TED2009
Bill Gates: Mosquitos, malaria and education
Bill Gates en directo
Filmed:
Readability: 3.3
4,796,732 views
Bill Gates espera resolver algúns dos maiores problemas do mundo usando un novo tipo de filantropía. Nuns apaixonados e tamén simpáticos 18 minutos, pídenos que consideremos dúas grandes preguntas e como poderíamos darlles resposta.
Bill Gates - Philanthropist
A passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation. Full bio
A passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I wrote a letter last week talking about the work of the foundation,
0
3000
3000
A semana pasada escribín unha carta sobre o traballo da fundación,
00:18
sharing some of the problems.
1
6000
3000
contando algúns dos problemas.
00:21
And Warren Buffet had recommended I do that --
2
9000
3000
E Warren Buffet recomendárame
00:24
being honest about what was going well, what wasn't,
3
12000
3000
ser sincero sobre o que ía ben e o que non,
00:27
and making it kind of an annual thing.
4
15000
3000
e facelo de forma anual.
00:30
A goal I had there was to draw more people in to work on those problems,
5
18000
3000
Eu quería conseguir que máis xente traballara nestes problemas,
00:33
because I think there are some very important problems
6
21000
3000
porque penso que algúns deles son moi importantes
00:36
that don't get worked on naturally.
7
24000
3000
e que non se resolven sós.
00:39
That is, the market does not drive the scientists,
8
27000
5000
O mercado non leva aos científicos,
00:44
the communicators, the thinkers, the governments
9
32000
3000
aos profesionais da comunicación, aos pensadores, aos gobernantes
00:47
to do the right things.
10
35000
3000
a facer as cousas correctas.
00:50
And only by paying attention to these things
11
38000
3000
E tan só prestando atención a estas cousas
00:53
and having brilliant people who care and draw other people in
12
41000
4000
e só tendo xente brillante que se preocupa e atrae a outra xente,
00:57
can we make as much progress as we need to.
13
45000
2000
só así podemos progresar tanto coma necesitamos.
00:59
So this morning I'm going to share two of these problems
14
47000
3000
Esta mañá vou compartir con vós dous destes problemas
01:02
and talk about where they stand.
15
50000
3000
e comentar o seu estado actual.
01:05
But before I dive into those I want to admit that I am an optimist.
16
53000
3000
Pero antes de profundar nisto debo admitir que son un optimista.
01:09
Any tough problem, I think it can be solved.
17
57000
4000
Creo que calquera problema grave ten solución.
01:13
And part of the reason I feel that way is looking at the past.
18
61000
3000
E unha das razóns polas que penso así é que miro ó pasado.
01:16
Over the past century, average lifespan has more than doubled.
19
64000
5000
No último século, a vida media das persoas máis que se duplicou.
01:21
Another statistic, perhaps my favorite,
20
69000
3000
Outra estatística, quizais a miña preferida,
01:24
is to look at childhood deaths.
21
72000
3000
é a da mortalidade infantil.
01:27
As recently as 1960, 110 million children were born,
22
75000
6000
En 1960 naceron 110 millóns de nenos
01:33
and 20 million of those died before the age of five.
23
81000
4000
dos que 20 millóns morreron antes de chegar aos 5 anos.
01:37
Five years ago, 135 million children were born -- so, more --
24
85000
4000
Hai cinco anos naceron 135 millóns de nenos -son máis-
01:41
and less than 10 million of them died before the age of five.
25
89000
5000
e menos de 10 millóns morreron antes de acadar os cinco anos.
01:47
So that's a factor of two reduction of the childhood death rate.
26
95000
5000
Isto supón unha redución á metade da taxa de mortalidade infantil.
01:52
It's a phenomenal thing.
27
100000
2000
É unha cousa fenomenal.
01:54
Each one of those lives matters a lot.
28
102000
3000
Cada unha desas vidas é moi importante.
01:57
And the key reason we were able to it was not only rising incomes
29
105000
5000
E a razón de conseguir isto non foi só o aumento dos ingresos,
02:02
but also a few key breakthroughs:
30
110000
3000
tamén houbo unha serie de avances clave,
02:05
vaccines that were used more widely.
31
113000
3000
coma a difusión do uso das vacinas.
02:08
For example, measles was four million of the deaths
32
116000
3000
O sarampelo, por exemplo, causou catro millóns das mortes
02:11
back as recently as 1990
33
119000
2000
dende 1990
02:13
and now is under 400,000.
34
121000
3000
e actualmente causa menos de 400.000.
02:16
So we really can make changes.
35
124000
2000
Así que realmente podemos cambiar as cousas.
02:18
The next breakthrough is to cut that 10 million in half again.
36
126000
3000
O próximo gran avance será reducir eses 10 millóns outra vez á metade.
02:22
And I think that's doable in well under 20 years.
37
130000
4000
E eu creo que isto é factible en menos de 20 anos.
02:26
Why? Well there's only a few diseases
38
134000
4000
Por que? Porque hai só unhas poucas enfermidades
02:30
that account for the vast majority of those deaths:
39
138000
3000
que causan a maior parte das mortes:
02:33
diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria.
40
141000
5000
a diarrea, a neumonía e a malaria.
02:39
So that brings us to the first problem that I'll raise this morning,
41
147000
5000
Isto nos leva ao primeiro problema que vou expoñer esta mañá:
02:44
which is how do we stop a deadly disease that's spread by mosquitos?
