TEDxWinnipeg
Jeff Hancock: The future of lying
Jeff Hancock: 3 former for (digitale) løgne
Filmed:
Readability: 3.3
1,347,124 views
Hvem har ikke sendt en sms hvor der står "Jeg er på vej" når det ikke passede, eller fusket en smule med sandheden i deres online datingprofil? Men Jeff Hancock tror ikke på at internettets anonymitet opfordrer til uærlighed. Faktisk , siger han at søgbarheden og informationens bestandighed online måske endda sørger for at vi er ærlige.
Jeff Hancock - Psychologist
Jeff Hancock studies how we interact by email, text message and social media blips, seeking to understand how technology mediates communication. Full bio
Jeff Hancock studies how we interact by email, text message and social media blips, seeking to understand how technology mediates communication. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Let me tell you, it has been a fantastic month for deception.
0
381
3713
Jeg siger med det samme, at det har været en fantastisk måned for bedrageri.
00:19
And I'm not even talking about the American presidential race. (Laughter)
1
4094
4253
Og jeg taler ikke engang om kapløbet om at blive Amerikas præsident. (Latter)
00:24
We have a high-profile journalist caught for plagiarism,
2
8347
4335
Vi har en højprofileret journalist der er taget for plagiat,
00:28
a young superstar writer whose book involves
3
12682
2932
en ung superstjerne forfatter hvis bøger involverer
00:31
so many made up quotes that they've pulled it from the shelves;
4
15614
3305
så mange opdigtede citater at de har taget den af hylderne;
00:34
a New York Times exposé on fake book reviews.
5
18919
2598
en New York Times afsløring om anmeldelser om falske bøger.
00:37
It's been fantastic.
6
21517
1409
Det har været fantastisk.
00:38
Now, of course, not all deception hits the news.
7
22926
3851
Nu er det, selvfølgelig, ikke al bedrag der kommer i nyhederne.
00:42
Much of the deception is everyday. In fact, a lot of research
8
26777
3679
Meget af bedraget er hverdag. Faktisk, meget forskning
00:46
shows that we all lie once or twice a day, as Dave suggested.
9
30456
4331
viser at vi alle lyver en eller to gange om dagen, som Dave foreslog.
00:50
So it's about 6:30 now, suggests that most of us should have lied.
10
34787
2933
Så den er cirka 18.30 nu, det tyder på at de fleste af os har løjet nu.
00:53
Let's take a look at Winnipeg. How many of you,
11
37720
1900
Lad os se på Winnipeg. Hvor mange af jer,
00:55
in the last 24 hours -- think back -- have told a little fib,
12
39620
2927
i løbet af de sidste 24 timer -- tænker tilbage -- har fortalt en lille hvid løgn,
00:58
or a big one? How many have told a little lie out there?
13
42547
3551
eller en stor? Hvor mange af jer derude har fortalt en lille løgn?
01:01
All right, good. These are all the liars.
14
46098
1904
Okay, godt. Dette er alle løgnerne.
01:03
Make sure you pay attention to them. (Laughter)
15
48002
3293
Vær sikker på at I lægger mærke til dem. (Latter)
01:07
No, that looked good, it was about two thirds of you.
16
51295
2146
Nej, det så godt ud, det var cirka to tredjedele af jer.
01:09
The other third didn't lie, or perhaps forgot,
17
53441
2852
Den anden tredjedel fortalte ikke løgne, eller glemte det måske,
01:12
or you're lying to me about your lying, which is very,
18
56293
2660
eller I lyver om at lyve, hvilket er meget,
01:14
very devious. (Laughter) This fits with a lot of the research,
19
58953
4050
meget uærligt. (Latter) Dette passer med meget af den forskning
01:18
which suggests that lying is very pervasive.
20
63003
3354
der foreslår at det at lyve er meget omsiggribende.
01:22
It's this pervasiveness, combined with the centrality
21
66357
3961
Det er det omsiggribende, kombineret med det centrale
01:26
to what it means to be a human, the fact that we can
22
70318
2440
i hvad det betyder at være et menneske, det faktum at vi kan
01:28
tell the truth or make something up,
23
72758
1880
fortælle sandheden eller finde på noget,
01:30
that has fascinated people throughout history.
24
74638
2851
det har fascineret mennesker gennem historien.
01:33
Here we have Diogenes with his lantern.
25
77489
2629
Her har vi Diogenes med sin lanterne.
01:36
Does anybody know what he was looking for?
26
80118
2680
Er der nogen der ved hvad han ledte efter?
01:38
A single honest man, and he died without finding one
27
82798
3784
Et eneste ærligt menneske, og han døde uden at finde et
01:42
back in Greece. And we have Confucius in the East
28
86582
3017
i Grækenland. Og vi har Confucius i østen
01:45
who was really concerned with sincerity,
29
89599
2377
der var virkelig bekymret for oprigtighed,
01:47
not only that you walked the walk or talked the talk,
30
91976
3084
at man ikke kun "walked the walk" eller "talked the talk",
01:50
but that you believed in what you were doing.
31
95060
3154
men at man troede på det man gjorde.
01:54
You believed in your principles.
32
98214
2006
Man troede på sine principper.
01:56
Now my first professional encounter with deception
33
100220
2931
Nu kom mit første professionelle møde med bedrag
01:59
is a little bit later than these guys, a couple thousand years.
34
103151
3463
lidt senere end hos disse gutter, et par tusinde år.
02:02
I was a customs officer for Canada back in the mid-'90s.
35
106614
3799
Jeg var tolder i Canada tilbage i midten af 90'erne.
02:06
Yeah. I was defending Canada's borders.
36
110413
2826
Ja. Jeg forsvarede Canadas grænser.
