中，她列舉幾個本土但原先未被使用的知識為例，分享它們被應用在農業和政策制訂上的成功經驗，呼籲非洲人捨棄看輕自己的想法，尊重自身所有，透過驗證，來向前邁進。
Chika Ezeanya-Esiobu - Indigenous knowledge expert
Working across disciplines, Chika Ezeanya-Esiobu explores homegrown and grassroots approaches to the sustainable advancement of Sub-Saharan Africa. Full bio
Working across disciplines, Chika Ezeanya-Esiobu explores homegrown and grassroots approaches to the sustainable advancement of Sub-Saharan Africa. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Some months back,
I was visiting this East African city,
I was visiting this East African city,
0
1054
5480
幾個月之前，我造訪了
一個東非的城市，
一個東非的城市，
00:18
and we were stuck in traffic.
1
6558
2989
塞車讓我們被卡在車陣中。
00:21
And this vendor suddenly
approaches my window
approaches my window
2
9571
3042
有個小販突然靠近我的車窗，
00:24
with a half-opened alphabet sheet.
3
12637
2543
拿著一張打開一半的字母表。
00:28
I took a quick look at the alphabet sheet,
4
16505
2819
我快速看了一眼這張字母表，
00:31
and I thought of my daughter,
5
19348
1435
我想起了我的女兒，
00:32
how it would be nice
to spread it on the floor
to spread it on the floor
6
20807
2562
如果能把這張表攤在地板上，
00:35
and just play all over it with her
7
23393
1840
和她在上面玩耍，
00:37
while getting her to learn the alphabet.
8
25257
2189
同時能讓她學會字母，該有多好？
00:39
So the traffic moved a bit,
and I quickly grabbed a copy,
and I quickly grabbed a copy,
9
27470
3295
車陣開始有在動了，
所以我很快就買了一份，
所以我很快就買了一份，
00:42
and we moved on.
10
30789
1999
我們就繼續前進。
00:46
When I had time to fully open
the alphabet sheet
the alphabet sheet
11
34165
3101
當我有空把這張字母表完全打開，
00:49
and take a more detailed look at it,
12
37290
2329
並更仔細地去看它時，
00:51
I knew I was not going to use that
to teach my daughter.
to teach my daughter.
13
39643
3023
我就知道我不會用它
來教我女兒字母了。
來教我女兒字母了。
00:55
I regretted my purchase.
14
43267
1517
我很後悔買了它。
00:58
Why so?
15
46331
1342
為什麼會這樣？
01:00
Looking at the alphabet sheet
reminded me of the fact
reminded me of the fact
16
48338
2786
看著這張字母表，
我想起了一件事實，
我想起了一件事實，
01:03
that not much has changed
17
51148
2376
非洲的教育課程
01:05
in the education curricula in Africa.
18
53548
2423
並沒有多少改變。
01:08
Some decades back, I was taught
out of a similar alphabet sheet.
out of a similar alphabet sheet.
19
56729
3720
幾十年前，我也是用
類似的字母表在學習的。
類似的字母表在學習的。
01:13
And because of that,
I struggled for years.
I struggled for years.
20
61312
2257
正因如此，我掙扎了很多年。
01:16
I struggled to reconcile my reality
with the formal education I received
with the formal education I received
21
64464
4496
我很難把現實和在學校受的正規教育
01:20
in school, in the schools I attended.
22
68984
2147
對應連結起來。
01:24
I had identity crises.
23
72592
2010
我有身份危機。
01:26
I looked down on my reality.
24
74626
2909
我輕視我的現實。
01:29
I looked at my ancestry,
I looked at my lineage with disrespect.
I looked at my lineage with disrespect.
25
77559
4246
我看待我的血統、出身時，
是帶著輕蔑的。
是帶著輕蔑的。
01:34
I had very little patience
for what my life had to offer around me.
for what my life had to offer around me.
26
82205
5053
對於周遭人生能帶給我什麼，
我非常沒耐心去了解。
我非常沒耐心去了解。
01:41
Why?
27
89045
1399
為什麼？
01:43
"A is for apple."
28
91496
1419
「A 代表蘋果」。
（註：蘋果 apple 是 A 開頭）
（註：蘋果 apple 是 A 開頭）
01:46
"A is for apple."