42
152000
7000
Como deter unha enfermidade mortal transmitida por mosquitos?
02:51
Well, what's the history of this disease?
43
159000
2000
Cal é a historia desta enfermidade?
02:53
It's been a severe disease for thousands of years.
44
161000
3000
É unha enfermidade grave dende hai xa milleiros de anos.
02:56
In fact, if we look at the genetic code,
45
164000
3000
De feito, se ollamos o código xenético,
02:59
it's the only disease we can see
46
167000
3000
é a única enfermidade para a que se observa
03:02
that people who lived in Africa
47
170000
2000
que a xente que viviu en África
03:04
actually evolved several things to avoid malarial deaths.
48
172000
3000
tivo cambios evolutivos para evita-la morte a causa da malaria.
03:08
Deaths actually peaked at a bit over five million in the 1930s.
49
176000
6000
As mortes aumentaron un pouco dos 5 millóns nos anos 1930.
03:14
So it was absolutely gigantic.
50
182000
3000
Era unha cifra realmente enorme.
03:17
And the disease was all over the world.
51
185000
3000
E a enfermidade estaba presente por todo o mundo.
03:20
A terrible disease. It was in the United States. It was in Europe.
52
188000
3000
Unha enfermidade terrible. Estaba nos Estados Unidos. E en Europa.
03:23
People didn't know what caused it until the early 1900s,
53
191000
3000
A xente non sabía qué a causaba ata comezos dos anos 1900,
03:26
when a British military man figured out that it was mosquitos.
54
194000
6000
cando un militar británico se deu de conta que eran os mosquitos.
03:32
So it was everywhere.
55
200000
2000
Estaba en todas partes.
03:34
And two tools helped bring the death rate down.
56
202000
4000
E dúas ferramentas axudaron a reducir a taxa de mortalidade:
03:38
One was killing the mosquitos with DDT.
57
206000
3000
unha foi matar os mosquitos con DDT,
03:41
The other was treating the patients with quinine, or quinine derivatives.
58
209000
5000
a outra foi tratar aos doentes con quinina ou derivados dela.
03:46
And so that's why the death rate did come down.
59
214000
4000
Así foi como descendeu a taxa de mortalidade.
03:50
Now, ironically, what happened was
60
218000
3000
O irónico foi que
03:53
it was eliminated from all the temperate zones,
61
221000
3000
se eliminou a malaria das zonas temperadas,
03:56
which is where the rich countries are.
62
224000
1000
que é onde se encontran os países ricos.
03:57
So we can see: 1900, it's everywhere.
63
225000
2000
Así, en 1900 a malaria está en todas partes.
03:59
1945, it's still most places.
64
227000
3000
En 1945, aínda en case todas partes.
04:03
1970, the U.S. and most of Europe have gotten rid of it.
65
231000
3000
En 1970, os Estados Unidos e a maior parte de Europa xa a erradicaran.
04:06
1990, you've gotten most of the northern areas.
66
234000
3000
En 1990 desaparecera xa practicamente dos países do norte.
04:09
And more recently you can see it's just around the equator.
67
237000
4000
E máis recentemente está presente só en torno do Ecuador.
04:15
And so this leads to the paradox that
68
243000
4000
Isto nos leva ó paradoxo de que
04:19
because the disease is only in the poorer countries,
69
247000
2000
como é unha enfermidade só presente nos países máis pobres
04:21
it doesn't get much investment.
70
249000
3000
non se invisten moitos cartos nela.
04:25
For example, there's more money put into baldness drugs
71
253000
4000
Por exemplo, se invisten máis cartos en produtos contra a calvicie
04:29
than are put into malaria.
72
257000
2000
que contra a malaria.
04:32
Now, baldness, it's a terrible thing.
73
260000
3000
É certo, a calvicie é unha cousa terrible.
04:35
(Laughter)
74
263000
3000
(Risas)
04:38
And rich men are afflicted.
75
266000
3000
E os homes ricos están moi afectados.
04:41
And so that's why that priority has been set.
76
269000
5000
Así se explica o establecemento de prioridades.
04:47
But, malaria --
77
275000
2000
Pero a malaria...
04:49
even the million deaths a year caused by malaria
78
277000
2000
mesmo o millón anual de mortes causadas pola malaria
04:51
greatly understate its impact.
79
279000
2000
non dan unha idea suficiente do seu impacto.
04:53
Over 200 million people at any one time are suffering from it.
80
281000
3000
Máis de 200 millóns de persoas vense afectadas por ela.
04:56
It means that you can't get the economies in these areas going
81
284000
5000
Isto significa que as economías destas áreas non progresan
05:01
because it just holds things back so much.
82
289000
3000
porque a malaria non deixa avanzar as cousas.
05:04
Now, malaria is of course transmitted by mosquitos.
83
292000
4000
Entón, a malaria está causada por mosquitos.
05:08
I brought some here, just so you could experience this.
84
296000
5000
Trouxen algúns para que poidades experimentalo.
05:13
We'll let those roam around the auditorium a little bit.
85
301000
4000
Vounos deixar voar un pouco polo auditorio.
05:17
(Laughter)
86
305000
3000
(Risas)
05:20
There's no reason only poor people should have the experience.
87
308000
3000
Non é xusto que só os pobres poidan gozar da experiencia.
