TED@Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
Li Wei Tan: The fascinating science of bubbles, from soap to champagne
Li Wei Tan: Den fascinerende videnskab om bobler fra sæbe til champagne
Filmed:
Readability: 4.1
518,279 views
I denne festlige fremlæggelse og demonstration, deler videnskabsmanden Li Wei Tan sine hemmeligheder om bobler - fra deres ubønhørlige forsøg på at opnå optimal geometri til deres anvendelse i medicin og transport over havet, hvor skibenes effektivitet øges ved at efterligne svømmende pingviner der trækker spor af bobler efter sig. Lær mere om disse matematiske eventyr og dyk ind i den skjulte magi fra verdens daglige job.
Li Wei Tan - Formulation scientist
As a formulation scientist, Li Wei Tan is constantly finding ways to understand why something works and why it doesn't. Full bio
As a formulation scientist, Li Wei Tan is constantly finding ways to understand why something works and why it doesn't. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Some years ago, I was visiting Paris
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For nogle år siden besøgte jeg Paris
00:15
and walking along the Seine River
during a beautiful summer afternoon.
during a beautiful summer afternoon.
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og på en smuk solrig eftermiddag
mens jeg gik langs floden Seinen
mens jeg gik langs floden Seinen
00:19
I saw giant bubbles
floating on the riverbank,
floating on the riverbank,
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så jeg nogle kæmpebobler,
der flød på flodbredden.
der flød på flodbredden.
00:23
like this one.
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ligesom denne.
00:24
The next moment, it popped and was gone.
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I næste øjeblik bristede de,
og var forsvundet.
og var forsvundet.
00:28
Making them were two street performers
surrounded by a crowd.
surrounded by a crowd.
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Det var to gade-kunstnere omringet af
en gruppe mennesker der lavede dem.
en gruppe mennesker der lavede dem.
00:32
They visibly make a living
by asking for donations
by asking for donations
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De levede øjensynligt af
at spørge om donationer
at spørge om donationer
00:36
and by selling pairs of sticks
tied with two strings.
tied with two strings.
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og at sælge pinde-par bundet sammen med
to stykker snor.
to stykker snor.
00:40
When I was there, a man bought
a pair of sticks for 10 euros,
a pair of sticks for 10 euros,
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Mens jeg var der, kom der en mand,
der købte et pindepar for 10 Euro,
der købte et pindepar for 10 Euro,
00:45
which surprised me.
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hvilket overraskede mig.
00:47
I am a scientist who is
passionate about bubbles.
passionate about bubbles.
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Jeg er en forsker med passion
for bobler.
for bobler.
00:51
I know the right trick
to make the giant bubbles
to make the giant bubbles
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Jeg ved at hemmeligheden
bag kæmpebobler
bag kæmpebobler
00:55
is the right soapy water mixture itself --
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er den korrekte blanding af sæbevand
00:58
not the sticks,
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ikke pindene,
00:59
which may be needed,
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som kan være nødvendige,
01:01
but you can easily make them at home.
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men vi nemt kan lave derhjemme.
01:03
Focusing on the sticks makes us not see
that the real tool is the bubble itself.
that the real tool is the bubble itself.
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Fokus på pindene gør, at vi ikke ser, at
det egentlige redskab, er boblen selv.
det egentlige redskab, er boblen selv.
01:10
Bubbles might seem like something
just children make while playing,
just children make while playing,
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Bobler opfattes normalt som
noget børn leger med.
noget børn leger med.
01:16
but sometimes it can be really stunning.
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men sommetider kan bobler være
virkelig betagende.
virkelig betagende.
01:19
However, there are more
fascinating science to bubbles,
fascinating science to bubbles,
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Men, der er en meget
fascinerende videnskab omkring bobler.
fascinerende videnskab omkring bobler.
01:24
such as problem-solving tools.
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såsom problem-løsnings værktøjer.
