ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carolyn Bertozzi - Chemical biologist
Professor Carolyn Bertozzi is a chemical biologist who invents technologies and medicines based on disease-causing sugar molecules.

Why you should listen

Professor Carolyn Bertozzi's research interests span the disciplines of chemistry and biology with an emphasis on studies of cell surface sugars important to human health and disease. She was originally trained in organic chemistry and immunology, and today her research group works at the interface of these two disciplines They recently made discoveries that link particular sugars that coat the surfaces of cancer cells with the ability of those disease-causing cells to avoid elimination by the human immune system.  Now her research group is developing medicines that attack cancer cell-surface sugars so as to render the immune system more potent at eliminating disease. Bertozzi also studies other human health problems including tuberculosis infections and rare genetic disorders, using tools from chemistry to power biomedical research.

More profile about the speaker
Carolyn Bertozzi | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxStanford

Carolyn Bertozzi: What the sugar coating on your cells is trying to tell you

Carolyn Bertozzi: Sta vam secerni omotac na vasim celijama pokusava reci

Filmed:
1,527,740 views

Vase celije su prekrivene secerima koje sadrze informacije i pricaju tajni jezik. Sta nam pokusavaju reci? Vasu krvnu grupu, kao prvo-- i potencijalno, da imate rak. Hemijski biolog Carolyn Bertozzi istrazuje kako seceri na celijama raka djeluju na (i ponekad varaju) vas imuni sistem. Naucite vise o tome kako vase tijelo detektuje rak i kako najnoviji lijekovi protiv raka mogu pomoci vasem imunom sistemu da pobijedi bolest.
- Chemical biologist
Professor Carolyn Bertozzi is a chemical biologist who invents technologies and medicines based on disease-causing sugar molecules. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
This is a talk about sugaršećer and cancerrak.
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Ovo je prica o seceru i raku.
00:15
I becamepostao interestedzainteresovan in sugaršećer
when I was in collegekoledž.
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Postala sam zainteresovana za secer
dok sam bila na koledzu.
00:19
Not this kindkind of sugaršećer.
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Ne ovu vrstu secera.
00:21
It was the sugaršećer that our biologybiologija
professorsprofesori taughtpredavao us about
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Radi se o seceru o kojem su
nas profesori biologije ucili
00:26
in the contextkontekst of the coatingpremaz
of your cellsćelije.
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u kontekstu oblaganja celija.
00:30
Maybe you didn't know that your cellsćelije
are coatedobložena with sugaršećer.
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Mozda niste znali da su vase celije
oblozene secerom.
00:34
And I didn't know that, eitherbilo to,
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Ni ja to nisam znala,
00:36
untildo I tookuzela these courseskursevi in collegekoledž,
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dok nisam pocela pohadati te predmete
na koledu
00:38
but back then --
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ali tada
00:40
and this was in, let's just
call it the 1980s --
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a to je bilo, recimo 1980ih--
00:44
people didn't know much about why
our cellsćelije are coatedobložena with sugaršećer.
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ljudi nisu znali mnogo o tome zasto secer
prekriva nase celije.
00:48
And when I dugiskopao throughkroz my notesbeleške,
what I noticedprimetio I had writtennapisano down
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I dok sam kopala po svojim biljeskama,
primjetila sam da sam zabiljezila
00:52
is that the sugaršećer coatingpremaz on our cellsćelije
is like the sugaršećer coatingpremaz
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da secer koji obavija nase celije
izgleda kao secerni premaz
00:57
on a peanutkikiriki M&amppojačalo;M.
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na kikirikiju M&M`a.
00:59
And people thought
the sugaršećer coatingpremaz on our cellsćelije
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I ljudi su mislili da je secerni omotac
na nasim celijama
01:02
was like a protectivezaštitni coatingpremaz
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kao zastitni omotac
01:04
that somehownekako madenapravljen our cellsćelije
strongerjači or tougherteže.
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koji nekako nase celije
cini jacima i otpornijima.
01:08
But we now know, manymnogi decadesdecenijama laterkasnije,
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Ali sada znamo, mnogo decenija kasnije,
01:11
that it's much more complicatedkomplikovano than that,
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da je to mnogo komplikovanije od toga,
01:13
and that the sugarsšećeri on our cellsćelije
are actuallyzapravo very complexkompleks.
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i da su seceri na nasim celijama
u stvari mnogo kompleksniji.