02:09
You may think that's a weapon right there. In fact,
37
113239
3782
I tænker måske at det er et våben lige her. Faktisk,
02:12
that's a stamp. I used a stamp to defend Canada's borders. (Laughter)
38
117021
5030
er det et stempel. Jeg brugte et stempel til at forsvare Canadas grænser. (Latter)
02:17
Very Canadian of me. I learned a lot about deception
39
122051
3537
Meget canadisk af mig. Jeg lærte meget om bedrag
02:21
while doing my duty here in customs,
40
125588
3055
mens jeg gjorde mig pligt her i tolden,
02:24
one of which was that most of what I thought I knew about deception was wrong,
41
128643
2884
en af dem var at det meste af det jeg troede jeg viste om bedrag var forkert,
02:27
and I'll tell you about some of that tonight.
42
131527
1752
og jeg vil fortælle jer lidt om det i nat.
02:29
But even since just 1995, '96, the way we communicate
43
133279
4074
Men selv siden 1995, '96, måden vi kommunikerer på
02:33
has been completely transformed. We email, we text,
44
137353
3297
er blevet komplet transformeret. Vi e-mailer, vi sms'er,
02:36
we skype, we Facebook. It's insane.
45
140650
2613
vi skyper, vi facebooker. Det er vanvittigt.
02:39
Almost every aspect of human communication's been changed,
46
143263
3261
Næsten alle aspekter i menneskelig kommunikation er forandret,
02:42
and of course that's had an impact on deception.
47
146524
2560
og selvfølgelig har det haft en indflydelse på bedrag.
02:44
Let me tell you a little bit about a couple of new deceptions
48
149084
2583
Lad mig fortælle jer lidt om et par nye former for bedrag
02:47
we've been tracking and documenting.
49
151667
2376
som vi har sporet og dokumenteret.
02:49
They're called the Butler, the Sock Puppet
50
154043
4244
De hedder butleren, sokkedukken
02:54
and the Chinese Water Army.
51
158287
2081
og den kinesiske vand hær.
02:56
It sounds a little bit like a weird book,
52
160368
1897
Det lyder en lille smule som en mærkelig bog,
02:58
but actually they're all new types of lies.
53
162265
2133
men der er faktisk alle nye typer af løgne i.
03:00
Let's start with the Butlers. Here's an example of one:
54
164398
3045
Lad os begynde med butlerne. Her er et eksempel på en:
03:03
"On my way." Anybody ever written, "On my way?"
55
167443
3113
"Er på vej." Nogen der nogensinde har skrevet, "Er på vej?"
03:06
Then you've also lied. (Laughter)
56
170556
3763
Så har I også løjet. (Latter)
03:10
We're never on our way. We're thinking about going on our way.
57
174319
4197
Vi er aldrig på vej. Vi tænker på at være på vej.
03:14
Here's another one: "Sorry I didn't respond to you earlier.
58
178516
2763
Her er en anden: "Undskyld jeg ikke skrev til dig tidligere.
03:17
My battery was dead." Your battery wasn't dead.
59
181279
1965
Mit batteri var dødt." Ens batteri var ikke dødt.
03:19
You weren't in a dead zone.
60
183244
1876
Man var ikke i et område uden dækning.
03:21
You just didn't want to respond to that person that time.
61
185120
1953
Man gad bare ikke at svare tilbage til den person på det tidspunkt.
03:22
Here's the last one: You're talking to somebody,
62
187073
1797
Her er en sidste: Man taler med nogen,
03:24
and you say, "Sorry, got work, gotta go."
63
188870
2490
og man siger, "Undskyld, jeg skal arbejde, bliver nød til at smutte."
03:27
But really, you're just bored. You want to talk to somebody else.
64
191360
3797
Men i virkeligheden keder man sig. Man vil tale med en anden.
03:31
Each of these is about a relationship,
65
195157
2416
Hver af dem handler om et forhold,
03:33
and this is a 24/7 connected world. Once you get my cell phone number,
66
197573
4405
og dette er en verden der er forbundet 24/7. Når du får mit telefonnummer
03:37
you can literally be in touch with me 24 hours a day.
67
201978
2965
kan du bogstavelig talt komme i kontakt med mig 24 timer i døgnet.
03:40
And so these lies are being used by people
68
204943
2369
Så de løgne der bliver brugt af mennesker
03:43
to create a buffer, like the butler used to do,
69
207312
2826
til at skabe en buffer, ligesom butleren plejede at gøre,
03:46
between us and the connections to everybody else.
70
210138
3407
mellem os og forbindelserne til alle andre.
03:49
But they're very special. They use ambiguity
71
213545
1707
Men de er meget specielle. De bruger en dobbelttydighed
03:51
that comes from using technology. You don't know
72
215252
2061
der kommer af at bruge teknologien. Man ved ikke
03:53
where I am or what I'm doing or who I'm with.
73
217313
2948
hvor jeg er eller hvad jeg laver eller hvem jeg er sammen med.
03:56
And they're aimed at protecting the relationships.
74
220261
2491
Og de er rettet efter at beskytte forholdene.
03:58
These aren't just people being jerks. These are people
75
222752
2581
Dette er ikke bare folk der er nogle idioter. Dette er mennesker
04:01
that are saying, look, I don't want to talk to you now,
76
225333
2376
der siger, hør engang, jeg vil ikke tale med dig nu,
04:03
or I didn't want to talk to you then, but I still care about you.
77
227709
2424
eller jeg ville ikke tale med dig på det tidspunkt, men jeg tænker stadig på dig.
04:06
Our relationship is still important.
78
230133
2400
Vores forhold er stadig vigtige.
04:08
Now, the Sock Puppet, on the other hand,
79
232533
1514
Men, sokkedukken, på den anden side,
04:09
is a totally different animal. The sock puppet isn't
80
234047
2343
er et helt andet slags dyr. Sokkedukken handler ikke
04:12
about ambiguity, per se. It's about identity.
81
236390
3065
om dobbelttydighed, som sådan. Det handler om identitet.
04:15
Let me give you a very recent example,
82
239455
2002
Lad mig give jer et meget nyt eksempel,
04:17
as in, like, last week.
83
241457
1514
som i, sidste uge.
04:18
Here's R.J. Ellory, best-seller author in Britain.
