TED2009
Bill Gates: Mosquitos, malaria and education
比爾．蓋茲(Bill Gates)退而不休
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比爾．蓋茲(Bill Gates)希望透過一種新的慈善方式來解決世界上重要的問題。在這18分鐘的演講內，他用了熱情且幽默的方式，讓我們來仔細思考兩個重大的問題，以及將來可以如何來處理它們。
Bill Gates - Philanthropist
A passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation. Full bio
A passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I wrote a letter last week talking about the work of the foundation,
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上周我寫了一封信給基金會，談論關於其工作內容的事，
00:18
sharing some of the problems.
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並且分享一些問題。
00:21
And Warren Buffet had recommended I do that --
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華倫巴菲特(Warren Buffet)建議我那麼做，
00:24
being honest about what was going well, what wasn't,
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如實地談論好的部份與不好的部份，
00:27
and making it kind of an annual thing.
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並且以年會的方式承現出來。
00:30
A goal I had there was to draw more people in to work on those problems,
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我希望能吸引更多人投入解決這些問題的工作上，
00:33
because I think there are some very important problems
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因為我認為這些問題非常重要，
00:36
that don't get worked on naturally.
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並且需要大家的共同參與。
00:39
That is, the market does not drive the scientists,
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市場無法操控科學家、
00:44
the communicators, the thinkers, the governments
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傳播者、思想家與政府官員們
00:47
to do the right things.
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去做正確的事情。
00:50
And only by paying attention to these things
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我們必須關注這些事情，
00:53
and having brilliant people who care and draw other people in
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並且讓關心此事的英才吸引更多其他的人加入，
00:57
can we make as much progress as we need to.
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才能為我們所面對的問題帶來進步。
00:59
So this morning I'm going to share two of these problems
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所以今天早上，我將與大家分享其中兩個問題，
01:02
and talk about where they stand.
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並且談論他們的現況。
01:05
But before I dive into those I want to admit that I am an optimist.
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但是在我進入這些話題之前，我必須向大家承認我是個極為樂觀的人。
01:09
Any tough problem, I think it can be solved.
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任何棘手的問題我都認為有辦法去解決。
01:13
And part of the reason I feel that way is looking at the past.
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而其中之一的原因是我認為我們可以由過去的經驗求得解答。
01:16
Over the past century, average lifespan has more than doubled.
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在上一個世紀，人們的平均壽命延長了近一倍。
01:21
Another statistic, perhaps my favorite,
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另外的一項統計，這大概是我最喜歡的部份，
01:24
is to look at childhood deaths.
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就是檢視孩童的死亡率。
01:27
As recently as 1960, 110 million children were born,
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在1960年代，1.1億的孩童出生，
01:33
and 20 million of those died before the age of five.
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有2千萬孩童未滿5歲就夭折。
01:37
Five years ago, 135 million children were born -- so, more --
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五年前，1.35億的孩童出生，比過去還多，
01:41
and less than 10 million of them died before the age of five.
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然而未滿5歲就夭折的不到1千萬。
01:47
So that's a factor of two reduction of the childhood death rate.
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由這兩點數據我們可看出孩童的死亡率降低了。
01:52
It's a phenomenal thing.
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這只是個表面上的現象。
01:54
Each one of those lives matters a lot.
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每一個被挽救的生命都充滿意義。
01:57
And the key reason we were able to it was not only rising incomes
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其中重要的因素並不只是人們收入增加，
02:02
but also a few key breakthroughs:
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還有幾個重要的核心技術的突破：
02:05
vaccines that were used more widely.
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疫苗被大量且廣大使用。
02:08
For example, measles was four million of the deaths
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例如麻疹曾造成400萬人失去生命，
02:11
back as recently as 1990
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在最近的1990年至今，
02:13
and now is under 400,000.
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而今這個數字已低於40萬以下。
02:16
So we really can make changes.
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所以我們真的可以創造改變。
02:18
The next breakthrough is to cut that 10 million in half again.
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下一個關鍵技術的突破可以把1千萬夭折兒童的數量再減半，
02:22
And I think that's doable in well under 20 years.
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我還認為在20年之後我們可以做得更好，
02:26
Why? Well there's only a few diseases
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為甚麼呢? 現在只有一些少數的疾病
02:30
that account for the vast majority of those deaths:
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會造成高致死率，
02:33
diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria.