29
94421
1424
「A 代表蘋果」。
01:49
"A is for apple" is for that child
in that part of the world
in that part of the world
30
97528
4688
「A 代表蘋果」是說給
世上有蘋果生長的地方的孩童聽的；
01:54
where apples grow out;
31
102240
1732
01:56
who has an apple in her lunch bag;
32
104751
1976
他們的便當袋中有蘋果，
02:00
who goes to the grocery store
with her mom and sees red,
with her mom and sees red,
33
108235
3402
他們和媽媽去雜貨店時會看到紅色、
02:03
green, yellow -- apples
of all shapes and colors and sizes.
of all shapes and colors and sizes.
34
111661
3653
綠色、黃色……各種
形狀、顏色、大小的蘋果。
形狀、顏色、大小的蘋果。
02:08
And so, introducing
education to this child
education to this child
35
116049
2889
所以，對於像這樣的孩子，
02:10
with an alphabet sheet like this
36
118962
2122
用這張字母單來教育他們，
02:14
fulfills one of the major
functions of education,
functions of education,
37
122090
3041
確能實現一些教育的重要功能，
02:17
which is to introduce the learner
38
125155
3162
這些功能是：讓學習者學會
02:20
to an appreciation
of the learner's environment
of the learner's environment
39
128341
3373
欣賞和感念他的周遭環境，
02:23
and a curiosity to explore more
in order to add value.
in order to add value.
40
131738
4642
並能夠有好奇心去
進一步探索，來增加價值。
進一步探索，來增加價值。
02:29
In my own case,
41
137581
1411
在我自己的情況，
02:32
when and where I grew up in Africa,
42
140014
2312
我在非洲長大的地方，在那個年代，
02:35
apple was an exotic fruit.
43
143613
1830
蘋果是外來水果。
02:38
Two or three times a year,
44
146719
1385
一年有兩、三次，
02:40
I could get some yellowish apples
with brown dots, you know,
with brown dots, you know,
45
148128
5367
我可以拿到黃色的蘋果，
上面有褐色斑點，你知道的，
上面有褐色斑點，你知道的，
02:45
signifying thousands of miles traveled --
warehouses, sorting --
warehouses, sorting --
46
153519
3897
象徵它經過數千英哩的
旅程、倉儲、分類，
旅程、倉儲、分類，
02:49
to get to me.
47
157440
1174
才來到我手上。
02:51
I grew up in the city
48
159575
1911
我在城市長大，
02:53
to very financially comfortable parents,
49
161510
3000
父母經濟上算優渥，
02:56
so it was my dignified reality,
50
164534
1942
那是我有尊嚴的現實，
02:58
exactly the same way
51
166500
2311
就像
03:00
cassava fufu or ugali
would not regularly feature
would not regularly feature
52
168835
4162
美式、中式、印度式的食物通常不會
03:05
in an American, Chinese or Indian diet,
53
173021
2901
以木薯芙芙月或烏咖哩為號召一樣，
03:08
apples didn't count as part of my reality.
54
176851
2429
蘋果並不算是我的現實的一部份。
03:12
So what this did to me,
55
180208
3048
所以，這對我的影響，
03:15
introducing education to me
with "A is for apple,"
with "A is for apple,"
56
183280
3684
用「A 代表蘋果」的方式
來讓我接觸教育，
來讓我接觸教育，
03:18
made education an abstraction.
57
186988
2459
讓教育變得很抽象。
03:21
It made it something out of my reach --
58
189914
1869
教育已非我觸手可及，
03:24
a foreign concept,
59
192665
1906
而是一個外來的概念，
03:26
a phenomenon for which I would have
to constantly and perpetually seek
to constantly and perpetually seek
60
194595
3806
是一種現象，且我得要
經常地且無止境地
經常地且無止境地
03:30
the validation of those it belonged to
61
198425
1811
去向這概念所屬的人尋求驗證，
03:32
for me to make progress
within it and with it.
within it and with it.
62
200260
2940
我才能在這種教育學習中有所進步。
03:36
That was tough for a child;
it would be tough for anyone.
it would be tough for anyone.
63
204109
2906
那對孩子來說是很艱難的；
對任何人來說都是。
對任何人來說都是。
03:40
As I grew up and I advanced academically,
64
208042
2723
隨著我成長以及在學術上進步，
03:42
my reality was further separated
from my education.
from my education.
65
210789
5064
我的現實與教育之間的落差又更大了。
03:48
In history, I was taught
66
216739
1746
歷史方面，我被教導的是
03:50
that the Scottish explorer Mungo Park
discovered the Niger River.
discovered the Niger River.