84
242971
3268
Der er R.J. Ellory, best-seller forfatter i England.
04:22
Here's one of his bestselling books.
85
246239
2020
Her er en af hans bedst sælgende bøger.
04:24
Here's a reviewer online, on Amazon.
86
248259
3413
Her er en online anmeldelse, på Amazon.
04:27
My favorite, by Nicodemus Jones, is,
87
251672
2657
Min favorit, af Nicodemus Jones, er,
04:30
"Whatever else it might do, it will touch your soul."
88
254329
3808
"Hvadend den ellers gør, så rører den ved din sjæl."
04:34
And of course, you might suspect
89
258137
1403
Og selvfølgelig, kunne man mistænke
04:35
that Nicodemus Jones is R.J. Ellory.
90
259540
2627
at Nicodemus Jones er R.J. Ellory.
04:38
He wrote very, very positive reviews about himself. Surprise, surprise.
91
262167
4687
Han skrev meget, meget positive anmeldelser om sig selv. Surprise, surprise.
04:42
Now this Sock Puppet stuff isn't actually that new.
92
266854
3260
Nu er dette sokkedukke faktisk ikke ny.
04:46
Walt Whitman also did this back in the day,
93
270114
3167
Walt Whitman gjorde også dette engang,
04:49
before there was Internet technology. Sock Puppet
94
273281
3055
før der var internet teknologi. Sokkedukken
04:52
becomes interesting when we get to scale,
95
276336
2768
bliver interessant når man kommer op i større målestok,
04:55
which is the domain of the Chinese Water Army.
96
279104
2518
som er området for den kinesiske vand hær.
04:57
Chinese Water Army refers to thousands of people
97
281622
2436
Den kinesiske vand hær referer til tusindvis af mennesker
04:59
in China that are paid small amounts of money
98
284058
3048
i Kina der bliver betalt små mængder penge
05:03
to produce content. It could be reviews. It could be
99
287106
3034
for at producere indhold. Det kunne være anmeldelser. Det kunne være
05:06
propaganda. The government hires these people,
100
290140
2559
propaganda. Regeringen lejer disse mennesker,
05:08
companies hire them, all over the place.
101
292699
2628
firmaer lejer dem, over det hele.
05:11
In North America, we call this Astroturfing,
102
295327
3617
I Nordamerika, kalder vi dette astroturfing,
05:14
and Astroturfing is very common now. There's a lot of concerns about it.
103
298944
3438
og astroturfing er meget almindeligt nu. Der er mange bekymringer omkring det.
05:18
We see this especially with product reviews, book reviews,
104
302382
3227
Vi ser dette specielt med produkt anmeldelser, bog anmeldelser,
05:21
everything from hotels to whether that toaster is a good toaster or not.
105
305609
4795
alt fra hoteller til om en brødrister er en god brødrister eller ej.
05:26
Now, looking at these three reviews, or these three types of deception,
106
310404
3918
Når man ser på disse tre anmeldelser, eller disse tre typer bedrag,
05:30
you might think, wow, the Internet is really making us
107
314322
2737
kunne man tænke, wow, internettet får os virkelig til at
05:32
a deceptive species, especially when you think about
108
317059
3209
være en bedragerisk art, specielt når man tænker på
05:36
the Astroturfing, where we can see deception brought up to scale.
109
320268
4602
astroturfing, hvor vi kan se bedrageriet på større målestoksforhold.
05:40
But actually, what I've been finding is very different from that.
110
324870
4738
Men faktisk, er det jeg har fundet ud af meget anderledes end det.
05:45
Now, let's put aside the online anonymous sex chatrooms,
111
329608
3249
Lad os se bort fra de online anonyme sex chatrum,
05:48
which I'm sure none of you have been in.
112
332857
1899
som jeg er sikker på at ingen af jer har besøgt.
05:50
I can assure you there's deception there.
113
334756
2329
Jeg kan forsikre jer for at der er bedrag der.
05:52
And let's put aside the Nigerian prince who's emailed you
114
337085
2709
Og lad os se bort fra den nigerianske prins der har sendt en en e-mail
05:55
about getting the 43 million out of the country. (Laughter)
115
339794
3228
om at få de 43 millioner ud af landet. (Latter)
05:58
Let's forget about that guy, too.
116
343022
1680
Lad os glemme ham fyren også.
06:00
Let's focus on the conversations between our friends
117
344702
2944
Lad os fokusere på samtaler mellem vores venner
06:03
and our family and our coworkers and our loved ones.
118
347646
2147
og vores familie og vores kolleger og vores kære.
06:05
Those are the conversations that really matter.
119
349793
2408
Det er samtaler der virkelig betyder noget.
06:08
What does technology do to deception with those folks?
120
352201
4240
Hvad gør teknologi ved bedrag med disse mennesker?
06:12
Here's a couple of studies. One of the studies we do
121
356441
3075
Her er et par studier. Et af studierne vi laver
06:15
are called diary studies, in which we ask people to record
122
359516
3371
kaldes dagbogs studier, hvor vi beder mennesker om at optage
06:18
all of their conversations and all of their lies for seven days,
123
362887
3566
alle deres samtaler og alle deres løgne i syv dage,
06:22
and what we can do then is calculate how many lies took place
124
366453
3105
og det vi kan gøre er, at vi kan udregne hvor mange løgne der fandt sted
06:25
per conversation within a medium, and the finding
125
369558
2948
per samtale i et bestemt medie, og den opdagelse
06:28
that we get that surprises people the most is that email
126
372506
2524
som vi laver der overrasker mennesker mest er, at e-mail
06:30
is the most honest of those three media.
127
375030
3279
er den mest ærlige af disse tre medier.
06:34
And it really throws people for a loop because we think,
128
378309
2401
Og det forvirrer virkelig folk, fordi vi tror
06:36
well, there's no nonverbal cues, so why don't you lie more?
129
380710
3736
jamen, der er ikke nogen kropssprog tegn, så hvorfor lyver man ikke mere?
06:40
The phone, in contrast, the most lies.