05:23
(Laughter) (Applause)
88
311000
7000
(Risas) (Aplausos)
05:30
Those mosquitos are not infected.
89
318000
3000
Estes mosquitos non están infectados.
05:35
So we've come up with a few new things. We've got bed nets.
90
323000
4000
Temos inventado algunhas cousas. Hai mosquiteiros para as camas.
05:39
And bed nets are a great tool.
91
327000
3000
Son unha ferramenta formidable.
05:42
What it means is the mother and child stay under the bed net at night,
92
330000
3000
A nai e o neno quedan baixo o mosquiteiro pola noite,
05:45
so the mosquitos that bite late at night can't get at them.
93
333000
5000
e os mosquitos que pican pola noite non poden achegárselles.
05:50
And when you use indoor spraying with DDT
94
338000
5000
E cando se usa DDT en aerosol
05:55
and those nets
95
343000
1000
xunto cos mosquiteiros
05:56
you can cut deaths by over 50 percent.
96
344000
3000
se poden reducir as mortes en máis dun 50%.
05:59
And that's happened now in a number of countries.
97
347000
3000
Isto xa sucedeu en algúns países.
06:02
It's great to see.
98
350000
2000
É fantástico velo.
06:04
But we have to be careful because malaria --
99
352000
3000
Pero debemos ter coidado porque no caso da malaria
06:07
the parasite evolves and the mosquito evolves.
100
355000
5000
o parasito evoluciona e o mosquito evoluciona.
06:12
So every tool that we've ever had in the past has eventually become ineffective.
101
360000
4000
Por iso tódalas armas usadas no pasado volvéronse eventualmente ineficaces.
06:16
And so you end up with two choices.
102
364000
3000
E rematas tendo dúas opcións.
06:19
If you go into a country with the right tools and the right way,
103
367000
4000
Se chegas a un país coas ferramentas xustas e actúas na forma axeitada,
06:23
you do it vigorously,
104
371000
3000
enerxicamente,
06:26
you can actually get a local eradication.
105
374000
3000
podes lograr unha erradicación local,
06:29
And that's where we saw the malaria map shrinking.
106
377000
2000
e así foi como vimos diminuir a presencia da malaria no mapa.
06:31
Or, if you go in kind of half-heartedly,
107
379000
3000
Pero se non chegas con decisión,
06:34
for a period of time you'll reduce the disease burden,
108
382000
3000
durante algún tempo reduces a presencia da enfermidade,
06:37
but eventually those tools will become ineffective,
109
385000
4000
pero as ferramentas poden volverse ineficaces,
06:41
and the death rate will soar back up again.
110
389000
3000
e a taxa de mortalidade volverá aumentar.
06:44
And the world has gone through this where it paid attention and then didn't pay attention.
111
392000
5000
E no mundo xa se teñen dado estes dous casos.
06:49
Now we're on the upswing.
112
397000
2000
Neste momento estamos avanzando.
06:51
Bed net funding is up.
113
399000
3000
Hai máis financiamento para mosquiteiros.
06:54
There's new drug discovery going on.
114
402000
3000
Estanse descubrindo novos fármacos.
06:57
Our foundation has backed a vaccine that's going into phase three trial
115
405000
4000
A nosa fundación financiou unha vacina que vai comezar a terceira fase de proba
07:01
that starts in a couple months.
116
409000
1000
nun par de meses.
07:02
And that should save over two thirds of the lives if it's effective.
117
410000
3000
Se funciona, isto debería salvar máis dos dous terzos das vidas.
07:05
So we're going to have these new tools.
118
413000
3000
Así que imos ter novas ferramentas.
07:08
But that alone doesn't give us the road map.
119
416000
3000
Pero non han bastar por si soas.
07:11
Because the road map to get rid of this disease
120
419000
3000
Porque desfacerse desta enfermidade
07:14
involves many things.
121
422000
2000
implica moitas cousas.
07:16
It involves communicators to keep the funding high,
122
424000
3000
Implica ter comunicadores para manter o financiamento alto,
07:19
to keep the visibility high,
123
427000
2000
a visibilidade alta,
07:21
to tell the success stories.
124
429000
2000
para que dean a coñecer os éxitos.
07:23
It involves social scientists,
125
431000
2000
Implica ter sociólogos
07:25
so we know how to get not just 70 percent of the people to use the bed nets,
126
433000
3000
para saber como facer que a xente que usa os mosquiteiros nas camas non sexa o 70%
07:28
but 90 percent.
127
436000
2000
senón o 90%.
07:30
We need mathematicians to come in and simulate this,
128
438000
3000
Precisamos matemáticos que fagan simulacións
07:33
to do Monte Carlo things to understand how these tools combine and work together.
129
441000
6000
para comprender como combinar e facer funcionar estas ferramentas.
07:39
Of course we need drug companies to give us their expertise.
130
447000
3000
Necesitamos, por suposto, compañías farmacéuticas que compartan con nós a súa experiencia.
07:42
We need rich-world governments to be very generous in providing aid for these things.
131
450000
5000
Necesitamos que os gobernos do mundo rico nos axuden e sexan moi xenerosos.
07:47
And so as these elements come together,
132
455000
3000
Coa combinación destes elementos
07:50
I'm quite optimistic
133
458000
3000
teño moitas esperanzas
07:53
that we will be able to eradicate malaria.
134
461000
3000
de que chegaremos erradicar a malaria.