67
218509
4251
蘇格蘭探險家蒙戈帕克
發現了尼日河。
發現了尼日河。
03:55
And so it bothered me.
68
223631
1793
那讓我感到困擾。
03:57
My great-great-grandparents grew up
69
225448
2015
我的曾曾祖父長大的地方
03:59
quite close to the edge
of the Niger River.
of the Niger River.
70
227487
2003
很靠近尼日河畔。
04:01
(Laughter)
71
229514
2419
（笑聲）
04:03
And it took someone to travel
thousands of miles from Europe
thousands of miles from Europe
72
231957
6477
竟然需要一個人
從歐洲跋涉數千英哩，
從歐洲跋涉數千英哩，
04:10
to discover a river
right under their nose?
right under their nose?
73
238458
2447
去發現一條就在眼前的河流？
04:12
(Laughter)
74
240929
2441
（笑聲）
04:15
No!
75
243394
1157
不會吧！
04:16
(Applause and cheers)
76
244575
5419
（掌聲及歡呼聲）
04:22
What did they do with their time?
77
250018
1929
他們把時間拿來做什麼了？
04:23
(Laughter)
78
251971
1897
（笑聲）
04:25
Playing board games, roasting fresh yams,
79
253892
2831
玩桌上遊戲、烤新鮮山芋、
04:28
fighting tribal wars?
80
256747
1380
打部落戰爭？
04:30
I mean, I just knew my education
was preparing me to go somewhere else
was preparing me to go somewhere else
81
258557
4860
我的意思是，我知道我受的教育
是準備將來為我所用，去別處，
是準備將來為我所用，去別處，
04:35
and practice and give to another
environment that it belonged to.
environment that it belonged to.
82
263441
3767
用在這教育原本歸屬的另一個地方，
04:39
It was not for my environment,
where and when I grew up.
where and when I grew up.
83
267232
3183
而不是為用在我成長的環境準備的。
04:43
And this continued.
84
271029
1159
這現象持續下去，
04:44
This philosophy undergirded my studies
85
272212
1893
這教育原理貫穿、固定了
04:46
all through the time I studied in Africa.
86
274129
2465
整個我在非洲所受教育的底部。
04:48
It took a lot of experiences
and some studies
and some studies
87
276618
3834
我經過了很多的經歷並做了些研究，
04:52
for me to begin to have
a change of mindset.
a change of mindset.
88
280476
3152
才得以開始改變我的心態。
04:55
I will share a couple
of the remarkable ones with us.
of the remarkable ones with us.
89
283652
2964
我會和各位分享其中很棒的幾個。
04:59
I was in the United States
in Washington, DC
in Washington, DC
90
287735
2355
當我在美國的華盛頓特區
05:02
studying towards my doctorate,
91
290114
2042
攻讀我的博士學位，
05:04
and I got this consultancy position
with the World Bank Africa Region.
with the World Bank Africa Region.
92
292180
3877
我得到了世界銀行
非洲地區的顧問職位。
非洲地區的顧問職位。
05:08
And so I remember one day,
93
296735
2756
記得有一天，
05:11
my boss -- we were having
a conversation on some project,
a conversation on some project,
94
299515
4648
我和老闆討論某個專案計畫，
05:16
and he mentioned a particular
World Bank project,
World Bank project,
95
304187
3041
他提到了一個特別的
世界銀行專案計畫，
世界銀行專案計畫，
05:19
a large-scale irrigation project
that cost millions of dollars
that cost millions of dollars
96
307252
4972
一個要花費數百萬元，
位於尼日的大規模灌溉專案計畫，
05:24
in Niger Republic
97
312248
1331
05:25
that was faltering sustainably.
98
313603
3274
這個專案漸漸失去動力。
05:28
He said this project
wasn't so sustainable,
wasn't so sustainable,
99
316901
2343
他說，這個計畫並不永續，
05:31
and it bothered those
that instituted the whole package.
that instituted the whole package.
100
319268
4223
使得那些創制此一計畫的人很傷腦筋。
05:36
But then he mentioned
a particular project,
a particular project,
101
324035
2789
他接著提到另一個特別的專案計畫，
05:39
a particular traditional irrigation method
that was hugely successful
that was hugely successful
102
327517
4917
同樣在尼日，世界銀行
專案計畫失敗的地方，
專案計畫失敗的地方，
這個使用傳統灌溉方法的
計畫卻大為成功。
計畫卻大為成功。
05:44
in the same Niger Republic
where the World Bank project was failing.
where the World Bank project was failing.