130
384446
4304
Telefonen til gengæld, er de fleste løgne.
06:44
Again and again and again we see the phone is the device
131
388750
1946
Igen og igen og igen ser vi at telefonen er det apparat
06:46
that people lie on the most, and perhaps because of the Butler Lie ambiguities I was telling you about.
132
390696
4718
hvor mennesker lyver mest, og måske på grund af butler løgnens dobbelttydighed som jeg fortalte om.
06:51
This tends to be very different from what people expect.
133
395414
3975
Dette har en tendens til at være noget helt andet end folk forventer.
06:55
What about résumés? We did a study in which we had
134
399389
3224
Hvad med CV'er? Vi lavede et studie hvori vi fik
06:58
people apply for a job, and they could apply for a job
135
402613
2544
mennesker til at søge et job, og de kunne søge om arbejdet
07:01
either with a traditional paper résumé, or on LinkedIn,
136
405157
3514
enten med et traditionelt papir CV, eller på LinkedIn,
07:04
which is a social networking site like Facebook,
137
408671
2822
hvilket er et socialt netværks sted ligesom Facebook,
07:07
but for professionals -- involves the same information as a résumé.
138
411493
3567
men for professionelle -- det involverer den samme information som et CV.
07:10
And what we found, to many people's surprise,
139
415060
2614
Og det vi fandt ud af var, til mange menneskers overraskelse,
07:13
was that those LinkedIn résumés were more honest
140
417674
2795
at LinkedIn CV'erne var mere ærlige
07:16
on the things that mattered to employers, like your
141
420469
1824
omkring de ting der var vigtige for arbejdsgivere, såsom ens
07:18
responsibilities or your skills at your previous job.
142
422293
4151
pligter eller ens evner ved et tidligere arbejde.
07:22
How about Facebook itself?
143
426444
2296
Hvad med Facebook selv?
07:24
You know, we always think that hey, there are these
144
428740
1882
I ved, vi tror altid at hey, der er disse
07:26
idealized versions, people are just showing the best things
145
430622
2129
idealiserede versioner, mennesker viser bare de bedste ting
07:28
that happened in their lives. I've thought that many times.
146
432751
2656
der skete i deres liv. Det har jeg tænkt mange gange.
07:31
My friends, no way they can be that cool and have good of a life.
147
435407
3068
Mine venner, de kan på ingen måde være så seje og have så godt et liv.
07:34
Well, one study tested this by examining people's personalities.
148
438475
3821
Jamen, et studie afprøvede dette ved at undersøge menneskers personligheder.
07:38
They had four good friends of a person judge their personality.
149
442296
4218
De havde fire gode venner af en person til at bedømme deres personlighed.
07:42
Then they had strangers, many strangers,
150
446514
1956
Så fik de fremmede, mange fremmede,
07:44
judge the person's personality just from Facebook,
151
448470
2528
til at bedømme personens personlighed kun fra Facebook,
07:46
and what they found was those judgments of the personality
152
450998
2429
og det de fandt ud af var, at de bedømmelser af personlighed
07:49
were pretty much identical, highly correlated,
153
453427
2509
var temmelig identiske, stor korrelation,
07:51
meaning that Facebook profiles really do reflect our actual personality.
154
455936
4373
hvilket betyder at Facebook profiler virkelig reflekterer vores faktiske personlighed.
07:56
All right, well, what about online dating?
155
460309
2572
Okay, jamen, hvad med online dating?
07:58
I mean, that's a pretty deceptive space.
156
462881
1500
Jeg mener, det er et temmelig bedragerisk rum.
08:00
I'm sure you all have "friends" that have used online dating. (Laughter)
157
464381
3535
Jeg er sikker på at I alle har "venner" der har brugt online dating. (Latter)
08:03
And they would tell you about that guy that had no hair
158
467916
2058
Og de ville fortælle jer om den fyr der ikke havde noget hår
08:05
when he came, or the woman that didn't look at all like her photo.
159
469974
3030
da han viste sig, eller kvinden der ikke lignede sit billede.
08:08
Well, we were really interested in it, and so what we did
160
473004
3136
Jamen, vi var virkelig interesserede i det, så det vi gjorde var
08:12
is we brought people, online daters, into the lab,
161
476140
3107
at vi tog mennesker, online datere, ind i laboratoriet
08:15
and then we measured them. We got their height
162
479247
1480
og så målte vi dem. Vi fik deres højde
08:16
up against the wall, we put them on a scale, got their weight --
163
480727
3881
op imod en væg, vi satte dem på en vægt, fik deres vægt --
08:20
ladies loved that -- and then we actually got their driver's license to get their age.
164
484608
3895
kvinderne elskede det -- og så fik vi deres kørekort for at bestemme deres alder.
08:24
And what we found was very, very interesting.
165
488503
4311
Og det vi fandt ud af, var meget, meget interessant.
08:28
Here's an example of the men and the height.
166
492814
3929
Her er et eksempel på mændene og deres højde.
08:32
Along the bottom is how tall they said they were in their profile.
167
496743
2470
Nede i bunden viser det hvor høje de sagde de var i deres profil.
08:35
Along the y-axis, the vertical axis, is how tall they actually were.
168
499213
4862
Langs y-aksen, den vertikale akse, vises hvor høje de egentlig var.
08:39
That diagonal line is the truth line. If their dot's on it,
169
504075
3076
Den diagonale linje er sandhedslinjen. Hvis deres prik er derpå,
08:43
they were telling exactly the truth.
170
507151
1554
fortalte de faktisk sandheden.
08:44
Now, as you see, most of the little dots are below the line.
171
508705
3113
Som I kan se her, er de fleste af de røde prikker under linjen.
08:47
What it means is all the guys were lying about their height.
172
511818
2867
Det betyder at fyrene løj om deres højde.
08:50
In fact, they lied about their height about nine tenths of an inch,
173
514685
2941
Faktisk, løj de om deres højde med ni tiendedele af en inch [2,3cm],
08:53
what we say in the lab as "strong rounding up." (Laughter)
174
517626
6276
det vi i laboratoriet kalder en "stærk oprunding." (Latter)
08:59
You get to 5'8" and one tenth, and boom! 5'9".