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這些病是腹瀉、肺炎與瘧疾。
02:39
So that brings us to the first problem that I'll raise this morning,
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所以這引導出今天早上的第一個問題，
02:44
which is how do we stop a deadly disease that's spread by mosquitos?
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我們如何阻止蚊蟲散佈這些致命的疾病呢?
02:51
Well, what's the history of this disease?
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這些疾病的歷史為何?
02:53
It's been a severe disease for thousands of years.
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這些疾病是已存在數千年的重症。
02:56
In fact, if we look at the genetic code,
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事實上，假如我們看一下遺傳基因，
02:59
it's the only disease we can see
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它是唯一引起基因突變的疾病
03:02
that people who lived in Africa
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住在非洲的人們
03:04
actually evolved several things to avoid malarial deaths.
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為了避免瘧疾導致死亡，已經發展出幾種防治的方法。
03:08
Deaths actually peaked at a bit over five million in the 1930s.
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在1930年代死亡率人數最高曾超過5百萬人。
03:14
So it was absolutely gigantic.
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這真是個很大的數字，
03:17
And the disease was all over the world.
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而且這種疾病傳遍全球。
03:20
A terrible disease. It was in the United States. It was in Europe.
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它是個可怕的疾病。它出現在美國，也出現在歐洲。
03:23
People didn't know what caused it until the early 1900s,
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但在20世紀之前人們都不知道病因，直到1900年初期，
03:26
when a British military man figured out that it was mosquitos.
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一位英國的士兵發現了蚊子才是元兇。
03:32
So it was everywhere.
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所以它造成大流行。
03:34
And two tools helped bring the death rate down.
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有兩種工具能幫助降低死亡率，
03:38
One was killing the mosquitos with DDT.
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一種是靠DDT來殺死蚊子。
03:41
The other was treating the patients with quinine, or quinine derivatives.
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另外一種是利用奎寧或者類奎寧這種藥品來治療病患。
03:46
And so that's why the death rate did come down.
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這也是為甚麼這疾病的致死率迅速下降的原因。
03:50
Now, ironically, what happened was
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但現在諷刺的是，
03:53
it was eliminated from all the temperate zones,
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瘧疾在溫帶地區幾乎被消滅，
03:56
which is where the rich countries are.
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正是富裕國家的所在地。
03:57
So we can see: 1900, it's everywhere.
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所以我們可以看到，1900年全世界飽受瘧疾的困擾，
03:59
1945, it's still most places.
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到了1945年，它仍然肆虐大多數地區。
04:03
1970, the U.S. and most of Europe have gotten rid of it.
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到了1970年，美國與歐洲大部份的國家已經擺脫瘧疾了。
04:06
1990, you've gotten most of the northern areas.
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1990年時，北半球的國家幾乎都已經免除瘧疾的威脅。
04:09
And more recently you can see it's just around the equator.
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到今天你只能到赤道附近的國家才能看到這類的疾病。
04:15
And so this leads to the paradox that
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這指出一項矛盾的事，
04:19
because the disease is only in the poorer countries,
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只有在貧困的國家中才會受到這疾病的肆虐，
04:21
it doesn't get much investment.
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所以它缺乏投資。
04:25
For example, there's more money put into baldness drugs
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例如投入研發治療禿頭的資金，
04:29
than are put into malaria.
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就超過瘧疾。
04:32
Now, baldness, it's a terrible thing.
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當然禿頭很可怕，
04:35
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:38
And rich men are afflicted.
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富人們飽受其苦。
04:41
And so that's why that priority has been set.
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這也是為甚麼它比投資瘧疾還來得重要。
04:47
But, malaria --
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但是，
04:49
even the million deaths a year caused by malaria
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瘧疾每年可以奪走上百萬生命
04:51
greatly understate its impact.
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所造成的影響還不只如此。
04:53
Over 200 million people at any one time are suffering from it.
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超過2億人口每刻都受到它的威脅，
04:56
It means that you can't get the economies in these areas going
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所以在瘧疾流行的區域，經濟是無法得到發展的，
05:01
because it just holds things back so much.
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因為它實在是影響太大了。
05:04
Now, malaria is of course transmitted by mosquitos.
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當然，瘧疾是由蚊子傳播的。
05:08
I brought some here, just so you could experience this.
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我帶了一些到現場，就是希望大家可以也體驗一下子。
05:13
We'll let those roam around the auditorium a little bit.
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我們可以一起在這個會場中聽一下它們的嗡嗡聲。
05:17
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:20
There's no reason only poor people should have the experience.