01:19
And if you could shrinksmanjiti yourselfsami down
to a little miniatureminijatura airplaneavion
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I kad bi mogli smanjiti sebe na nivo
minijaturnog aviona
01:24
and flyleti right alongzajedno
the surfacepovršine of your cellsćelije,
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i letjeti duz povrsine svojih celija,
01:28
it mightMožda look something like this --
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to bi izgledalo kao nesto poput ovoga
01:30
with geographicalgeografski featureskarakteristike.
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sa geografskim karakteristikama.
01:33
And now, the complexkompleks sugarsšećeri
are these treesdrveće and bushesgrmlje --
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I sad, kompleksni seceri su
drveca i grmlje,
01:37
weepingplača willowsVrbe that are
swayinglepršav in the windvjetar
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tuzne vrbe koje se njisu na vjetru
01:39
and movingkretanje with the wavestalasi.
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i krecu se sa valovima.
01:41
And when I startedzapočet thinkingrazmišljanje about
all these complexkompleks sugarsšećeri
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I kad sam pocela razmisljati o
svim tim slozenim secerima
01:45
that are like this foliagelišće on our cellsćelije,
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koji su kao ovi listovi na nasim celijama,
01:48
it becamepostao one of the mostnajviše interestingzanimljivo
problemsproblemi that I encounteredsusreo
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to je postao jedan od najinteresantnijih
problema sa kojima sam se srela
01:51
as a biologistbiolog and alsotakođe as a chemisthemičar.
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kao biolog i hemicar.
01:55
And so now we tendtendencija
to think about the sugarsšećeri
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I sad tezimo da mislimo
o tim secerima
sto naseljavaju povrsinu
nasih celija
01:58
that are populatingstanovništvo ima
the surfacepovršine of our cellsćelije
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kao o jeziku.
02:01
as a languagejezik.
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02:04
They have a lot of informationinformacije
storedpohranjeni in theirnjihova complexkompleks structuresstrukture.
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Imaju mnostvo informacija sadrzanih
u njihovoj kompleksnoj strukturi.
02:09
But what are they tryingpokušavajući to tell us?
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Ali sta nam pokusavaju reci?
02:12
I can tell you that we do know
some informationinformacije
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Mogu vam reci da znamo neke informacije
02:15
that comesdolazi from these sugarsšećeri,
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koje dolaze od tih secera,
02:17
and it's turnedokrenuo se out alreadyveć
to be incrediblyNeverovatno importantbitan
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i cini se da su vec nevjerovatno vazne
02:20
in the worldsvet of medicinemedicine.
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u svijetu medicine.
02:22
For exampleprimer, one thing
your sugarsšećeri are tellinggovoreći us
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Npr. jedna stvar koju nam vasi
seceri govore
02:26
is your bloodkrv typetip.
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je vasa krvna grupa.
02:29
So your bloodkrv cellsćelije, your redcrvena bloodkrv
cellsćelije, are coatedobložena with sugarsšećeri,
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Znaci, vasa krvna zrnca, vasa crvena
krvna zrnca su prekrivena secerima
02:33
and the chemicalhemijski structuresstrukture of those
sugarsšećeri determineodrediti your bloodkrv typetip.
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i hemijski spojevi tih secera odredjuju
vasu krvnu grupu.
02:37
So for exampleprimer, I know
that I am bloodkrv typetip O.
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Npr. ja znam da sam krvna krupa 0.
02:41
How manymnogi people are alsotakođe bloodkrv typetip O?
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Koliko je ljudi takodjer nulta grupa?
02:45
Put your handsruke up.
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Podignite ruke.
02:46
It's a prettylepo commončesto one,
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Poprilicno je cesta,
02:47
so when so fewnekoliko handsruke go up,
eitherbilo to you're not payingplaćanje attentionpažnja
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tako da,kad imamo samo par dignutih
ruku il ne prdajete paznju
02:50
or you don't know your bloodkrv typetip,
and bothoboje of those are badloše.
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ili ne znate svoju krvnu grupu,
a oboje je lose.
02:53
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
02:54
But for those of you who sharepodeliti
the bloodkrv typetip O with me,
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Ali za one koji dijele krvnu grupu 0
sa mnom,
02:57
what this meansznači is that we have
this chemicalhemijski structurestruktura
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znaci da mi imamo takve
hemijske spojeve
02:59
on the surfacepovršine of our bloodkrv cellsćelije:
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na povrsini nasih celija:
03:02
threetri simplejednostavno sugarsšećeri linkedpovezan togetherzajedno
to make a more complexkompleks sugaršećer.