175
523902
4503
Man kommer til 5'8" og en tiendedel [173cm] og bang! 5'9" [175cm]
09:04
But what's really important here is, look at all those dots.
176
528405
1998
Men det der er virkelig vigtigt her er, prøv at se alle prikkerne.
09:06
They are clustering pretty close to the truth. What we found
177
530403
2566
De samler sig temmelig tæt ved sandheden. Det vi fandt ud af
09:08
was 80 percent of our participants did indeed lie
178
532969
2408
var at 80 procent af vores deltagere ganske rigtigt løj
09:11
on one of those dimensions, but they always lied by a little bit.
179
535377
3595
om en af disse dimensioner, men de løj altid en lille smule.
09:14
One of the reasons is pretty simple. If you go to a date,
180
538972
3024
En af grundene er temmelig simpel. Hvis man går på en date,
09:17
a coffee date, and you're completely different than what you said,
181
541996
3601
en kaffe date, og man er komplet anderledes end det man sagde,
09:21
game over. Right? So people lied frequently, but they lied
182
545597
3619
game over. Ikke? Så mennesker løj ofte, men de løj
09:25
subtly, not too much. They were constrained.
183
549216
3469
diskret, ikke for meget. De holdte sig tilbage.
09:28
Well, what explains all these studies? What explains the fact
184
552685
2887
Jamen, hvad forklarer alle disse studier? Hvad forklarer det faktum
09:31
that despite our intuitions, mine included,
185
555572
4635
at på trods af vores intuition, også min,
09:36
a lot of online communication, technologically-mediated
186
560207
3529
er meget online kommunikation, teknologi formidlet
09:39
communication, is more honest than face to face?
187
563736
4028
kommunikation, mere ærligt ansigt til ansigt?
09:43
That really is strange. How do we explain this?
188
567764
2489
Det er virkelig mærkeligt. Hvordan forklarer vi dette?
09:46
Well, to do that, one thing is we can look at the deception-detection literature.
189
570253
3379
Jamen, for at gøre det, er den ene ting vi kan gøre at kigge på bedrag
09:49
It's a very old literature by now, it's coming up on 50 years.
190
573632
4345
Det er en meget gammel litteratur nu, den bliver snart 50 år.
09:53
It's been reviewed many times. There's been thousands of trials,
191
577977
2662
Den er blevet gennemgået mange gange. Der har været tusinder af forsøg,
09:56
hundreds of studies, and there's some really compelling findings.
192
580639
3981
hundredvis af studier, og der er nogle virkelig tiltalende resultater.
10:00
The first is, we're really bad at detecting deception,
193
584620
3236
Det første er, at vi er virkelig dårlige til at udpege bedrag,
10:03
really bad. Fifty-four percent accuracy on average when you have to tell
194
587856
4116
virkelig dårlige. Fire og halvtreds procents nøjagtighed i gennemsnit hvis man skal se
10:07
if somebody that just said a statement is lying or not.
195
591972
3384
om nogen der lige sagde noget lyver eller ej.
10:11
That's really bad. Why is it so bad?
196
595356
3192
Det er virkelig dårligt. Hvorfor er det så dårligt?
10:14
Well it has to do with Pinocchio's nose.
197
598548
2530
Jamen det har noget at gøre med Pinocchios næse.
10:16
If I were to ask you guys, what do you rely on
198
601078
2359
Hvis jeg spurgte jer ad, hvad støtter I jer til
10:19
when you're looking at somebody and you want to find out
199
603437
2245
når I kigger på nogen og man vil finde ud af
10:21
if they're lying? What cue do you pay attention to?
200
605682
2930
om de lyver? Hvilken tegn ville I holde øje med?
10:24
Most of you would say that one of the cues you look at
201
608612
2430
De fleste af jer ville sige, at en af tegnene man kan holde øje med
10:26
is the eyes. The eyes are the window to the soul.
202
611042
2728
er øjnene. Øjnene er sjælens vindue.
10:29
And you're not alone. Around the world, almost every culture,
203
613770
2403
Og I er ikke alene. Rundt om i verden, i næsten alle kulturer,
10:32
one of the top cues is eyes. But the research
204
616173
2863
er et af de mest populære tegn øjnene. Men forskning
10:34
over the last 50 years says there's actually no reliable cue
205
619036
3824
der er foregået i løbet af de sidste 50 år viser, at der faktisk ikke er noget pålideligt tegn
10:38
to deception, which blew me away, and it's one of
206
622860
2997
til bedrag, hvilket forbavsede mig, og det er en af
10:41
the hard lessons that I learned when I was customs officer.
207
625857
2355
de hårde lektioner som jeg lærte da jeg var tolder.
10:44
The eyes do not tell us whether somebody's lying or not.
208
628212
2430
Øjnene fortæller os ikke om nogen lyver eller ej.
10:46
Some situations, yes -- high stakes, maybe their pupils dilate,
209
630642
3018
Nogle situationer, ja -- høje odds, måske udvider deres pupiller sig,
10:49
their pitch goes up, their body movements change a little bit,
210
633660
3504
deres stemmeleje bliver højere, deres kropssprog ændrer sig lidt,
10:53
but not all the time, not for everybody, it's not reliable.
211
637164
4832
men ikke altid, ikke for alle, det er ikke pålideligt.
10:57
Strange. The other thing is that just because you can't see me
212
641996
3378
Mærkeligt. Den anden ting er, at bare fordi man ikke kan se mig
11:01
doesn't mean I'm going to lie. It's common sense,
213
645374
2419
betyder det ikke at jeg lyver. Det er almindelig fornuft
11:03
but one important finding is that we lie for a reason.
214
647793
2907
men et vigtigt resultat er at der er en grund til vi lyver.
11:06
We lie to protect ourselves or for our own gain
215
650700
2367
Vi lyver for at beskytte os selv eller for vores egen vinding
11:08
or for somebody else's gain.