103
332458
3697
05:48
And that got me thinking.
104
336930
1496
那就讓我開始思考。
05:51
So I did further research,
105
339281
1743
所以我進一步研究，
05:53
and I found out about Tassa.
106
341984
2385
我發現了「Tassa」，
05:57
Tassa is a traditional irrigation method
107
345775
3770
Tassa 是一種傳統的灌溉方法，
06:01
where 20- to 30-centimeter-wide
and 20- to 30-centimeter-deep holes
and 20- to 30-centimeter-deep holes
108
349569
6193
要挖 20~30 公分寬、
20~30 公分深的洞，
20~30 公分深的洞，
06:07
are dug across a field to be cultivated.
109
355786
2874
且在整個要耕作的田地都要挖滿洞。
06:11
Then, a small dam is constructed
around the field,
around the field,
110
359220
4113
接著要在田地周圍建造一個小水壩，
06:16
and then crops are planted
across the surface area.
across the surface area.
111
364296
3626
再把作物種在整個表面區域。
06:19
What happens is that when rain falls,
112
367946
3304
原理是，當降雨的時候，
06:23
the holes are able to store the water
113
371274
2984
這些洞可以儲存雨水，
06:26
and appropriate it to the extent
that the plant needs the water.
that the plant needs the water.
114
374282
3818
並依據植物對水的需要來分配水。
06:30
The plant can only assimilate
as much water as needed
as much water as needed
115
378124
3266
植物只會吸收它們需要的水量，
06:33
until harvest time.
116
381414
1570
就這樣直到收穫時節。
06:36
Niger is 75 percent scorched desert,
117
384582
3693
尼日有 75% 都是炎熱的沙漠，
06:40
so this is something
that is a life-or-death situation,
that is a life-or-death situation,
118
388299
2693
所以這是個攸關生死的情況，
06:43
and it has been used for centuries.
119
391016
1808
這個方法已經用了數個世紀。
06:45
In an experiment that was conducted,
120
393384
2102
在一項實驗中，
06:48
two similar plots of land
were used in the experiment,
were used in the experiment,
121
396233
5413
使用了兩塊類似的土地，
06:53
and one plot of land
122
401670
2631
在其中一塊土地上
06:56
did not have the Tassa technique on it.
123
404325
1942
沒有使用 Tassa 技術，
06:58
Similar plots.
124
406291
1167
另一塊類似的土地
06:59
The other one had Tassa technique
constructed on it.
constructed on it.
125
407482
3158
用了 Tassa 技術，
07:03
Then similar grains of millet
also were planted on both plots.
also were planted on both plots.
126
411332
3755
在兩塊土地上種植小米。
07:08
During harvest time,
127
416045
2207
在收穫時節，
07:10
the plot of land without Tassa technique
128
418276
3152
沒有用 Tassa 技術的那塊土地
07:13
yielded 11 kilograms
of millet per hectare.
of millet per hectare.
129
421452
4171
每公頃收成了 11 公斤的小米；
07:18
The plot of land with Tassa technique
130
426737
2295
有用 Tassa 技術的那塊土地
07:21
yielded 553 kilograms
of millet per hectare.
of millet per hectare.
131
429056
5853
每公頃收成了 553 公斤的小米。
07:27
(Applause)
132
435660
2585
（掌聲）
07:30
I looked at the research,
and I looked at myself.
and I looked at myself.
133
438269
3913
我看著研究，看著我自己。
07:34
I said, "I studied
agriculture for 12 years,
agriculture for 12 years,
134
442206
3252
我研究農業長達 12 年之久，
07:37
from primary to Senior Six,
as we say in East Africa,
as we say in East Africa,
135
445482
3410
在我們東非的說法
是從小學到中學六年，
是從小學到中學六年，
07:40
SS3 in West Africa or 12th grade.
136
448916
2346
而在西非則是 SS3 或十二年級。
07:43
No one ever taught me
137
451286
1657
學校從來沒教過我
07:44
of any form of traditional
African knowledge of cultivation --
African knowledge of cultivation --
138
452967
3806
任何一種能被成功地用在現代非洲的
07:48
of harvesting, of anything --
139
456797
1794
傳統非洲耕作知識，
07:50
that will work in modern times
and actually succeed,
and actually succeed,
140
458615
3828
不管是收穫知識或其他的耕作知識；
07:54
where something imported from the West
would struggle to succeed.
would struggle to succeed.