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tri jednostavna secera spojena zajedno
tvore slozeniji secer.
03:06
And that, by definitiondefinicija, is bloodkrv typetip O.
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I to je, po definiciji, nulta krvna grupa.
03:09
Now, how manymnogi people are bloodkrv typetip A?
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Sad, koliko ljudi je krvna grupa A?
03:12
Right here.
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Ovdje.
03:13
That meansznači you have
an enzymeenzim in your cellsćelije
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To znaci da imate enzim u vasi celijama
03:16
that addsdodaje one more buildingzgrade blockblok,
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koji dodaje jedan gradivni element vise,
03:19
that redcrvena sugaršećer,
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taj crveni secer,
03:20
to buildizgraditi a more complexkompleks structurestruktura.
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kako bi izgradio slozeniju strukturu.
03:23
And how manymnogi people are bloodkrv typetip B?
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A koliko je ljudi krvna grupa B?
03:26
QuiteSasvim a fewnekoliko.
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Poprilicno dosta.
03:27
You have a slightlyblago differentdrugačiji enzymeenzim
than the A people,
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Vi imate malkice drugaciji enzim od
ljudi sa A grupom,
03:30
so you buildizgraditi a slightlyblago
differentdrugačiji structurestruktura,
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tako da tvorite malkice
drugaciju strukturu,
03:32
and those of you that are ABAB
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i vi koji ste AB grupa
03:34
have the enzymeenzim from your mothermajka,
the other enzymeenzim from your fatherotac,
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imate enzim od majke, drugi enzim od oca,
03:37
and now you make bothoboje of these structuresstrukture
in roughlygrubo equaljednak proportionsproporcije.
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i pravite obe ove strukture u priblizno
istim proporcijama.
03:41
And when this was figuredfigured out,
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Kad se saznalo za ovo,
03:43
whichšto is now back in the previousranije centuryvek,
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a to je bilo u prethodnom stoljecu,
03:46
this enabledomogućeno one of the mostnajviše importantbitan
medicalmedicinski procedurespostupci in the worldsvet,
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omogucilo je jedan od najvaznijih
medicinskih zahvata na svijetu,
03:50
whichšto, of coursekurs,
is the bloodkrv transfusiontransfuzija.
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a to je, naravno,
transfuzija krvi.
03:52
And by knowingznajući what your bloodkrv typetip is,
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I znajuci koja ste krvna grupa,
03:54
we can make sure,
if you ever need a transfusiontransfuzija,
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mozemo biti sigurni da, ako ikad
zatrebate transfuziju,
03:57
that your donordonator has the sameisto bloodkrv typetip,
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da vas donor ima istu krvnu grupu,
03:59
so that your bodytelo
doesn't see foreignstrani sugarsšećeri,
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tako da vasa krv ne vidi tudje secere
04:03
whichšto it wouldn'tne bi like
and would certainlysvakako rejectOdbijanje.
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koji joj se ne bi svidjeli i sigurno
bi ih odbacila.
04:08
What elsedrugo are the sugarsšećeri on the surfacepovršine
of your cellsćelije tryingpokušavajući to tell us?
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Sta nam jos pokusavaju reci
seceri sa nasih celija?
04:13
Well, those sugarsšećeri mightMožda be tellinggovoreći us
that you have cancerrak.
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Pa, ti seceri bi nam mogli poruciti
da imate rak.
04:18
So a fewnekoliko decadesdecenijama agopre,
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Prije nekoliko decenija,
04:20
correlationskorelacije beganpočeo to emergepojaviti se
from the analysisanaliza of tumortumor tissuetkivo.
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korelacije su se pocele javljati
iz analiza tumorskih tkiva.
04:26
And the typicaltipično scenarioscenario is a patientpacijent
would have a tumortumor detectedotkriven,
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I tipican scenario je da pacijentu
otkrivaju tumor,
04:30
and the tissuetkivo would be removeduklonjen
in a biopsyBiopsija procedureprocedure
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i tkivo bi se uklonilo biopsijom
04:34
and then sentposlat down to a pathologypatologija lablab
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i onda poslano na patologiju
04:37
where that tissuetkivo would be analyzedanalizirano
to look for chemicalhemijski changespromjene
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gdje bi se tkivo analiziralo
i traze se hemijske promjene
04:41
that mightMožda informobavestiti the oncologistonkolog
about the bestnajbolje coursekurs of treatmentliječenje.