216
653067
2827
eller for en andens vinding.
11:11
So there are some pathological liars, but they make up
217
655894
1930
Så der er nogle patologiske løgnere, men de udgør
11:13
a tiny portion of the population. We lie for a reason.
218
657824
3513
en lille del af befolkningen. Der er en årsag til at vi lyver.
11:17
Just because people can't see us doesn't mean
219
661337
1631
Bare fordi mennesker ikke kan se os, betyder det ikke
11:18
we're going to necessarily lie.
220
662968
2271
at vi nødvendigvis lyver.
11:21
But I think there's actually something much more
221
665239
1553
Men jeg tror der faktisk sker noget meget mere
11:22
interesting and fundamental going on here. The next big
222
666792
3274
interessant og fundamentalt her. Den næste store ting
11:25
thing for me, the next big idea, we can find by going
223
670066
3797
for mig, den næste store ide, kan vi finde ved at gå
11:29
way back in history to the origins of language.
224
673863
3139
langt tilbage i historien til vores sprogs oprindelser.
11:32
Most linguists agree that we started speaking somewhere
225
677002
3887
De fleste lingvister er enige i at vi begyndte at tale et sted
11:36
between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. That's a long time ago.
226
680889
3168
mellem 50.000 og 100.000 år siden. Det er lang tid siden.
11:39
A lot of humans have lived since then.
227
684057
2616
Mange mennesker har levet siden dengang.
11:42
We've been talking, I guess, about fires and caves
228
686673
2423
Vi har talt, tror jeg, om ild og grotter
11:44
and saber-toothed tigers. I don't know what they talked about,
229
689096
3107
og sabeltigere. Jeg ved ikke hvad de snakkede om,
11:48
but they were doing a lot of talking, and like I said,
230
692203
2518
men de snakkede meget, og som jeg sagde,
11:50
there's a lot of humans evolving speaking,
231
694721
2545
der er mange mennesker der har udviklet tale,
11:53
about 100 billion people in fact.
232
697266
2806
cirka 100 milliarder faktisk.
11:55
What's important though is that writing only emerged
233
700072
2782
Det er dog er vigtigt er, at skrift først opstod
11:58
about 5,000 years ago. So what that means is that
234
702854
3587
for cirka 5.000 år siden. Så det det betyder er,
12:02
all the people before there was any writing,
235
706441
2392
at alle menneskerne der levede før skrift,
12:04
every word that they ever said, every utterance
236
708833
5586
hvert ord de nogensinde sagde, hver ytring,
12:10
disappeared. No trace. Evanescent. Gone.
237
714419
4752
forsvandt. Intet spor. Kortvarigt. Væk.
12:15
So we've been evolving to talk in a way in which
238
719171
4065
Så vi har udviklet talen på en måde hvor
12:19
there is no record. In fact, even the next big change
239
723236
5917
der ikke er nogen registrering. Faktisk, selv den næste store udfordring
12:25
to writing was only 500 years ago now,
240
729153
2468
for skriften kom for kun 500 år siden,
12:27
with the printing press, which is very recent in our past,
241
731621
2379
med trykpressen, som er meget ny i vores historie,
12:29
and literacy rates remained incredibly low right up until World War II,
242
734000
4242
og læsedygtigheden forblev utrolig lav lige indtil anden verdenskrig,
12:34
so even the people of the last two millennia,
243
738242
3384
så selv mennesker i de sidste to årtusinde,
12:37
most of the words they ever said -- poof! -- disappeared.
244
741626
5032
de fleste af de ord de nogensinde sagde -- poof! -- forsvandt.
12:42
Let's turn to now, the networked age.
245
746658
3591
Lad os nu se på netværksalderen.
12:46
How many of you have recorded something today?
246
750249
4712
Hvor mange af jer har optaget noget i dag?
12:50
Anybody do any writing today? Did anybody write a word?
247
754961
3177
Nogen der har skrevet noget i dag? Nogen der har skrevet et ord?
12:54
It looks like almost every single person here recorded something.
248
758138
4226
Det ser ud til at næsten hver eneste person her har optaget noget.
12:58
In this room, right now, we've probably recorded more
249
762364
3048
I dette lokale, lige nu, har vi sikkert optaget mere
13:01
than almost all of human pre-ancient history.
250
765412
4542
end næsten hele menneskeheden i oldtidshistorien.
13:05
That is crazy. We're entering this amazing period
251
769954
3230
Det er vanvittigt. Vi træder i denne utrolige periode
13:09
of flux in human evolution where we've evolved to speak
252
773184
4015
af forandring i den menneskelige evolution hvor vi lærte at tale
13:13
in a way in which our words disappear, but we're in
253
777199
2701
på en måde hvor vores ord forsvandt, men vi er i
13:15
an environment where we're recording everything.
254
779900
2903
et miljø hvor vi optager alt.
13:18
In fact, I think in the very near future, it's not just
255
782803
2337
Faktisk, jeg tror at der i en meget nær fremtid, er det ikke kun
13:21
what we write that will be recorded, everything we do
256
785140
2349
det vi skriver der bliver optaget, alt det vi gør
13:23
will be recorded.
257
787489
2333
vil blive registreret.
13:25
What does that mean? What's the next big idea from that?
258
789822
4456
Hvad betyder det? Hvad er det næste store ide ud fra det?
13:30
Well, as a social scientist, this is the most amazing thing
259
794278
4250
Jamen, som en socialforsker, er dette den meste utrolige ting
13:34
I have ever even dreamed of. Now, I can look at
260
798528
3547
jeg nogensinde har drømt om. Nu kan man se på
13:37
all those words that used to, for millennia, disappear.
261
802075
3611
alle disse ord der plejede at, i årtusinder, forsvinde.
13:41
I can look at lies that before were said and then gone.
262
805686
4248
Jeg kan se på løgne der før blev sagt og så forsvandt.