141
462467
4601
而來自的西方的耕作方式
卻苦苦掙扎，難以在非洲成功。
卻苦苦掙扎，難以在非洲成功。
07:59
That was when I knew the challenge,
142
467775
3113
那時，我知道了挑戰是什麼，
08:02
the challenge of Africa's curricula,
143
470912
2579
非洲課程的挑戰是什麼。
08:05
And I thus began my quest
to dedicate my life, concern my life work,
to dedicate my life, concern my life work,
144
473649
4798
因此，我開始了我的追尋，
將我的一生致力於
將我的一生致力於
08:10
to studying, conducting research
on Africa's own knowledge system
on Africa's own knowledge system
145
478471
4292
研究非洲自己本身的知識系統，
08:14
and being able to advocate
for its mainstreaming
for its mainstreaming
146
482787
3000
並且提倡它，讓它能在
主流教育、學術、
主流教育、學術、
08:17
in education, in research, policy
147
485811
2847
政策等領域被大多數人所接受，
08:20
across sectors and industries.
148
488682
2055
能跨部門也能跨產業被接受。
08:23
Another conversation
and experience I had at the bank
and experience I had at the bank
149
491445
3844
我在銀行的另一段對話和經歷，
08:27
I guess made me take that final decision
of where I was going to go,
of where I was going to go,
150
495313
4750
讓我對於人生的方向
算是做出了終於決定，
算是做出了終於決定，
08:32
even though it wasn't the most lucrative
research to go into,
research to go into,
151
500087
4024
雖然我選擇的研究領域
並不能幫我賺大錢，
並不能幫我賺大錢，
08:36
but it was just about what I believed in.
152
504135
2317
但那是我相信的領域。
08:38
And so one day, my boss said
that he likes to go to Africa
that he likes to go to Africa
153
506937
4626
所以有一天，我的老闆說，
他喜歡去非洲
他喜歡去非洲
08:43
to negotiate World Bank loans
and to work on World Bank projects.
and to work on World Bank projects.
154
511587
4536
商談世界銀行貸款的事，
及處理世界銀行的專案計畫。
及處理世界銀行的專案計畫。
08:48
And I was intrigued. I asked him why.
155
516614
1949
我很好奇，我問他為什麼？
08:50
He said, "Oh, when I go to Africa,
156
518587
2446
他說：「喔，當我去非洲，
08:53
it's so easy.
157
521057
1709
是很輕鬆的。
08:55
I just write up my loan documents
and my project proposal in Washington, DC,
and my project proposal in Washington, DC,
158
523255
4658
我只要在華盛頓特區寫好
貸款文件及專案計畫提案書，
貸款文件及專案計畫提案書，
08:59
I go to Africa, and they all
just get signed.
just get signed.
159
527937
2953
去非洲，讓所有文件被簽名即可。
09:02
I get the best deal, and I'm back to base.
160
530914
3388
我拿到最好的合同，
然後我就可以回基地了。
然後我就可以回基地了。
09:06
My bosses are happy with me."
161
534326
2207
我的老闆都對我很滿意。」
09:08
But then he said,
"I hate going to Asia or ..."
"I hate going to Asia or ..."
162
536933
3687
但接著他說：「我討厭去亞洲。」
09:12
and he mentioned a particular country,
Asia and some of these countries.
Asia and some of these countries.
163
540644
3443
他提到了某個特定國家，
亞洲，及其中一些國家。
亞洲，及其中一些國家。
09:16
"They keep me for this, trying
to get the best deal for their countries.
to get the best deal for their countries.
164
544111
4023
「他們會拖著我，試圖為
他們國家拿到最好的合同。
他們國家拿到最好的合同。
09:20
They get the best deal.
165
548158
1176
他們得到最好的合同。
09:21
They tell me, 'Oh,
that clause will not work for us
that clause will not work for us
166
549358
2908
他們告訴我：『喔，那條條文不行，
09:24
in our environment.
167
552290
1607
在我們的環境行不通。
09:25
It's not our reality.
It's just so Western.'
It's just so Western.'