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koje bi mogle informisati onkologa
o najboljem nacinu lijecenja.
04:46
And what was discoveredotkriveni
from studiesstudije like that
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Ono sto je otkriveno
iz studija kao ove
04:49
is that the sugarsšećeri have changedpromijenjeno
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je da su se ti seceri promijenili
04:52
when the cellćelija transformstransformiše
from beingbiće healthyzdrav to beingbiće sickbolestan.
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nakon sto se celija pretvori iz
zdrave u bolesnu.
04:58
And those correlationskorelacije have come up
again and again and again.
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I te korelacije su se pojavljivale
iznova i iznova
05:04
But a bigveliki questionpitanje in the fieldpolje
has been: Why?
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Ali je veliko pitanje na tom
polju bilo: Zasto?
05:08
Why do cancersraka have differentdrugačiji sugarsšećeri?
What's the importancevažnost of that?
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Zasto tumori imaju drugacije secere?
Koja je vaznost toga?
05:13
Why does it happenda se desi, and what
can we do about it if it does turnokrenite out
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Zasto se to desava i sta mozemo
uciniti povodom toga ako se ispostavi
05:16
to be relatedpovezani to the diseasebolesti processproces?
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da je povezano sa procesom bolesti?
05:21
So, one of the changespromjene that we studystudija
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Dakle, jedna od promjena koje izucavamo
05:25
is an increasepovećati in the densitygustina
of a particularposebno sugaršećer
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je porast u gustoci pojedinog secera
05:30
that's calledpozvana sialicsialic acidkiselina.
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kojeg nazivamo sialna kiselina.
05:33
And I think this is going to be
one of the mostnajviše importantbitan sugarsšećeri
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I mislim da ce ovo biti jedan od
najznacajnijih secera
05:37
of our timesputa,
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naseg doba,
05:38
so I would encourageohrabri everybodysvi
to get familiarpoznat with this wordriječ.
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i zelim potakuti svakoga da se upozna
sa ovim nazivom.
05:43
SialicSialic acidkiselina is not
the kindkind of sugaršećer that we eatjesti.
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Sialna kiselina nije tip
secera koji jedemo.
05:46
Those are differentdrugačiji sugarsšećeri.
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To su drugaciji seceri.
05:48
This is a kindkind of sugaršećer
that is actuallyzapravo foundpronađeno
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Ovo je secer koji je u stvari
pronadjen
05:51
at certainsigurno levelsnivoa on all
of the cellsćelije in your bodytelo.
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u odredjenoj razini na svim nasim
celijama u tijelu.
05:54
It's actuallyzapravo quitesasvim commončesto on your cellsćelije.
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Ustavri je poprilicno cest na
vasim celijama.
05:58
But for some reasonrazlog,
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Ali iz nekog razloga,
06:00
cancerrak cellsćelije, at leastnajmanje in a successfuluspješno,
progressiveprogresivno diseasebolesti,
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celije tumora, barem u uspjesnoj,
progresivnoj bolesti
06:05
tendtendencija to have more sialicsialic acidkiselina
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teze da imaju vise sialne kiseline
06:09
than a normalnormalno, healthyzdrav cellćelija would have.
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nego sto ima normalna, zdrava celija.
06:11
And why?
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I zasto?
06:12
What does that mean?
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Sta to znaci?
06:15
Well, what we'vemi smo learnednaučio
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Pa, ono sto smo naucili
06:16
is that it has to do
with your immuneimun systemsistem.
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je da je to povezano sa vasim
imunim sistemom.
06:20
So let me tell you a little bitbit
about the importancevažnost of your immuneimun systemsistem
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Dozvolite mi da vam kazem malo vise o
znacaju vaseg imunog sistema
06:24
in cancerrak.
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u tumoru.
06:25
And this is something that's, I think,
in the newsvijesti a lot these daysdana.
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I ovo je nesto sto je, mislim, mnogo
prisutno u danasnjim vijestima.
06:29
You know, people are startingpočinjati
to becomepostati familiarpoznat with the termtermina
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Znate, ljudi se pocinju
upoznavati sa terminima
06:32
"cancerrak immuneimun therapyterapija."
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"imunoterapija tumora."