07:57
Now let me turn to a second question,
135
465000
3000
E agora permítanme pasar a unha segunda pregunta,
08:00
a fairly different question, but I'd say equally important.
136
468000
3000
bastante diferente, pero eu diría igualmente importante.
08:04
And this is: How do you make a teacher great?
137
472000
3000
¿Como se forma un gran profesor?
08:07
It seems like the kind of question that people would spend a lot of time on,
138
475000
5000
Parece unha cuestión que poderíamos considerar a miúdo,
08:12
and we'd understand very well.
139
480000
3000
e deberíamos comprender moi ben.
08:15
And the answer is, really, that we don't.
140
483000
3000
Pero a realidade é que non.
08:19
Let's start with why this is important.
141
487000
3000
Vexamos porqué isto é importante.
08:22
Well, all of us here, I'll bet, had some great teachers.
142
490000
4000
Aposto que todos os que estamos aquí tivemos moi bos profesores.
08:26
We all had a wonderful education.
143
494000
3000
Tivemos todos unha excelente educación.
08:29
That's part of the reason we're here today,
144
497000
3000
En parte por iso estamos aquí hoxe,
08:32
part of the reason we're successful.
145
500000
2000
é parte da razón do noso éxito.
08:34
I can say that, even though I'm a college drop-out.
146
502000
3000
Eu podo dicir que, aínda que deixei a carreira,
08:37
I had great teachers.
147
505000
3000
tiven moi bos profesores.
08:40
In fact, in the United States, the teaching system has worked fairly well.
148
508000
5000
De feito, nos Estados Unidos, o sistema educativo funcionou bastante ben ata o de agora.
08:45
There are fairly effective teachers in a narrow set of places.
149
513000
5000
Hai profesores moi bos nalgúns lugares específicos,
08:50
So the top 20 percent of students have gotten a good education.
150
518000
3000
de xeito que un 20% dos estudantes tivo unha moi boa educación.
08:53
And those top 20 percent have been the best in the world,
151
521000
4000
E este 20% foi o mellor do mundo,
08:57
if you measure them against the other top 20 percent.
152
525000
3000
comparado cós outros mellores vintes por cento.
09:00
And they've gone on to create the revolutions in software and biotechnology
153
528000
5000
Crearon as revolucións do software e a biotecnoloxía,
09:05
and keep the U.S. at the forefront.
154
533000
3000
mantendo aos Estados Unidos en primeira liña.
09:09
Now, the strength for those top 20 percent
155
537000
3000
Agora a vantaxe que tiña este 20% sobre os outros
09:12
is starting to fade on a relative basis,
156
540000
3000
está diminuíndo,
09:15
but even more concerning is the education that the balance of people are getting.
157
543000
6000
pero máis preocupante aínda é a educación que recibe o resto da xente.
09:21
Not only has that been weak. it's getting weaker.
158
549000
5000
Foi mala e estase volvendo peor.
09:26
And if you look at the economy, it really is only providing opportunities now
159
554000
4000
Se ollamos a economía, hoxe en día só brinda oportunidades
09:30
to people with a better education.
160
558000
3000
á xente con mellor educación.
09:33
And we have to change this.
161
561000
3000
E temos que cambiar isto.
09:36
We have to change it so that people have equal opportunity.
162
564000
3000
Temos que cambialo para que exista igualdade de oportunidades.
09:39
We have to change it so that the country is strong
163
567000
3000
Temos que cambialo para que o país sexa forte
09:42
and stays at the forefront
164
570000
2000
e se manteña na vangarda
09:44
of things that are driven by advanced education,
165
572000
3000
en campos que requiren unha educación avanzada,
09:47
like science and mathematics.
166
575000
2000
como a ciencia ou as matemáticas.
09:49
When I first learned the statistics,
167
577000
3000
Cando coñecín os datos estatísticos
09:52
I was pretty stunned at how bad things are.
168
580000
3000
quedei abraiado do mal que van as cousas.
09:55
Over 30 percent of kids never finish high school.
169
583000
3000
Máis do trinta por cento dos rapaces non remata o instituto.
09:58
And that had been covered up for a long time
170
586000
3000
E isto non foi visible durante moito tempo
10:01
because they always took the dropout rate as the number
171
589000
3000
porque sempre se calcula a taxa de abandono escolar coma a diferenza
10:04
who started in senior year and compared it to the number who finished senior year.
172
592000
5000
entre o número de alumnos que comezan o último ano e os que o terminan.
10:09
Because they weren't tracking where the kids were before that.
173
597000
2000
Pero non contaban os rapaces que xa abandonaran antes.
10:11
But most of the dropouts had taken place before that.
174
599000
3000
Que eran a maioría dos casos.
10:14
They had to raise the stated dropout rate
175
602000
3000
Cando se comezou incluír estes rapaces
10:17
as soon as that tracking was done
176
605000
2000
tiveron que aumentar a taxa de abandono escolar
10:19
to over 30 percent.
177
607000
2000
a máis do 30%.
10:21
For minority kids, it's over 50 percent.
178
609000
3000
Para rapaces procedentes de minorías, esta taxa supera o 50%.
10:25
And even if you graduate from high school,
179
613000
3000
E aínda que remates o instituto,
10:28
if you're low-income,
180
616000
3000
se tes baixos ingresos
10:31
you have less than a 25 percent chance of ever completing a college degree.