168
553921
2973
不符合現實。太西式了。』
09:28
And they tell me, 'Oh,
we have enough experts
we have enough experts
169
556918
3111
他們還告訴我：『
喔，我們有足夠的專家
喔，我們有足夠的專家
09:32
to take care of this.
170
560053
1203
來處理這事。
09:33
You don't have enough experts.
171
561280
1621
你沒有足夠的專家。
09:34
We know our aim.'
172
562925
1153
我們知道我們自己的目標。』
09:36
And they just keep going
through all these things.
through all these things.
173
564102
2445
他們不斷仔細研究這些東西。
09:38
By the time they finish,
yes, they get the best deal,
yes, they get the best deal,
174
566571
2520
等他們結束了，是的，
他們拿到了最好的合同，
他們拿到了最好的合同，
09:41
but I'm so exhausted and I don't get
the best deal for the bank,
the best deal for the bank,
175
569115
3165
但我累死了，而且我沒有
為銀行拿到最好的合同，
為銀行拿到最好的合同，
而我們是在做生意。」
09:44
and we're in business."
176
572304
1179
09:45
"Really?" I thought in my head, "OK."
177
573507
1795
「真的？」我腦中在想：「好吧。」
09:47
I was privileged to sit in on
a loan negotiating session
a loan negotiating session
178
575326
4280
我很幸運可以參與一場貸款協商會，
09:51
in an African country.
179
579630
1665
它在一個非洲國家舉行。
09:53
So I would do these consultancy
positions during summer,
positions during summer,
180
581319
2820
在夏天時，我會做這些顧問的職務，
09:56
you know, since I was a doctoral student.
181
584163
2684
你知道的，因為我是博士生。
09:58
And then I traveled with the team,
with the World Bank team,
with the World Bank team,
182
586871
4332
接著我和團隊一起旅行，
和世界銀行團隊一起旅行，
和世界銀行團隊一起旅行，
10:03
as more like someone to help out
with organizational matters.
with organizational matters.
183
591227
4316
我比較像是協助處理組織事務的人。
10:07
But I sat in during
the negotiating session.
the negotiating session.
184
595567
3267
但在協商會的時候我可以列席。
10:11
I had mostly Euro-Americans, you know,
with me from Washington, DC.
with me from Washington, DC.
185
599730
4932
和我同行的多半是來自
華盛頓特區的歐美裔人士。
華盛頓特區的歐美裔人士。
10:16
And I looked across the table
at my African brothers and sisters.
at my African brothers and sisters.
186
604686
4850
我看向桌子的對面，
那邊坐的是我的非洲兄弟姐妹。
那邊坐的是我的非洲兄弟姐妹。
10:21
I could see intimidation on their faces.
187
609993
2334
我看得見他們臉上被嚇住的表情。
10:24
They didn't believe
they had anything to offer
they had anything to offer
188
612771
2263
他們不認為他們有什麼可提供給
10:27
the great-great-grandchildren
of Mungo Park --
of Mungo Park --
189
615058
2288
坐在面前的那些蒙戈帕克後裔。
10:29
the owners of "apple" in "A is for apple."
190
617370
2617
「A 代表蘋果」中
「蘋果」的擁有者。
「蘋果」的擁有者。
10:32
They just sat and watched:
"Oh, just give us, let us sign.
"Oh, just give us, let us sign.
191
620011
2776
他們只是坐著看：「喔，
給我們就好，讓我們簽。
給我們就好，讓我們簽。
10:34
You own the knowledge. You know it all.
192
622811
1913
你們擁有知識。你們全知。
10:36
Just, where do we sign?
Show us, let us sign."
Show us, let us sign."
193
624748
2209
只要告訴我們在哪簽字。
指出來，我們簽字。」
指出來，我們簽字。」
10:38
They had no voice.
They didn't believe in themselves.
They didn't believe in themselves.
194
626981
3036
他們沒有聲音。他們不相信自己。
10:46
Excuse me.
195
634544
1183
對不起。
10:48
And so,
196
636587
1172
所以，
10:51
I have been doing this for a decade.
197
639212
2326
十年來我都在做這件事。
10:53
I have been conducting research
on Africa's knowledge system,
on Africa's knowledge system,
198
641562
3444
我都在研究非洲的知識系統，
10:57
original, authentic,
traditional knowledge.
traditional knowledge.