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沒有理由只讓窮人們體驗這種感覺
05:23
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(笑聲) (鼓掌)
05:30
Those mosquitos are not infected.
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放心，這些蚊子並沒有帶有瘧疾。
05:35
So we've come up with a few new things. We've got bed nets.
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我們已經有一些新的方法。例如蚊帳。
05:39
And bed nets are a great tool.
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蚊帳非常有用。
05:42
What it means is the mother and child stay under the bed net at night,
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當晚上母親和小孩待在蚊帳內，
05:45
so the mosquitos that bite late at night can't get at them.
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那麼叮人的蚊子就沒輒了。
05:50
And when you use indoor spraying with DDT
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當你在室內噴灑DDT
05:55
and those nets
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並和蚊帳一起使用，
05:56
you can cut deaths by over 50 percent.
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可以使致死率降低超過一半。
05:59
And that's happened now in a number of countries.
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現在已經有許多國家可以做到了，
06:02
It's great to see.
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這真是太棒了。
06:04
But we have to be careful because malaria --
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但是我們仍然要小心虐疾，
06:07
the parasite evolves and the mosquito evolves.
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因為寄生蟲和蚊子都在進化。
06:12
So every tool that we've ever had in the past has eventually become ineffective.
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過去我們用來對付瘧疾的工具到最後都有可能失效。
06:16
And so you end up with two choices.
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最後只有兩條路可以選擇，
06:19
If you go into a country with the right tools and the right way,
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帶著正確的工具和正確的方法到一個國家，
06:23
you do it vigorously,
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並衝滿活力地去執行防疫工作，
06:26
you can actually get a local eradication.
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那麼你可以做到局部的根除，
06:29
And that's where we saw the malaria map shrinking.
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使瘧疾流行範圍被縮小在地圖上的某一部份。
06:31
Or, if you go in kind of half-heartedly,
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或者，如果你是半推半就地去從事防疫工作，
06:34
for a period of time you'll reduce the disease burden,
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一段時間內你可以降低人們對這疾病的負擔，
06:37
but eventually those tools will become ineffective,
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但是最後這些工具將會失效，
06:41
and the death rate will soar back up again.
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致死率又會回到之前的高峰。
06:44
And the world has gone through this where it paid attention and then didn't pay attention.
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這兩種情況都曾經世界上發生過。
06:49
Now we're on the upswing.
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現在我們正處於這種疾病的上升期，
06:51
Bed net funding is up.
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蚊帳的資助量在增加，
06:54
There's new drug discovery going on.
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新的藥物正在進行研發。
06:57
Our foundation has backed a vaccine that's going into phase three trial
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我們的基金會正在支持一項已經進入第三期實驗的疫苗工作，
07:01
that starts in a couple months.
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並在兩個月之後可以開始使用。
07:02
And that should save over two thirds of the lives if it's effective.
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如果有效的話將可以拯救超過2/3的生命。
07:05
So we're going to have these new tools.
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所以我們即將擁有這樣新的工具。
07:08
But that alone doesn't give us the road map.
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但是這些個工具能不足以替我們指出一條新的道路。
07:11
Because the road map to get rid of this disease
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因為在消滅這些疾病的道路之上
07:14
involves many things.
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包含太多的事了。
07:16
It involves communicators to keep the funding high,
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它需要透過溝通者來確保投資充的，
07:19
to keep the visibility high,
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將它盡量透明化，
07:21
to tell the success stories.
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並且傳播成功的故事。
07:23
It involves social scientists,
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它還需要社會科學家
07:25
so we know how to get not just 70 percent of the people to use the bed nets,
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來協助我們指導，不只是70%人們去使用蚊帳，
07:28
but 90 percent.
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而是90%的人們。
07:30
We need mathematicians to come in and simulate this,
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我們需要數學家來幫助建立數值模型，
07:33
to do Monte Carlo things to understand how these tools combine and work together.
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例如蒙地卡羅方法(Monte Carlo)來讓我們更加瞭解這些工具相互配合後所得到的作用為何。
07:39
Of course we need drug companies to give us their expertise.
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當然我們需要藥廠給我們專業的協助。
07:42
We need rich-world governments to be very generous in providing aid for these things.
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我們還需要富國的政府能慷慨地資助這些活動。
07:47
And so as these elements come together,
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當這些條件都具備了，
07:50
I'm quite optimistic
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我才能非常的樂觀
07:53
that we will be able to eradicate malaria.