181
619000
4000
tes menos dun 25% de posibilidades de terminar unha carreira universitaria.
10:35
If you're low-income in the United States,
182
623000
5000
Se es pobre nos Estados Unidos
10:40
you have a higher chance of going to jail
183
628000
4000
tes maior probabilidade de rematar no cárcere
10:44
than you do of getting a four-year degree.
184
632000
2000
que de terminar unha carreira de catro anos.
10:46
And that doesn't seem entirely fair.
185
634000
3000
Non parece moi xusto.
10:49
So, how do you make education better?
186
637000
3000
Entón, ¿como mellorar a educación?
10:52
Now, our foundation, for the last nine years, has invested in this.
187
640000
4000
A nosa fundación leva nove anos investindo nisto.
10:56
There's many people working on it.
188
644000
3000
É moita a xente que está a traballar.
10:59
We've worked on small schools,
189
647000
3000
Traballamos en pequenas escolas,
11:02
we've funded scholarships,
190
650000
2000
financiamos becas,
11:04
we've done things in libraries.
191
652000
2000
fixemos obras en bibliotecas.
11:06
A lot of these things had a good effect.
192
654000
2000
Moitas destas accións tiveron efectos positivos
11:08
But the more we looked at it, the more we realized that having great teachers
193
656000
3000
Pero canto máis observabamos, máis conscientes éramos de que ter bos profesores
11:11
was the very key thing.
194
659000
3000
era a cuestión clave.
11:14
And we hooked up with some people studying
195
662000
3000
E contactamos con xente que estudaba
11:17
how much variation is there between teachers,
196
665000
3000
a variación existente entre profesores,
11:20
between, say, the top quartile -- the very best --
197
668000
3000
entre, poñamos, o cuartil superior, os mellores,
11:23
and the bottom quartile.
198
671000
2000
e o cuartil inferior.
11:25
How much variation is there within a school or between schools?
199
673000
3000
¿Canta variación existe dentro dunha escola ou entre escolas?
11:28
And the answer is that these variations are absolutely unbelievable.
200
676000
4000
A resposta é que esas variacións son realmente incribles.
11:33
A top quartile teacher will increase the performance of their class --
201
681000
5000
Un profesor do cuartil superior mellorará o rendemento da clase,
11:38
based on test scores --
202
686000
3000
baseado nas notas dos exames,
11:41
by over 10 percent in a single year.
203
689000
2000
en máis dun 10% nun só ano.
11:43
What does that mean?
204
691000
1000
¿Que significa isto?
11:44
That means that if the entire U.S., for two years,
205
692000
3000
Significa que se todo Estados Unidos tivera, durante dous anos,
11:47
had top quartile teachers,
206
695000
3000
profesores do cuartil superior,
11:50
the entire difference between us and Asia would go away.
207
698000
4000
a diferencia que existe entre nós e Asia se esfumaría.
11:54
Within four years we would be blowing everyone in the world away.
208
702000
6000
En catro anos teríamos superado a todo o mundo.
12:00
So, it's simple. All you need are those top quartile teachers.
209
708000
3000
É sinxelo.Todo o que necesitamos son estes profesores do cuartil superior.
12:05
And so you'd say, "Wow, we should reward those people.
210
713000
4000
E poderíamos pensar: "Guau, habería que recompensar a esta xente.
12:09
We should retain those people.
211
717000
3000
Habería que conservala.
12:12
We should find out what they're doing and transfer that skill to other people."
212
720000
3000
Deberíamos averiguar o que fan e transferir esas competencias a outra xente".
12:15
But I can tell you that absolutely is not happening today.
213
723000
5000
Pero pódolles asegurar que isto non é en absoluto o que está pasando.
12:20
What are the characteristics of this top quartile?
214
728000
3000
¿Cales son as características deste cuartil superior?
12:23
What do they look like?
215
731000
2000
¿Como son?
12:25
You might think these must be very senior teachers.
216
733000
3000
Poderíase pensar que son profesores con moita experiencia.
12:28
And the answer is no.
217
736000
2000
O certo é que non.
12:30
Once somebody has taught for three years
218
738000
3000
Unha vez que alguén ensinou durante tres anos
12:33
their teaching quality does not change thereafter.
219
741000
5000
a súa calidade educativa xa non cambia.
12:38
The variation is very, very small.
220
746000
3000
A variación é moi, moi pequena.
12:41
You might think these are people with master's degrees.
221
749000
5000
Poderíase pensar que son xente con másters,
12:46
They've gone back and they've gotten their Master's of Education.
222
754000
3000
xente que seguiu estudando para obter un máster en educación.
12:49
This chart takes four different factors
223
757000
3000
Este gráfico amosa catro factores
12:52
and says how much do they explain teaching quality.
224
760000
3000
e indica en que medida inflúen na calidade do ensino.
12:55
That bottom thing, which says there's no effect at all,
225
763000
3000
Aquela cousa de abaixo, que non ten ningunha influencia,
12:58
is a master's degree.
226
766000
3000
é un título de máster.
13:02
Now, the way the pay system works is there's two things that are rewarded.
227
770000
4000
No sistema de pagos se recompensan dúas cousas.
13:06
One is seniority.
228
774000
2000
Unha é a antigüidade.
13:08
Because your pay goes up and you vest into your pension.