13:45
You remember those Astroturfing reviews that we were
263
809934
3520
Kan I huske de astroturfing anmeldelser som vi
13:49
talking about before? Well, when they write a fake review,
264
813454
3503
snakkede om før? Jamen, når de skriver en falsk anmeldelse,
13:52
they have to post it somewhere, and it's left behind for us.
265
816957
2704
skal de slå op et sted, og det bliver efterladt til os.
13:55
So one thing that we did, and I'll give you an example of
266
819661
2435
Så en ting vi gjorde, og jeg vil give jer et eksempel af
13:57
looking at the language, is we paid people
267
822096
2495
at se på sproget, er at vi betalte folk
14:00
to write some fake reviews. One of these reviews is fake.
268
824591
3535
til at skrive nogle falske anmeldelser. En af disse anmeldelser er falsk.
14:04
The person never was at the James Hotel.
269
828126
1943
Den person har aldrig været på James Hotel.
14:05
The other review is real. The person stayed there.
270
830069
2922
Den anden anmeldelse er ægte. Personen har været der.
14:08
Now, your task now is to decide
271
832991
3527
Nu er jeres opgave at beslutte
14:12
which review is fake?
272
836518
4073
hvilken anmeldelse er falsk?
14:16
I'll give you a moment to read through them.
273
840591
4186
Jeg giver jer et øjeblik til at gennemlæse dem.
14:20
But I want everybody to raise their hand at some point.
274
844777
2287
Men jeg vil have alle til at løfte hånden i vejret på et tidspunkt.
14:22
Remember, I study deception. I can tell if you don't raise your hand.
275
847064
4231
Husk på, jeg studerer bedrag. Jeg ved det hvis I ikke rækker hånden i vejret.
14:27
All right, how many of you believe that A is the fake?
276
851295
4570
Okay, hvor mange af jer tror på at A er den falske?
14:33
All right. Very good. About half.
277
857894
2142
Okay. Meget godt. Cirka halvdelen.
14:35
And how many of you think that B is?
278
860036
3615
Og hvor mange af jer tor det er B?
14:39
All right. Slightly more for B.
279
863651
2529
Okay. Lidt flere er for B.
14:42
Excellent. Here's the answer.
280
866180
2592
Fremragende. Her er svaret.
14:44
B is a fake. Well done second group. You dominated the first group. (Laughter)
281
868772
6581
B er falsk. Godt klaret gruppe nummer to. I dominerede den første gruppe. (Latter)
14:51
You're actually a little bit unusual. Every time we demonstrate this,
282
875353
2846
I er faktisk en lille smule usædvanlige. Hver gang vi demonstrerer dette,
14:54
it's usually about a 50-50 split, which fits
283
878199
2746
er det typisk en 50-50 deling, hvilket passer
14:56
with the research, 54 percent. Maybe people here
284
880945
2646
med forskningen, 54 procent. Måske er folk her
14:59
in Winnipeg are more suspicious and better at figuring it out.
285
883591
3770
i Winnipeg mere mistænksomme og bedre til at regne den ud.
15:03
Those cold, hard winters, I love it.
286
887361
2688
Disse kolde, hårde vintre, jeg elsker det.
15:05
All right, so why do I care about this?
287
890049
3054
Okay, så hvorfor bekymrer jeg mig om dette?
15:09
Well, what I can do now with my colleagues in computer science
288
893103
3268
Jamen, det jeg kan gøre med mine kolleger i computer videnskab
15:12
is we can create computer algorithms that can analyze
289
896371
3232
er at vi kan skabe computeralgoritmer der kan analysere
15:15
the linguistic traces of deception.
290
899603
2900
de lingvistiske spor af bedrag.
15:18
Let me highlight a couple of things here
291
902503
1833
Lad mig fremhæve et par ting her
15:20
in the fake review. The first is that liars tend to think
292
904336
3443
i den falske anmeldelse. Det første er at løgnere har en tendens til at tænke
15:23
about narrative. They make up a story:
293
907779
1588
på narrativ. De finder på en historie:
15:25
Who? And what happened? And that's what happened here.
294
909367
3186
Hvem? Hvad skete der? Og det er hvad der skete her.
15:28
Our fake reviewers talked about who they were with
295
912553
2289
Vores falske anmeldelser talte om hvem de var sammen med
15:30
and what they were doing. They also used the first person singular, I,
296
914842
4765
og hvad de lavede. De brugte også første person, ental, jeg,
15:35
way more than the people that actually stayed there.
297
919607
2469
meget mere end de mennesker der faktisk boede der.
15:37
They were inserting themselves into the hotel review,
298
922076
4696
De indsatte sig selv i hotelanmeldelsen,
15:42
kind of trying to convince you they were there.
299
926772
1696
for på en måde at overbevise en om at de var der.
15:44
In contrast, the people that wrote the reviews that were actually there,
300
928468
4015
Omvendt, de mennesker der skrev anmeldelserne og faktisk var der,
15:48
their bodies actually entered the physical space,
301
932483
2432
deres kroppe trådte faktisk ind i den fysiske plads,
15:50
they talked a lot more about spatial information.
302
934915
2899
de talte meget mere om rumlig information.
15:53
They said how big the bathroom was, or they said,
303
937814
2517
De fortalte hvor stort badeværelset var, eller de sagde,
15:56
you know, here's how far shopping is from the hotel.
304
940331
4520
I ved, så langt er der til shoppingmuligheder fra hotellet.
16:00
Now, you guys did pretty well. Most people perform at chance at this task.
305
944851
4161
Nu gjorde I det temmelig godt. De fleste mennesker klarer sig ud fra tilfældighed i denne opgave.
16:04
Our computer algorithm is very accurate, much more accurate
306
949012
2758
Vores computer algoritme er meget præcis, meget mere præcis
16:07
than humans can be, and it's not going to be accurate all the time.
307
951770
3291
end menneske kan være, og det vil ikke være præcist hver gang.
16:10
This isn't a deception-detection machine to tell
308
955061
2030
Dette er ikke en bedrag opdagelses maskine der fortæller en
16:12
if your girlfriend's lying to you on text messaging.