06:34
And some of you mightMožda even know people
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I neki od vas bi cak mogli znati ljude
06:36
who are benefitingu korist from these very newnovo
waysnačina of treatinglečenje cancerrak.
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kojima je koristio ovakav nacin
lijecenja raka.
06:41
What we now know
is that your immuneimun cellsćelije,
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Ono sto sada znamo je da
vase celije imuniteta,
06:45
whichšto are the whitebela bloodkrv cellsćelije
coursingdivlje throughkroz your bloodstreamkrvotok,
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a to su bijela krvna zrnca koja proticu
vasim krvotokom
06:49
protectštiti you on a dailydnevno basisosnova
from things gonenestao badloše --
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stite vas svakodnevno od losih stvari--
06:53
includinguključujući cancerrak.
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ukljucujuci tumor.
06:55
And so in this pictureslika,
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I tako na ovoj slici,
06:57
those little greenzeleno ballslopte
are your immuneimun cellsćelije,
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te male zelene loptice
su vase celije imuniteta,
07:00
and that bigveliki pinkroze cellćelija is a cancerrak cellćelija.
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a ta velika roza celija je celija raka.
07:04
And these immuneimun cellsćelije go around
and tasteukus all the cellsćelije in your bodytelo.
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Te celije imuniteta idu okolo i probaju
sve celije u vasem tijelu.
07:09
That's theirnjihova jobposao.
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To je njihov posao.
07:10
And mostnajviše of the time, the cellsćelije tasteukus OK.
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I vecinu vremena, celije imaju dobar okus.
07:13
But oncejednom in a while,
a cellćelija mightMožda tasteukus badloše.
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Ali s vrmena na vrijeme,
celija moze imat ruzan okus.
07:16
HopefullyNadamo se, that's the cancerrak cellćelija,
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Nadajmo se da su to celija raka,
07:18
and when those immuneimun cellsćelije
get the badloše tasteukus,
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i kad do tih celije imuniteta
dopre los okus,
07:20
they launchlansiranje an all-outtotalni strikeštrajk
and killubij those cellsćelije.
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one lansiraju napad i ubiju te celije.
07:24
So we know that.
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Znamo to.
07:25
We alsotakođe know that if you can
potentiatepotencira that tastingdegustacija,
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Takodjer znamo da ako mozete
potencirati taj okus,
07:30
if you can encourageohrabri those immuneimun cellsćelije
to actuallyzapravo take a bigveliki oldstari biteugriz
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ako mozete ohrabriti te celije imuniteta
da odgriznu veliki komad
07:34
out of a cancerrak cellćelija,
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celije raka,
07:35
you get a better jobposao protectingzaštititi
yourselfsami from cancerrak everysvaki day
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dobijete bolji posao stiteci sebe
od raka svakodnevno
07:38
and maybe even curingliječenje a cancerrak.
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i mozda cak i izlijecite rak.
07:41
And there are now a couplepar of drugsdroge
out there in the markettržište
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Sada postoji nekoliko lijekova
na trzistu
07:44
that are used to treatliječiti cancerrak patientspacijenti
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koji s koriste u lijecenju pacijenta
s rakom
07:46
that actčiniti exactlyupravo by this processproces.
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koji djeluju isto kao ovaj proces.
07:49
They activateaktiviranje the immuneimun systemsistem
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Aktiviraju imuni sistem
07:51
so that the immuneimun systemsistem
can be more vigoroussnažan
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tako da imuni sistem postane snazniji
07:54
in protectingzaštititi us from cancerrak.
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kako bi nas zastitio od raka.
07:55
In factčinjenica, one of those drugsdroge
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U stvari, jedan od tih lijekova
07:57
maymože well have sparedpošteđeni
PresidentPredsjednik JimmyJimmy Carter'sCarter life.
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je mozda spasio i zivot predjednika
Dzimija Kartera.
08:01
Do you rememberzapamtite, PresidentPredsjednik CarterCarter
had malignantmaligne melanomamelanom
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Sjecate se, Predsjednik Karter je
imao maligni melanom
08:06
that had metastasizedmetastazirao to his brainmozak,
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koji je metastazirao do njegovog mozga
08:08
and that diagnosisdijagnoza is one
that is usuallyobično accompaniedu pratnji by numbersbrojevi
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i da je dijagnoza obicno
popracena brojevima
08:12
like "monthsmjeseci to liveuživo."