229
776000
3000
Porque o teu soldo aumenta e preparas a túa pensión.
13:11
The second is giving extra money to people who get their master's degree.
230
779000
3000
A segunda é dar diñeiro extra á xente con un máster.
13:14
But it in no way is associated with being a better teacher.
231
782000
3000
Pero isto non ten nada que ver có feito de ser mellor profesor.
13:17
Teach for America: slight effect.
232
785000
3000
Programa "Teach for America": lixeiro efecto.
13:20
For math teachers majoring in math there's a measurable effect.
233
788000
4000
Para os profesores de matemáticas o feito de ter un máster ten unha certa influencia.
13:24
But, overwhelmingly, it's your past performance.
234
792000
5000
Pero, sobre todo, o máis importante é o traballo que se fixo no pasado.
13:29
There are some people who are very good at this.
235
797000
3000
Hai algunha xente moi boa.
13:32
And we've done almost nothing
236
800000
3000
E non fixemos case nada
13:35
to study what that is
237
803000
3000
para estudar que é o que os fa tan bos,
13:38
and to draw it in and to replicate it,
238
806000
3000
e como identificalo e replicalo
13:41
to raise the average capability --
239
809000
3000
para mellorar a capacidade media
13:44
or to encourage the people with it to stay in the system.
240
812000
3000
e incentivar á xente apta a ficar no sistema.
13:47
You might say, "Do the good teachers stay and the bad teacher's leave?"
241
815000
3000
Poderíamos preguntarnos se quedan os profesores bos e marchan os malos.
13:50
The answer is, on average, the slightly better teachers leave the system.
242
818000
3000
A resposta é: como media, os profesores lixeiramente mellores abandonan o sistema.
13:53
And it's a system with very high turnover.
243
821000
3000
E é un sistema cunha grande rotación.
13:57
Now, there are a few places -- very few -- where great teachers are being made.
244
825000
6000
Pero existen uns poucos sitios, moi poucos,onde se están a formar grandes profesores.
14:03
A good example of one is a set of charter schools called KIPP.
245
831000
5000
Un bo exemplo é un grupo de escolas concertadas chamado KIPP.
14:08
KIPP means Knowledge Is Power.
246
836000
3000
KIPP significa "Coñecemento é poder".
14:11
It's an unbelievable thing.
247
839000
3000
É unha cousa incrible.
14:14
They have 66 schools -- mostly middle schools, some high schools --
248
842000
3000
Teñen 66 escolas, a maioría de ensinanza básica, algunhas de secundaria,
14:17
and what goes on is great teaching.
249
845000
4000
e o que hai nelas é ensino de calidade.
14:21
They take the poorest kids,
250
849000
3000
Collen ós rapaces máis pobres,
14:24
and over 96 percent of their high school graduates go to four-year colleges.
251
852000
4000
e máis do 96% dos seus graduados estudan carreiras universitarias.
14:28
And the whole spirit and attitude in those schools
252
856000
3000
E o espírito e a actitude xeral nestas escolas
14:31
is very different than in the normal public schools.
253
859000
3000
son totalmente distintos dos das escolas públicas normais.
14:34
They're team teaching. They're constantly improving their teachers.
254
862000
4000
Hai ensino en equipo. Os profesores están a mellorar constantemente.
14:38
They're taking data, the test scores,
255
866000
3000
Toman datos, resultados dos exames,
14:41
and saying to a teacher, "Hey, you caused this amount of increase."
256
869000
3000
e dinlle ó profesor: "Mira, eres a causa desta mellora nos resultados".
14:44
They're deeply engaged in making teaching better.
257
872000
4000
Están moi comprometidos para mellorar o proceso de ensinanza.
14:48
When you actually go and sit in one of these classrooms,
258
876000
3000
Cando un chega e senta naquelas aulas,
14:51
at first it's very bizarre.
259
879000
3000
ó principio é moi estraño.
14:54
I sat down and I thought, "What is going on?"
260
882000
3000
Senteime e pensei: "¿Que está a pasar?".
14:57
The teacher was running around, and the energy level was high.
261
885000
3000
O profesor corría dun lado para outro, había moita enerxía.
15:00
I thought, "I'm in the sports rally or something.
262
888000
3000
Pensei: "Debo de estar nun evento deportivo ou algo así,
15:03
What's going on?"
263
891000
2000
¿que está pasando aquí?"
15:05
And the teacher was constantly scanning to see which kids weren't paying attention,
264
893000
3000
E o profesor estaba todo o tempo pendente dos nenos que non estaban atendendo,
15:08
which kids were bored,
265
896000
2000
dos que se aburrían,
15:10
and calling kids rapidly, putting things up on the board.
266
898000
3000
chamándoos rapidamente, poñendo cousas no encerado.
15:13
It was a very dynamic environment,
267
901000
2000
Era un entorno moi dinámico,
15:15
because particularly in those middle school years -- fifth through eighth grade --
268
903000
3000
porque especialmente nestas idades, dos 10 aos 13 anos,
15:18
keeping people engaged and setting the tone
269
906000
3000
é moi importante mantelos ocupados e marcar a dinámica da clase
15:21
that everybody in the classroom needs to pay attention,
270
909000
3000
para que todo o mundo preste atención
15:24
nobody gets to make fun of it or have the position of the kid who doesn't want to be there.
271
912000
6000
e non haxa ninguén que faga burla ou que preferiría estar noutra parte.