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看待我們能夠根除瘧疾這件事。
07:57
Now let me turn to a second question,
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現在讓我們轉到第二個問題上面，
08:00
a fairly different question, but I'd say equally important.
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一個與前一個問題毫無相關的問題，但同樣很重要，
08:04
And this is: How do you make a teacher great?
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這問題就是 : 如何創造一位好的老師。
08:07
It seems like the kind of question that people would spend a lot of time on,
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這個問題看起來似乎要我們費很多的時間去思考，
08:12
and we'd understand very well.
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但是我們卻很容易理解這問題。
08:15
And the answer is, really, that we don't.
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但是事實上，真的，我們並不瞭解這樣的問題。
08:19
Let's start with why this is important.
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就讓我先說說為甚麼這個問題那麼的重要。
08:22
Well, all of us here, I'll bet, had some great teachers.
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我敢說在座的各位都曾經被好的老師教導過，
08:26
We all had a wonderful education.
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我們也都受過很好的教育。
08:29
That's part of the reason we're here today,
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這也是為甚麼我們今天坐在這裡的原因，
08:32
part of the reason we're successful.
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也是我們為甚麼成功的部分原因。
08:34
I can say that, even though I'm a college drop-out.
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甚至可以這樣說，我雖是個大學沒畢業的中輟生，
08:37
I had great teachers.
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但仍有很棒的老師教導過我。
08:40
In fact, in the United States, the teaching system has worked fairly well.
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事實上，美國的教育系統運作得還不錯。
08:45
There are fairly effective teachers in a narrow set of places.
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在少數地方聚集了有影響力的老師。
08:50
So the top 20 percent of students have gotten a good education.
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所以排名前20%的學生得到了好的教育。
08:53
And those top 20 percent have been the best in the world,
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而那前20%的學生成為了這世界上的精英，
08:57
if you measure them against the other top 20 percent.
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與其它世上其它國家前20%的學生相比，
09:00
And they've gone on to create the revolutions in software and biotechnology
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美國前20%的精英學生創造並引領了軟體工業與生物科技的革命，
09:05
and keep the U.S. at the forefront.
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並使美國站在世界的前峰。
09:09
Now, the strength for those top 20 percent
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現在，這些前20%精英們的能量，
09:12
is starting to fade on a relative basis,
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相對於之前來說已經開始漸漸消失，
09:15
but even more concerning is the education that the balance of people are getting.
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但取而代之的是人們關注於是否可得到這些教育的平衡性。
09:21
Not only has that been weak. it's getting weaker.
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而這種平衡性的減弱，卻要比整體教育體制的減弱還更強。
09:26
And if you look at the economy, it really is only providing opportunities now
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假如你看經濟領域就可以發現，現在得到好工作機會的人
09:30
to people with a better education.
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都是受過較好的教育。
09:33
And we have to change this.
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這亟需改變。
09:36
We have to change it so that people have equal opportunity.
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我們需要做改變才能讓每個人都得到平等的機會，
09:39
We have to change it so that the country is strong
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這樣國家才會變強大，
09:42
and stays at the forefront
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並且在各領域繼續保持名列前茅：
09:44
of things that are driven by advanced education,
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與高等教育相關的，
09:47
like science and mathematics.
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例如科學與數學。
09:49
When I first learned the statistics,
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當我第一次看到統計數字時
09:52
I was pretty stunned at how bad things are.
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我真被這糟糕的現況給嚇到了。
09:55
Over 30 percent of kids never finish high school.
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超過30%的學生無法完成他們高中學業。
09:58
And that had been covered up for a long time
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而且這個數據還是長期被低估的，
10:01
because they always took the dropout rate as the number
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因為在統計輟學率時它只是
10:04
who started in senior year and compared it to the number who finished senior year.
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比對當年升上高三的學生數量與完成高三學業學生的數量，
10:09
Because they weren't tracking where the kids were before that.
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所以它不包含高三前的學生狀況，
10:11
But most of the dropouts had taken place before that.
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但是大多數的輟學都在高三前就發生了，
10:14
They had to raise the stated dropout rate
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輟學率被大大的低估了。
10:17
as soon as that tracking was done
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如果將高三前的資料列入統計，
10:19
to over 30 percent.
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輟學率一定超過30%。
10:21
For minority kids, it's over 50 percent.
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對於少數民族的學生來說，輟學率甚至超過50%。
10:25
And even if you graduate from high school,
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即使完成了高中學業，
10:28
if you're low-income,
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如果來自低收入家庭，
10:31
you have less than a 25 percent chance of ever completing a college degree.