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poput "..mjeseci zivota."
08:15
But he was treatedtretirani with one
of these newnovo immune-stimulatingstimulira imunološki drugsdroge,
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Ali su njega lijecili jednim od ovih novih
imuno-stimulirajucih lijekova,
08:19
and now his melanomamelanom
appearsPojavljuje se to be in remissionremisija,
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i sad se cini da je njegov melanom
u remisiji
08:22
whichšto is remarkableizuzetna,
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sto je nevjerovatno,
08:24
considerings obzirom na the situationsituacija
only a fewnekoliko yearsgodine agopre.
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imajuci u vidu situaciju
od prije samo par godina.
08:28
In factčinjenica, it's so remarkableizuzetna
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U stvari, to je tako zadivljujuce
08:29
that provocativeprovokativna statementsizjave like this one:
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da provokativne izjave poput ove:
08:32
"CancerRak is havingimati a penicillinpenicilin momentmomenat,"
people are sayinggovoreći,
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"Rak ima momenat penicilina"
08:36
with these newnovo immuneimun therapyterapija drugsdroge.
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s ovim novim imunoterapijskim lekovima
08:38
I mean, that's an incrediblyNeverovatno boldbold thing
to say about a diseasebolesti
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Mislim, zaista je smjelo reci takvo
nesto za jednu bolest
08:41
whichšto we'vemi smo been fightingborbe for a long time
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sa kojom se borimo dugo vremena
08:44
and mostlyuglavnom losinggubljenje the battlebitka with.
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i uglavnom gubimo borbu sa njom.
08:46
So this is very excitinguzbudljivo.
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Ovo je veoma uzbudljivo.
08:48
Now what does this have to do with sugarsšećeri?
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Sad, kakve veze ovo ima sa secerima?
08:51
Well, I'll tell you what we'vemi smo learnednaučio.
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Pa, reci cu vam sta smo naucili.
08:54
When an immuneimun cellćelija snugglesSvi na zemlji
up againstprotiv a cancerrak cellćelija to take a tasteukus,
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Kad se celija imuniteta priljubi uz celiju
raka da je okusi,
09:01
it's looking for signsznaci of diseasebolesti,
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ona trazi znakove bolesti,
09:03
and if it findsnalazi those signsznaci,
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i ako nadje te znakove,
09:05
the cellćelija getsdobiva activatedaktivirati and it launcheslansira
a missileprojektil strikeštrajk and killsubija the cellćelija.
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celija se aktivira i lansira raketni napad
te ubije celiju.
09:11
But if that cancerrak cellćelija has a densegusto forestšuma
of that sugaršećer, sialicsialic acidkiselina,
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Ali ako ta celija ima gustu sumu tog
secera, sialne kiseline,
09:17
well, it startspočinje to tasteukus prettylepo good.
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pa, pocinje da ima stvarno dobar okus.
09:21
And there's a proteinprotein on immuneimun cellsćelije
that grabsZgrabi the sialicsialic acidkiselina,
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A tu je i protein na celijama imuniteta
koji grabi sialnu kiselinu
09:26
and if that proteinprotein
getsdobiva helddrzati at that synapsesinapsa
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i ako taj protein bude zadrzan
na toj sinapsi
09:30
betweenizmeđu the immuneimun cellćelija
and the cancerrak cellćelija,
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izmedju celije imuniteta i celije raka,
09:33
it putsstavlja that immuneimun cellćelija to sleepspavaj.
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stavi tu celiju imuniteta na spavanje.
09:35
The sialicsialic acidskiselina are tellinggovoreći
the immuneimun cellćelija,
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Sialne kiseline govore
celijama imuniteta,
09:39
"Hey, this cell'smobitel je all right.
Nothing to see here, movekretati se alongzajedno.
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"Hej, ova celija je uredu.
Nema se sta vidjeti ovdje, produzi dalje.
09:42
Look somewherenegde elsedrugo."
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Gledaj negdje drugdje."
09:44
So in other wordsriječi,
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Drugim rijecima,
09:45
as long as our cellsćelije are wearingnosi
a thickdebeo coatkaput of sialicsialic acidkiselina,
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dok god nase celije nose
debeli sloj sialne kiseline,
09:51
they look fabulousfantastično, right?
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izgledaju fantasticno, zar ne?
09:54
It's amazingNeverovatno.
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To je nejvejrovatno.