15:30
Everybody needs to be involved.
272
918000
2000
Todo o mundo participa.
15:32
And so KIPP is doing it.
273
920000
2000
Así é como o está facendo KIPP.
15:35
How does that compare to a normal school?
274
923000
3000
¿Cal é a diferencia respecto dunha escola normal?
15:38
Well, in a normal school, teachers aren't told how good they are.
275
926000
4000
Nunha escola normal non se lles di aos profesores o bos que son.
15:42
The data isn't gathered.
276
930000
3000
Non se recolle esta información.
15:45
In the teacher's contract,
277
933000
2000
No contrato do profesor
15:47
it will limit the number of times the principal can come into the classroom --
278
935000
4000
se limita o número de veces que o director virá á aula,
15:51
sometimes to once per year.
279
939000
2000
ás veces á unha soa vez por curso.
15:53
And they need advanced notice to do that.
280
941000
3000
E ten que avisar con antelación.
15:56
So imagine running a factory where you've got these workers,
281
944000
3000
Imaxinen ter unha fábrica con obreiros
15:59
some of them just making crap
282
947000
3000
na que algúns deles están a facer un moi mal traballo
16:02
and the management is told, "Hey, you can only come down here once a year,
283
950000
4000
e que lle digan ó capataz: "Só podes vir unha vez ó ano,
16:06
but you need to let us know, because we might actually fool you,
284
954000
2000
e ademais tes que avisar antes, porque así podemos
16:08
and try and do a good job in that one brief moment."
285
956000
4000
facer trampa e aparentar que traballamos ben".
16:12
Even a teacher who wants to improve doesn't have the tools to do it.
286
960000
5000
Aínda que un profesor queira mellorar, non ten as ferramentas para facelo.
16:17
They don't have the test scores,
287
965000
2000
Non teñen os resultados dos exames
16:19
and there's a whole thing of trying to block the data.
288
967000
3000
e hai unha tendencia a bloquear o acceso aos datos.
16:22
For example, New York passed a law
289
970000
3000
Por exemplo, en Nova Iorque aprobouse unha lei
16:25
that said that the teacher improvement data could not be made available and used
290
973000
5000
que dicía que os datos sobre a mellora dos profesores non podían facilitarse e usarse
16:30
in the tenure decision for the teachers.
291
978000
3000
á hora de dar a un profesor unha praza permanente.
16:34
And so that's sort of working in the opposite direction.
292
982000
3000
É como traballar na dirección contraria.
16:37
But I'm optimistic about this,
293
985000
2000
Pero eu mantéñome optimista,
16:39
I think there are some clear things we can do.
294
987000
4000
hai cousas claras que podemos facer.
16:43
First of all, there's a lot more testing going on,
295
991000
4000
Para empezar, estanse facendo moitos máis estudios,
16:47
and that's given us the picture of where we are.
296
995000
3000
o que nos permite ver en que punto nos encontramos.
16:50
And that allows us to understand who's doing it well,
297
998000
4000
E nos permite comprender quen o está facendo ben,
16:54
and call them out, and find out what those techniques are.
298
1002000
3000
e chamalos, e averiguar que técnicas están a usar.
16:57
Of course, digital video is cheap now.
299
1005000
3000
O vídeo dixital é barato hoxe en día.
17:00
Putting a few cameras in the classroom
300
1008000
2000
Poñer unhas cantas cámaras
17:02
and saying that things are being recorded on an ongoing basis
301
1010000
6000
e dicir que as clases están a ser gravadas
17:08
is very practical in all public schools.
302
1016000
2000
é moi práctico nas escolas públicas.
17:10
And so every few weeks teachers could sit down
303
1018000
3000
Os profesores poderían reunirse de cada pouco tempo
17:13
and say, "OK, here's a little clip of something I thought I did well.
304
1021000
3000
e dicir: " Mirade. Velaquí un vídeo de algo que fixen ben.
17:16
Here's a little clip of something I think I did poorly.
305
1024000
3000
E velaquí un vídeo de algo que fixen mal.
17:19
Advise me -- when this kid acted up, how should I have dealt with that?"
306
1027000
3000
¿Algún consello? Cando este cativo se portou mal, ¿que debería ter feito eu?".
17:22
And they could all sit and work together on those problems.
307
1030000
4000
E poderían traballar xuntos nestes problemas.
17:26
You can take the very best teachers and kind of annotate it,
308
1034000
4000
Podes colle-los mellores profesores e rexistralo,
17:30
have it so everyone sees who is the very best at teaching this stuff.
309
1038000
4000
e facer que todo o mundo vexa cales son as mellores clases de cada asignatura.
17:34
You can take those great courses and make them available
310
1042000
2000
Podemos facer que ditas clases estean dispoñibles
17:36
so that a kid could go out and watch the physics course, learn from that.
311
1044000
5000
de modo que os nenos podan mirar as gravacións e aprender delas
17:41
If you have a kid who's behind,
312
1049000
2000
Se temos un neno que quedou por detrás do resto,
17:43
you would know you could assign them that video to watch and review the concept.
313
1051000
4000
saberíamos que podemos facerlle mirar o vídeo para repasar os conceptos.
17:47
And in fact, these free courses could not only be available just on the Internet,
314
1055000
4000
De feito, estes cursos gratuítos poderían estar dispoñibles non só en Internet,
17:51
but you could make it so that DVDs were always available,
315
1059000
4000
senón tamén en DVD,
17:55
and so anybody who has access to a DVD player can have the very best teachers.