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那麼將只有25%的機會可以完成大學學位。
10:35
If you're low-income in the United States,
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在美國如果你是低收入戶的話，
10:40
you have a higher chance of going to jail
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那麼你進監獄的機會，
10:44
than you do of getting a four-year degree.
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反而高於你獲得大學學位。
10:46
And that doesn't seem entirely fair.
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這完全不公平。
10:49
So, how do you make education better?
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所以我們該如何改善我們的教育系統呢?
10:52
Now, our foundation, for the last nine years, has invested in this.
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過去九年來，我們的基金一直投資在這上面。
10:56
There's many people working on it.
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有許多人為此努力地工作著。
10:59
We've worked on small schools,
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我們做小型的學校，
11:02
we've funded scholarships,
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我們提供獎學金，
11:04
we've done things in libraries.
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我們幫忙修建圖書館。
11:06
A lot of these things had a good effect.
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諸多此類的事情都造成不錯的效果。
11:08
But the more we looked at it, the more we realized that having great teachers
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但隨著我們了解愈深，我們就會瞭解到擁有偉大的老師
11:11
was the very key thing.
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是一件重要的事。
11:14
And we hooked up with some people studying
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我們曾經聯繫一些
11:17
how much variation is there between teachers,
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致力於研究師資差異性的人，
11:20
between, say, the top quartile -- the very best --
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譬如說那些位於頂尖1/4的師資們
11:23
and the bottom quartile.
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和那些最差的1/4之間的差距，
11:25
How much variation is there within a school or between schools?
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以及同校內或者跨校間老師的差異有多少呢?
11:28
And the answer is that these variations are absolutely unbelievable.
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這差異會讓你難以置信。
11:33
A top quartile teacher will increase the performance of their class --
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頂尖的那1/4的師資將會提高他們班上學生的教育水準，
11:38
based on test scores --
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當你用分數去衡量的話，
11:41
by over 10 percent in a single year.
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短短的一年內就可以提高10%。
11:43
What does that mean?
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這代表著甚麼意義嗎?
11:44
That means that if the entire U.S., for two years,
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這表示假如全美國在兩年之內，
11:47
had top quartile teachers,
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全部由這頂尖的1/4師資授課，
11:50
the entire difference between us and Asia would go away.
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那麼美國與亞洲的的教育差距將不復存在。
11:54
Within four years we would be blowing everyone in the world away.
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在四年之內，我們的教育水準將超過世界上的任何一個國家。
12:00
So, it's simple. All you need are those top quartile teachers.
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所以很簡單，我們唯一需要的就是這1/4的頂尖師資。
12:05
And so you'd say, "Wow, we should reward those people.
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也許你們會那麼說「喔，我們應該獎勵這些人。
12:09
We should retain those people.
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要留住這些人。
12:12
We should find out what they're doing and transfer that skill to other people."
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我們應該要研究他們的教學方式並傳授給其它人。」
12:15
But I can tell you that absolutely is not happening today.
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但是我可以跟您說，這些事情直一件也沒有發生。
12:20
What are the characteristics of this top quartile?
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這頂尖1/4的師資具有怎樣的特性呢?
12:23
What do they look like?
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他們看起來是甚麼樣的呢?
12:25
You might think these must be very senior teachers.
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你也許認為這些老師是相當的資深。
12:28
And the answer is no.
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但是你錯了。
12:30
Once somebody has taught for three years
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在經過最初三年的教學之後，
12:33
their teaching quality does not change thereafter.
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這些老師的教學品質就不會有太大的改變了。
12:38
The variation is very, very small.
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即使有，這些改變也非常的小。
12:41
You might think these are people with master's degrees.
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你或許會認為這些老師都有碩士學位。
12:46
They've gone back and they've gotten their Master's of Education.
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他們都曾經回到大學去拿到教育學的碩士學位。
12:49
This chart takes four different factors
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這邊有個圖表說明了4個不同的因素，
12:52
and says how much do they explain teaching quality.
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並且解釋其各自與教學品質之間的關聯性。
12:55
That bottom thing, which says there's no effect at all,
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最下面的這一條，說明了與教學品質最無關的
12:58
is a master's degree.
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就是碩士學位。
13:02
Now, the way the pay system works is there's two things that are rewarded.
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現今的薪資系統看重的是兩樣東西，
13:06
One is seniority.