199
645030
2244
原始的、真實的、傳統的知識。
10:59
In the few cases where this
has been implemented in Africa,
has been implemented in Africa,
200
647298
3197
在已經被導入這個系統的
少數非洲案例中，
少數非洲案例中，
11:02
there has been remarkable
successes recorded.
successes recorded.
201
650519
2484
結果非凡地成功。
11:05
I think of Gacaca.
202
653027
1537
我會想到加卡卡。
11:07
Gacaca is Rwanda's traditional
judicial system
judicial system
203
655256
4732
加卡卡是盧安達的
傳統司法審判體制，
傳統司法審判體制，
11:12
that was used after the genocide.
204
660012
2094
從大屠殺之後就在使用。
11:14
In 1994, when the genocide ended,
205
662130
2431
在 1994 年，大屠殺結束之後，
11:18
Rwanda's national court system
was in shambles:
was in shambles:
206
666100
2562
盧安達的國家法庭體制搖晃不穩：
11:20
no judges, no lawyers to try
hundreds of thousands of genocide cases.
hundreds of thousands of genocide cases.
207
668686
5526
沒有法官、沒有律師來審理
成千上百的大屠殺案件。
成千上百的大屠殺案件。
11:26
So the government of Rwanda
came up with this idea
came up with this idea
208
674236
3508
所以盧安達的政府想出了一個點子，
11:29
to resuscitate a traditional
judicial system known as Gacaca.
judicial system known as Gacaca.
209
677768
3395
重新恢復使用一個傳統的
司法審判體制，加卡卡。
司法審判體制，加卡卡。
11:33
Gacaca is a community-based
judicial system,
judicial system,
210
681625
3447
加卡卡是個以社區為基礎
的司法審判體制，
的司法審判體制，
11:37
where community members come together
211
685096
2937
社區的成員聚集在一起，
11:40
to elect men and women of proven integrity
212
688057
3749
選出被證實很廉正的男人及女人，
11:43
to try cases of crimes committed
within these communities.
within these communities.
213
691830
4510
來審理在這些社區內
犯下的犯罪案件。
犯下的犯罪案件。
11:49
So by the time Gacaca concluded
its trial of genocide cases in 2012,
its trial of genocide cases in 2012,
214
697255
5477
到 2012 年加卡卡完成了
大屠殺案件的審理，
大屠殺案件的審理，
11:55
12,000 community-based courts
had tried approximately 1.2 million cases.
had tried approximately 1.2 million cases.
215
703619
6975
12,000 個以社區為基礎的法庭，
審理完了近 120 萬件案件。
審理完了近 120 萬件案件。
12:03
That's a record.
216
711334
1352
那是一項記錄。
12:05
(Applause)
217
713169
4981
（掌聲）
12:10
Most importantly is that Gacaca emphasized
Rwanda's traditional philosophy
Rwanda's traditional philosophy
218
718438
5600
最重要的是，加卡卡
強調盧安達的傳統哲學，
強調盧安達的傳統哲學，
12:16
of reconciliation and reintegration,
219
724062
3093
調解與再融合，
12:19
as against the whole
punitive and banishment idea
punitive and banishment idea
220
727179
3878
而不是用現今西方模式立基的
12:23
that undergirds present-day Western style.
221
731081
3722
懲罰性與禁止的想法。
12:27
And not to compare, but just to say
that it really emphasized
that it really emphasized
222
735481
3895
我不是要做比較，
只是說加卡卡真的很強調
只是說加卡卡真的很強調
12:31
Rwanda's traditional method of philosophy.
223
739400
3354
盧安達的傳統哲學方法。
12:35
And so it was Mwalimu Julius Nyerere,
224
743269
2597
是朱利葉斯尼雷爾，
12:37
former president of Tanzania --
225
745890
1741
坦尚尼亞的前任總統，
12:39
(Applause)
226
747655
1476
（掌聲）
12:41
who said that you cannot develop people.
227
749155
3176
他說，你無法發展人民。
12:44
People will have to develop themselves.
228
752916
3058
人們得要發展他們自己。
12:48
I agree with Mwalimu.
229
756563
1385
我同意前總統說的。
12:50
I am convinced
230
758487
1388
我相信，
12:51
that Africa's further transformation,
Africa's advancement,
Africa's advancement,
231
759899
3623
非洲的進一步轉變、非洲的進步，
12:55
rests simply in the acknowledgment,
validation and mainstreaming
validation and mainstreaming
232
763546
4779
要仰賴的是去承認、驗證、
讓大多數人接受
讓大多數人接受
13:00
of Africa's own traditional, authentic,
original, indigenous knowledge
original, indigenous knowledge
233
768349
4989
非洲自己的傳統、真實、
原始、本土的知識，
原始、本土的知識，
13:05
in education, in research,
in policy making and across sectors.
in policy making and across sectors.