316
1063000
7000
de forma que calquera con acceso a un DVD teña acceso aos mellores profesores.
18:02
And so by thinking of this as a personnel system,
317
1070000
5000
Se lle damos ao sistema un enfoque máis persoal
18:07
we can do it much better.
318
1075000
2000
podemos melloralo moito.
18:09
Now there's a book actually, about KIPP --
319
1077000
2000
Hai un libro sobre KIPP,
18:11
the place that this is going on --
320
1079000
2000
o lugar onde isto xa está a ocorrer,
18:13
that Jay Matthews, a news reporter, wrote -- called, "Work Hard, Be Nice."
321
1081000
5000
que escribiu o xornalista Jay Matthews e que se titula:"Traballa duro, sé amable".
18:18
And I thought it was so fantastic.
322
1086000
2000
A min pareceume fabuloso.
18:20
It gave you a sense of what a good teacher does.
323
1088000
4000
Axuda a comprender qué é o que fa un bo profesor.
18:24
I'm going to send everyone here a free copy of this book.
324
1092000
3000
Vou enviar un exemplar gratuito a todos os aquí presentes.
18:27
(Applause)
325
1095000
5000
(Aplauso)
18:32
Now, we put a lot of money into education,
326
1100000
3000
Estanse a investir moitos cartos en educación,
18:35
and I really think that education is the most important thing to get right
327
1103000
6000
e estou convencido de que a educación é o primeiro que ten que funcionar ben
18:41
for the country to have as strong a future as it should have.
328
1109000
5000
para que o futuro do país sexa tan sólido como debería ser.
18:46
In fact we have in the stimulus bill -- it's interesting --
329
1114000
2000
De feito, na lei de estímulo económico
18:48
the House version actually had money in it for these data systems,
330
1116000
3000
a versión do Congreso asignaba cartos para estes sistemas de datos,
18:51
and it was taken out in the Senate
331
1119000
2000
pero foron suprimidos polo Senado
18:53
because there are people who are threatened by these things.
332
1121000
3000
porque hai xente que se sinte ameazada con estas cousas.
18:56
But I -- I'm optimistic.
333
1124000
2000
Pero eu...mantéñome optimista.
18:58
I think people are beginning to recognize how important this is,
334
1126000
4000
Creo que a xente está empezando a darse de conta do importante que é isto,
19:02
and it really can make a difference for millions of lives, if we get it right.
335
1130000
7000
e de que pode cambiar millóns de vidas se o facemos ben.
19:09
I only had time to frame those two problems.
336
1137000
3000
Só tiven tempo de comentar estes dous problemas.
19:12
There's a lot more problems like that --
337
1140000
2000
Pero hai outros moitos:
19:14
AIDS, pneumonia -- I can just see you're getting excited,
338
1142000
4000
SIDA, neumonía..Vexo que vostedes se entusiasman
19:18
just at the very name of these things.
339
1146000
3000
con só escoita-los nomes.
19:21
And the skill sets required to tackle these things are very broad.
340
1149000
5000
E as habilidades necesarias para abordar estes problemas son moi variadas.
19:26
You know, the system doesn't naturally make it happen.
341
1154000
3000
O sistema non resolve estes problemas de forma natural.
19:29
Governments don't naturally pick these things in the right way.
342
1157000
5000
Os gobernos non abordan axeitadamente estas cuestións de forma natural.
19:34
The private sector doesn't naturally put its resources into these things.
343
1162000
4000
O sector privado non inviste cartos nestas cousas de forma natural.
19:38
So it's going to take brilliant people like you
344
1166000
3000
Así que vai ser necesaria xente brillante coma vostedes
19:41
to study these things, get other people involved --
345
1169000
3000
para estudalas, para motivar a outra xente,
19:44
and you're helping to come up with solutions.
346
1172000
3000
para axudar a atopar solucións.
19:47
And with that, I think there's some great things that will come out of it.
347
1175000
3000
Creo que así poderanse facer grandes cousas.
19:50
Thank you.
348
1178000
2000
Moitas gracias.
19:52
(Applause)
349
1180000
18000
(Aplauso)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bill Gates - PhilanthropistA passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation.
Why you should listen
Bill Gates is the founder and former CEO of Microsoft. A geek icon, tech visionary and business trailblazer, Gates' leadership -- fueled by his long-held dream that millions might realize their potential through great software -- made Microsoft a personal computing powerhouse and a trendsetter in the Internet dawn. Whether you're a suit, chef, quant, artist, media maven, nurse or gamer, you've probably used a Microsoft product today.
In summer of 2008, Gates left his day-to-day role with Microsoft to focus on philanthropy. Holding that all lives have equal value (no matter where they're being lived), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has now donated staggering sums to HIV/AIDS programs, libraries, agriculture research and disaster relief -- and offered vital guidance and creative funding to programs in global health and education. Gates believes his tech-centric strategy for giving will prove the killer app of planet Earth's next big upgrade.
Read a collection of Bill and Melinda Gates' annual letters, where they take stock of the Gates Foundation and the world. And follow his ongoing thinking on his personal website, The Gates Notes. His new paper, "The Next Epidemic," is published by the New England Journal of Medicine.
Bill Gates | Speaker | TED.com