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一是資歷。
13:08
Because your pay goes up and you vest into your pension.
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因為你需要把加薪的工資存入你的養老金中。
13:11
The second is giving extra money to people who get their master's degree.
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另外一件就是用額外的錢鼓勵員工去讀碩士學位。
13:14
But it in no way is associated with being a better teacher.
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但這些獎勵和成為一個更好的老師都沒有關聯。
13:17
Teach for America: slight effect.
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對於教美洲文化的老師來說，經由激勵而產生的影響相當小。
13:20
For math teachers majoring in math there's a measurable effect.
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對於主修數學的數學老師則產生較大的影響。
13:24
But, overwhelmingly, it's your past performance.
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但是真正具有壓倒性影響力的，還是以往的表現。
13:29
There are some people who are very good at this.
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有些人擅長於自我激勵。
13:32
And we've done almost nothing
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但是我們至今仍無法
13:35
to study what that is
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研究這種自我激勵的本質
13:38
and to draw it in and to replicate it,
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並且複製和推廣它，
13:41
to raise the average capability --
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從而提高整體的教學實力，
13:44
or to encourage the people with it to stay in the system.
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或者鼓勵具有此能力的人留在教學領域之中。
13:47
You might say, "Do the good teachers stay and the bad teacher's leave?"
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你可能會說：「好的老師留下來了，而不好的老師離開了嗎？」
13:50
The answer is, on average, the slightly better teachers leave the system.
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實際上卻是平均水準較高的老師離開了。
13:53
And it's a system with very high turnover.
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而且教育系統的人員流動率本來就很高。
13:57
Now, there are a few places -- very few -- where great teachers are being made.
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現在只有少數、非常少數的地方在打造好的師資。
14:03
A good example of one is a set of charter schools called KIPP.
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其中就有一間特許學校，名為KIPP，
14:08
KIPP means Knowledge Is Power.
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它的意思是「知識就是力量。」
14:11
It's an unbelievable thing.
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這真是難以置信。
14:14
They have 66 schools -- mostly middle schools, some high schools --
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他們擁有66所學校，大多數是國中，一些是高中，
14:17
and what goes on is great teaching.
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在這些學校中進行著良好的教學活動。
14:21
They take the poorest kids,
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他們招收最貧困的學生，
14:24
and over 96 percent of their high school graduates go to four-year colleges.
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並且其中的96%的學生到最後都拿到了大學的學位。
14:28
And the whole spirit and attitude in those schools
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這些學校的教學精神與態度
14:31
is very different than in the normal public schools.
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與普通的公立學校大不相同。
14:34
They're team teaching. They're constantly improving their teachers.
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他們採取團隊的教學，並且持續著提高老師的水準。
14:38
They're taking data, the test scores,
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他們收集數據，也就是學生考試分數，
14:41
and saying to a teacher, "Hey, you caused this amount of increase."
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並且用這些與老師們說「哇，你讓學生們的成績提升了那麼多」
14:44
They're deeply engaged in making teaching better.
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這些學校正在全力提高師資教學水準。
14:48
When you actually go and sit in one of these classrooms,
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當你親身到這些教室去體驗一下，
14:51
at first it's very bizarre.
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剛開始你會覺得很奇妙。
14:54
I sat down and I thought, "What is going on?"
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我坐在教室裡卻不停的想：到底發生了甚麼事？
14:57
The teacher was running around, and the energy level was high.
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老師在教室內跑來跑去，這裡充滿著教學活力。
15:00
I thought, "I'm in the sports rally or something.
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我想著：我們是在上體育課嗎？
15:03
What's going on?"
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到底怎麼了？
15:05
And the teacher was constantly scanning to see which kids weren't paying attention,
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老師不斷掃視學生，看有誰不專心了，
15:08
which kids were bored,
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有誰覺得無聊了，
15:10
and calling kids rapidly, putting things up on the board.
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並且急促地叫學生們上黑板寫東西。
15:13
It was a very dynamic environment,
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這樣的環境充滿著活力，
15:15
because particularly in those middle school years -- fifth through eighth grade --
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因為在中學時期，特別是5到8年級，
15:18
keeping people engaged and setting the tone
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這種氛圍很容易
15:21
that everybody in the classroom needs to pay attention,
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讓學生們全心地投入課堂之中，
15:24
nobody gets to make fun of it or have the position of the kid who doesn't want to be there.
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沒有人會被取笑或者讓學生產生厭學的情況。
15:30
Everybody needs to be involved.