234
773362
4871
在教育、研究、政策制訂、
及跨各部門都要這麼做。
及跨各部門都要這麼做。
13:10
This is not going to be easy for Africa.
235
778816
2517
對非洲而言，這不容易做到。
13:13
It is not going to be easy for a people
used to being told how to think,
used to being told how to think,
236
781357
3464
對於人民而言這也不容易做到，
因為他們習慣了被告知
因為他們習慣了被告知
13:16
what to do, how to go about it,
237
784845
2365
要怎麼做、要做什麼、
如何養成習慣，
如何養成習慣，
13:19
a people long subjected
to the intellectual guidance
to the intellectual guidance
238
787234
3154
這些人民長期受到
其他知識份子的指引和指導，
13:22
and direction of others,
239
790412
1742
13:24
be they the colonial masters,
240
792178
1667
他們順從殖民主人，
13:25
aid industry or international news media.
241
793869
2972
那些援助產業或國際新聞媒體的人。
13:28
But it is a task that we have to do
to make progress.
to make progress.
242
796865
3234
但這是我們必須要努力進展的任務，
13:32
I am strengthened by the words
of Joseph Shabalala,
of Joseph Shabalala,
243
800123
2900
約瑟夫查巴拉拉的話讓我找到力量，
13:35
founder of the South African choral group
Ladysmith Black Mambazo.
Ladysmith Black Mambazo.
244
803047
3474
他是南非唱詩團體
雷村黑斧合唱團的創辦人。
雷村黑斧合唱團的創辦人。
13:38
He said that the task ahead of us
can never, ever be greater
can never, ever be greater
245
806545
5687
他說，我們眼前要面對的任務，
絕不可能比我們內在的力量更強大。
13:44
than the power within us.
246
812256
2153
13:46
We can do it.
247
814433
1158
我們能做到。
13:47
We can unlearn looking down on ourselves.
248
815615
2560
我們可以捨棄看輕自己的想法。
13:50
We can learn to place value
on our reality and our knowledge.
on our reality and our knowledge.
249
818199
4195
我們能學會將價值放在
我們的現實和知識上。
我們的現實和知識上。
13:54
Thank you.
250
822418
1155
謝謝。
13:55
(Swahili) Thank you very much.
251
823597
1471
（斯華西里語）非常謝謝。
13:57
(Applause)
252
825092
1523
（掌聲）
13:58
Thank you. Thank you.
253
826639
2202
謝謝。謝謝。
14:00
(Applause)
254
828865
4699
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chika Ezeanya-Esiobu - Indigenous knowledge expertWorking across disciplines, Chika Ezeanya-Esiobu explores homegrown and grassroots approaches to the sustainable advancement of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Why you should listen
Chika Ezeanya-Esiobu is convinced of the ability of Africans to transform the continent by acknowledging the significance of its indigenous knowledge in all fields of human endeavor. A researcher, fiction and non-fiction writer, public intellectual and teacher, Ezeanya-Esiobu has published several research papers on aspects of Africa's indigenous knowledge. She has also been commissioned to conduct indigenous knowledge-based research by the International Development Research Center Canada, United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research,(UNU-WIDER) United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) and The Swedish International Development Agency (Sida), among others.
Ezeanya-Esiobu is the author of the historical fiction book Before We Set Sail. In its manuscript form, Before We Set Sail was one of six shortlisted out of over 250 submissions, made to the Penguin Publishers Award for African Writing in 2010. Following her TEDGlobal 2017 talk, Ezeanya-Esiobu shared an alphabet book series she had written for her daughter: Dr. Chika's ABC for the African Child (2017).
Ezeanya-Esiobu has lived and worked in four countries across three continents, and through her travels she has learned to value integrity, dignity, respect for self and others ... to be open to knowledge, to be happy and to smile a lot with her heart. Her lifetime passion is to contribute to efforts that would see to the unleashing of the suppressed creative and innovative energies buried deep in the hearts and minds of all Africans. She blogs at chikaforafrica.com.
Chika Ezeanya-Esiobu | Speaker | TED.com