309
957091
2501
om ens kæreste lyver overfor en via sms.
16:15
We believe that every lie now, every type of lie --
310
959592
3564
Vi tror at hver løgn nu, hver type løgn --
16:19
fake hotel reviews, fake shoe reviews,
311
963156
3787
falske hotelanmeldelser, falske skoanmeldelser,
16:22
your girlfriend cheating on you with text messaging --
312
966943
2914
at ens kæreste er en utro på en sms besked --
16:25
those are all different lies. They're going to have
313
969857
1505
det er alt sammen forskellige løgne. De kommer til at have
16:27
different patterns of language. But because everything's
314
971362
2859
forskellige sprogmønstre. Men fordi alt nu bliver
16:30
recorded now, we can look at all of those kinds of lies.
315
974221
4689
dokumenteret, kan vi se på alle den slags løgne.
16:34
Now, as I said, as a social scientist, this is wonderful.
316
978910
3993
Som jeg sagde, som en socialforsker, er dette vidunderligt.
16:38
It's transformational. We're going to be able to learn
317
982903
2087
Det er transformerende. Vi bliver i stand til at lære
16:40
so much more about human thought and expression,
318
984990
3802
så meget mere om menneskelige tanker og udtryk,
16:44
about everything from love to attitudes,
319
988792
4398
om alt fra kærlighed til attituder,
16:49
because everything is being recorded now, but
320
993190
1960
fordi alt bliver dokumenteret nu, men
16:51
what does it mean for the average citizen?
321
995150
2404
hvad betyder det for den gennemsnitlige borger?
16:53
What does it mean for us in our lives?
322
997554
2802
Hvad betyder det for os i vores liv?
16:56
Well, let's forget deception for a bit. One of the big ideas,
323
1000356
3673
Jamen, lad os glemme bedrag et øjeblik. En af de store ideer,
16:59
I believe, is that we're leaving these huge traces behind.
324
1004029
3688
mener jeg, er at vi efterlader disse kæmpe mængder af spor.
17:03
My outbox for email is massive,
325
1007717
3216
Min udbakke til e-mail er massiv,
17:06
and I never look at it. I write all the time,
326
1010933
3337
og jeg kigger aldrig i den. Jeg skriver hele tiden,
17:10
but I never look at my record, at my trace.
327
1014270
3438
men jeg kigger aldrig i mine optegnelser, på mit spor.
17:13
And I think we're going to see a lot more of that,
328
1017708
1567
Og jeg tror vi kommer til at se meget mere af det,
17:15
where we can reflect on who we are by looking at
329
1019275
3161
hvor vi kan reflektere på hvem vi er ved at kigge på
17:18
what we wrote, what we said, what we did.
330
1022436
3618
de vi skrev, det vi sagde, det vi gjorde.
17:21
Now, if we bring it back to deception, there's a couple
331
1026054
2272
Hvis vi går tilbage til bedrag, er der et par
17:24
of take-away things here.
332
1028326
1977
take-away ting her.
17:26
First, lying online can be very dangerous, right?
333
1030303
4488
For det første, at lyve online kan være farligt, ikke?
17:30
Not only are you leaving a record for yourself on your machine,
334
1034791
2706
Ikke nok med at man efterlader en optegnelse over en selv på ens maskine,
17:33
but you're leaving a record on the person that you were lying to,
335
1037497
4275
men man efterlader en optegnelse på den person som man fortalte en løgn til,
17:37
and you're also leaving them around for me to analyze
336
1041772
1760
og man efterlader dem også til mig så jeg kan analysere
17:39
with some computer algorithms.
337
1043532
1454
dem med computer algoritmer.
17:40
So by all means, go ahead and do that, that's good.
338
1044986
3173
Så naturligvis, bare gør det, det er godt.
17:44
But when it comes to lying and what we want to do
339
1048159
4154
Men når det kommer til at lyve og hvad vi har lyst til at gøre
17:48
with our lives, I think we can go back to
340
1052313
2553
med vores liv, tror jeg vi kan gå tilbage til
17:50
Diogenes and Confucius. And they were less concerned
341
1054866
3749
Diogenes og Confucius. Og de var mindre bekymrede
17:54
about whether to lie or not to lie, and more concerned about
342
1058615
2832
om om man skulle lyve eller ej, og mere bekymrede over
17:57
being true to the self, and I think this is really important.
343
1061447
3285
at være tro mod sig selv, og jeg mener det er virkelig vigtigt.
18:00
Now, when you are about to say or do something,
344
1064732
4183
Når man er på nippet til at sige eller gøre noget,
18:04
we can think, do I want this to be part of my legacy,
345
1068915
4560
kan vi tænke, vil jeg have at dette er en del af min arv,
18:09
part of my personal record?
346
1073475
2713
en del af mine personlige optegnelser?
18:12
Because in the digital age we live in now,
347
1076188
2657
Fordi i den digitale alder vi lever i nu,
18:14
in the networked age, we are all leaving a record.
348
1078845
4464
i den netværkede alder, efterlader vi alle optegnelser.
18:19
Thank you so much for your time,
349
1083309
1695
Tusind tak for jeres tid,
18:20
and good luck with your record. (Applause)
350
1085004
4447
og held og lykke med jeres optegnelser. (Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jeff Hancock - PsychologistJeff Hancock studies how we interact by email, text message and social media blips, seeking to understand how technology mediates communication.
Why you should listen
Jeff Hancock is fascinated by the words we choose when sending text messages, composing emails and writing online profiles. An Associate Professor of Cognitive Science and Communications at Cornell University, his research has focused on how people use deception and irony when communicating through cell phones and online platforms. His idea: that while the impersonality of online interaction can encourage mild fibbing, the fact that it leaves a permanent record of verifiable facts actually keeps us on the straight and narrow.
Hancock has also studied how we form impressions of others online, how we manage others' impressions of ourselves, and how individual personalities interact with online groups.
Jeff Hancock | Speaker | TED.com