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每一個人都得參與其中。
15:32
And so KIPP is doing it.
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這就是KIPP正在做的事。
15:35
How does that compare to a normal school?
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那與一般的學校比較起來呢?
15:38
Well, in a normal school, teachers aren't told how good they are.
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一般的學校裡沒有人會告訴你這的老師有多好。
15:42
The data isn't gathered.
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這些數據也都沒有被收集起來。
15:45
In the teacher's contract,
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在老師的工作合約之中，
15:47
it will limit the number of times the principal can come into the classroom --
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明文限制了校長進入教室的次數，
15:51
sometimes to once per year.
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有時一年只有一次，
15:53
And they need advanced notice to do that.
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而且還要提前發通知。
15:56
So imagine running a factory where you've got these workers,
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試著想像一下在工廠之中你擁有一群員工，
15:59
some of them just making crap
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其中一些人只是做了一些廢工，
16:02
and the management is told, "Hey, you can only come down here once a year,
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另外經理被告知「喂，你一年只能來這裡看一次，
16:06
but you need to let us know, because we might actually fool you,
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但是你需要提前讓我們知道，因為我們可能把你弄糊塗，
16:08
and try and do a good job in that one brief moment."
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當你來的時後我們會把工作表現得很美好。」
16:12
Even a teacher who wants to improve doesn't have the tools to do it.
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即使老師們想要提高教學水準時，他們沒有工具，
16:17
They don't have the test scores,
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他們沒有學生的考試成績，
16:19
and there's a whole thing of trying to block the data.
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他們擁有的只是整個組織都在矇蔽這些分數。
16:22
For example, New York passed a law
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例如，紐約通過了一項法令：
16:25
that said that the teacher improvement data could not be made available and used
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用於提升教學水平的資料不能被拿來做為評估老師的依據，
16:30
in the tenure decision for the teachers.
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決定一位老師是否繼續留任。
16:34
And so that's sort of working in the opposite direction.
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可見整個系統都走錯了方向。
16:37
But I'm optimistic about this,
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但是我還是很樂觀的看待這事，
16:39
I think there are some clear things we can do.
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我認為還是有些明確的事是我們應該做的。
16:43
First of all, there's a lot more testing going on,
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首先，還有許多的測試持續在進行，
16:47
and that's given us the picture of where we are.
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這幫助我們了解我們的處境。
16:50
And that allows us to understand who's doing it well,
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這也讓我們瞭解到誰做得好，
16:54
and call them out, and find out what those techniques are.
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把他們找出來，並且分析他們的教學技巧。
16:57
Of course, digital video is cheap now.
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當然，數位攝影機現在很便宜。
17:00
Putting a few cameras in the classroom
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在教室之中放個幾台攝影機
17:02
and saying that things are being recorded on an ongoing basis
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並且跟老師們說這些攝影機將會持續錄下他們的上課內容，
17:08
is very practical in all public schools.
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這些都是可以在所有公立學校中做到的。
17:10
And so every few weeks teachers could sit down
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過了幾個星期之後，可以讓這些被攝影的老師們坐下來看這些影像，
17:13
and say, "OK, here's a little clip of something I thought I did well.
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他們會說：「這裡我覺得我做得不錯，
17:16
Here's a little clip of something I think I did poorly.
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而這裡我覺得做得不好，
17:19
Advise me -- when this kid acted up, how should I have dealt with that?"
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給我一些建議，如果這學生再鬧事的話，我應該要怎麼處理？」
17:22
And they could all sit and work together on those problems.
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然後大家可以坐在一起並且互相討論解決方法。
17:26
You can take the very best teachers and kind of annotate it,
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你就可以打造最好的老師群，並且註記一些內容，
17:30
have it so everyone sees who is the very best at teaching this stuff.
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讓每個人知道哪些老師擅長教學。
17:34
You can take those great courses and make them available
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你可以把這些優秀的課程內容錄製成影像，
17:36
so that a kid could go out and watch the physics course, learn from that.
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這樣學生們在外出時就可以看物理課錄影並且學習。
17:41
If you have a kid who's behind,
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假如有一些學生成績暫時落後了，
17:43
you would know you could assign them that video to watch and review the concept.
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那麼你可以把這些錄影課程給他們帶回去複習。
17:47
And in fact, these free courses could not only be available just on the Internet,
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事實上，這些免費的課程資料不僅可由網路上取得，
17:51
but you could make it so that DVDs were always available,
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還可以把它們做成DVD光碟，
17:55
and so anybody who has access to a DVD player can have the very best teachers.