09:56
And what if you could stripskinuti se off that coatkaput
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I sta kad bi mogli skinuti taj omotac
09:59
and take that sugaršećer away?
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i skloniti taj secer?
10:02
Well, your immuneimun systemsistem
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Pa, vas imuni sistem
10:05
mightMožda be ablesposoban to see that cancerrak cellćelija
for what it really is:
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bi mogao vidjeti celiju raka onakvom
kakva stvarno jest:
10:09
something that needspotrebe to be destroyeduništeno.
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Nesto sto mora biti unisteno.
10:12
And so this is what we're doing in my lablab.
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To je ono sto radimo u mom laboratoriju.
10:15
We're developingrazvoj newnovo medicineslijekovi
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Razvijamo nove lijekove
10:18
that are basicallyu suštini
cell-surfacePovršinske stanične lawnmowerskosilice trave --
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koji su ustvari kosilice za
povrsinu celije--
10:21
moleculesmolekuli that go down
to the surfacepovršine of these cancerrak cellsćelije
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Molekule koje idu dole do
povrsine tih celija raka
10:25
and just cutcut off those sialicsialic acidskiselina,
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i samo pokidaju te sialne kiseline,
10:28
so that the immuneimun systemsistem
can reachdostignuti its fullpun potentialpotencijal
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tako da imuni sistem moze
dosegnuti svoj puni potencijal
10:32
in eliminatingeliminisanje those cancerrak
cellsćelije from our bodytelo.
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u eliminaciji tih celija iz naseg tijela.
10:36
So in closingzatvaranje,
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Za kraj,
10:39
let me just remindpodsjetite you again:
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dopustite mi samo da vam napomenem
jos jednom:
10:41
your cellsćelije are coatedobložena with sugarsšećeri.
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vase celije su prekrivene secerima.
10:44
The sugarsšećeri are tellinggovoreći cellsćelije
around that cellćelija
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Ti seceri govore celijama
oko tih celija
10:49
whetherbilo da the cellćelija is good or badloše.
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jesu li dobre ili lose celije.
10:52
And that's importantbitan,
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I to je vazno,
10:53
because our immuneimun systemsistem needspotrebe
to leaveodlazi the good cellsćelije alonesam.
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jer nas imuni sistem treba da
pusti dobre celije na miru.
10:56
OtherwiseU suprotnom, we'dmi smo have autoimmuneautoimune diseasesbolesti.
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U protivnom, imali bismo autoimune bolesti
11:00
But oncejednom in a while,
cancersraka get the abilitysposobnost
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Ali povremeno, tumori dobiju
sposobnost da
11:03
to expressekspres these newnovo sugarsšećeri.
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izraze te nove secere.
11:05
And now that we understandrazumijete
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I sad kad razumijemo
11:06
how those sugarsšećeri mesmerizehipnotizirati
the immuneimun systemsistem,
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kako ti seceri ocaravaju imuni sistem,
11:09
we can come up with newnovo medicineslijekovi
to wakeprobuditi se up those immuneimun cellsćelije,
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mozemo pronaci nove lijekove kako bi
probudili te celije imuniteta,
11:13
tell them, "IgnoreZanemari
the sugarsšećeri, eatjesti the cellćelija
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i rekli im, "Ignorisite secere,
jedite celije
11:17
and have a deliciousukusna snackužina, on cancerrak."
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i uzivajte u ukusu tog raka."
11:20
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
11:22
(ApplausePljesak)
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(Aplauz)
Translated by Ajla Đulić
Reviewed by Armin Talic

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carolyn Bertozzi - Chemical biologist
Professor Carolyn Bertozzi is a chemical biologist who invents technologies and medicines based on disease-causing sugar molecules.

Why you should listen

Professor Carolyn Bertozzi's research interests span the disciplines of chemistry and biology with an emphasis on studies of cell surface sugars important to human health and disease. She was originally trained in organic chemistry and immunology, and today her research group works at the interface of these two disciplines They recently made discoveries that link particular sugars that coat the surfaces of cancer cells with the ability of those disease-causing cells to avoid elimination by the human immune system.  Now her research group is developing medicines that attack cancer cell-surface sugars so as to render the immune system more potent at eliminating disease. Bertozzi also studies other human health problems including tuberculosis infections and rare genetic disorders, using tools from chemistry to power biomedical research.

More profile about the speaker
Carolyn Bertozzi | Speaker | TED.com