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所以任何人只要有DVD撥放器就可以擁有一位好老師。
18:02
And so by thinking of this as a personnel system,
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若這能推動到人事制度上，
18:07
we can do it much better.
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我們將可以做得更好。
18:09
Now there's a book actually, about KIPP --
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現在KIPP的故事被寫成一本書，
18:11
the place that this is going on --
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在這些故事發生的地方，
18:13
that Jay Matthews, a news reporter, wrote -- called, "Work Hard, Be Nice."
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Jay Matthews這名記者寫了：努力學習，對人友善。
18:18
And I thought it was so fantastic.
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我覺得這樣的觀點非常棒。
18:20
It gave you a sense of what a good teacher does.
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它讓人了解優秀老師是怎麼做的，
18:24
I'm going to send everyone here a free copy of this book.
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我將會送給在座一人一本。
18:27
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
18:32
Now, we put a lot of money into education,
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今天，我們投資相當多的資金在教育上面，
18:35
and I really think that education is the most important thing to get right
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而我也真的認為教育是非常重要的，
18:41
for the country to have as strong a future as it should have.
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而且必須正確地執行，這樣我們的國家未來才有希望與保障。
18:46
In fact we have in the stimulus bill -- it's interesting --
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很有趣的是，現在有許多振興方案，
18:48
the House version actually had money in it for these data systems,
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由資料系統中我們可以看到眾議院都有這筆錢的預算，
18:51
and it was taken out in the Senate
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但是到了參議院的手中就被移走了，
18:53
because there are people who are threatened by these things.
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因為有些人怕這會威脅到他們。
18:56
But I -- I'm optimistic.
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但是我還是很樂觀，
18:58
I think people are beginning to recognize how important this is,
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我認為人們已經開始體認到教育的重要性了，
19:02
and it really can make a difference for millions of lives, if we get it right.
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只要方法正確，這將影響數百萬人的生活方式。
19:09
I only had time to frame those two problems.
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時間只允許我討論這兩個問題，
19:12
There's a lot more problems like that --
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但是還有更多類似的問題，
19:14
AIDS, pneumonia -- I can just see you're getting excited,
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愛滋病(AIDS)、肺炎(pneumonia)，我看到有些人已經開始興奮起來了，
19:18
just at the very name of these things.
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當我提到這些特殊的名稱時。
19:21
And the skill sets required to tackle these things are very broad.
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要處理這些問題需牽扯到非常廣的技術層面。
19:26
You know, the system doesn't naturally make it happen.
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但今天的系統還無法順利地替我們解決這些問題。
19:29
Governments don't naturally pick these things in the right way.
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政府通常一開始也沒有用正確的方法來解決這些問題，
19:34
The private sector doesn't naturally put its resources into these things.
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私人單位也沒有主動將資源投入解決這些問題。
19:38
So it's going to take brilliant people like you
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所以就需要像諸位一樣聰明的人
19:41
to study these things, get other people involved --
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來研究這些事情，並且吸引更多的人來加入，
19:44
and you're helping to come up with solutions.
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大家同心協力找出解決問題的方法。
19:47
And with that, I think there's some great things that will come out of it.
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我相信透過這樣的努力，將來一定會有偉大的回報！
19:50
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
19:52
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bill Gates - PhilanthropistA passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation.
Why you should listen
Bill Gates is the founder and former CEO of Microsoft. A geek icon, tech visionary and business trailblazer, Gates' leadership -- fueled by his long-held dream that millions might realize their potential through great software -- made Microsoft a personal computing powerhouse and a trendsetter in the Internet dawn. Whether you're a suit, chef, quant, artist, media maven, nurse or gamer, you've probably used a Microsoft product today.
In summer of 2008, Gates left his day-to-day role with Microsoft to focus on philanthropy. Holding that all lives have equal value (no matter where they're being lived), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has now donated staggering sums to HIV/AIDS programs, libraries, agriculture research and disaster relief -- and offered vital guidance and creative funding to programs in global health and education. Gates believes his tech-centric strategy for giving will prove the killer app of planet Earth's next big upgrade.
Read a collection of Bill and Melinda Gates' annual letters, where they take stock of the Gates Foundation and the world. And follow his ongoing thinking on his personal website, The Gates Notes. His new paper, "The Next Epidemic," is published by the New England Journal of Medicine.
Bill Gates | Speaker | TED.com