01:27
So I would like to share with you
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Så jeg vil gerne dele
01:29
a few stories about
the science of creating bubbles
the science of creating bubbles
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et par historier om
videnskaben bag bobler
videnskaben bag bobler
01:33
and the science of eliminating
the microscopic ones.
the microscopic ones.
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og videnskaben bag
eliminering af de mikroskopiske.
eliminering af de mikroskopiske.
01:37
Since it's up on the screen,
let's start with the soap bubble.
let's start with the soap bubble.
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Da det allerede er på skærmen,
så lad os starte med sæbebobler.
så lad os starte med sæbebobler.
01:42
It is made from very common substances:
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De er lavet af
meget almindelige ingredienser:
meget almindelige ingredienser:
01:45
air, water, soap, in the right mixture.
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luft, vand, sæbe,
i den korrekte sammensætning.
i den korrekte sammensætning.
01:50
You can see soap bubbles
constantly changing their colors.
constantly changing their colors.
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Du kan se, at sæbebobler konstant
skifter farve.
skifter farve.
01:53
This is due to the interaction with light
at various directions
at various directions
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Det er på grund af deres interaktion
med lys fra forskellige retninger
med lys fra forskellige retninger
01:58
and the changes of their thickness.
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og ændringer af deres tykkelse.
02:01
One of the common substances,
water molecules,
water molecules,
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En af de almindelige ingredienser:
vandmolekylet,
vandmolekylet,
02:05
are formed by two atoms of hydrogen
and one atom of oxygen -- H2O.
and one atom of oxygen -- H2O.
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er formet af to atomer af hydrogen
og et atom af oxygen... H2O
og et atom af oxygen... H2O
02:12
On most surfaces, water droplets
tend to curve inwards,
tend to curve inwards,
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På de fleste overflader har
vanddråber tendens til at bøje indad
vanddråber tendens til at bøje indad
02:17
forming a semihemisphere shape.
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og dermed forme en halvkugle.
02:20
This is because the water droplet's
surface is like an elastic sheet.
surface is like an elastic sheet.
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Det er fordi vanddråbernes
overflade er elastiske.
overflade er elastiske.
02:25
The water molecule on the surface
is constantly being pulled inwards
is constantly being pulled inwards
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Vandmolekylerne på overfladen bliver
konstant trukket indad
konstant trukket indad
02:29
by the molecule at the center.
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af molekylet i centrum.
02:32
And the quality of the elasticity
is what we call "surface tension."
is what we call "surface tension."
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og kvaliteten af elasticiteten er det,
vi kalder overfladespænding.
vi kalder overfladespænding.
02:38
Now by adding soap,
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Ved at tilsætte sæbe,
02:40
what happens is the soap molecule
reduces the surface tension of water,
reduces the surface tension of water,
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reducerer sæbemolekylet
overfladespændingen af vanddråberne
overfladespændingen af vanddråberne
02:45
making it more elastic
and easier to form bubbles.
and easier to form bubbles.
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hvilket gør det mere elastisk
og lettere at forme til bobler.
og lettere at forme til bobler.
02:50
You can think of a bubble
as a mathematical problem-solver.
as a mathematical problem-solver.
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Du kan tænke på bobler
som en matematisk problemløser.
som en matematisk problemløser.
02:55
You see it relentlessly trying
to achieve geometry perfection.
to achieve geometry perfection.
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Du ser at boblen ubønhørligt prøver
at opnå perfekt geometrisk form.
at opnå perfekt geometrisk form.
03:00
For instance, a sphere is the shape
with the least surface area
with the least surface area
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F.eks. er en kugle den form,
der har mindst overflade areal
der har mindst overflade areal
03:06
for a given volume.
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for en given volumen.
03:08
That's why a single bubble
is always in the shape of a sphere.
is always in the shape of a sphere.
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Det er derfor at en enkelt boble
altid er kugleformet.
altid er kugleformet.
03:12
Let me show you. Check it out.
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Lad mig vise dig. Prøv det.
03:30
This is a single bubble.
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Dette er en enkelt boble.
03:31
When two bubbles touch each other,
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Når to bobler rører hinanden,
03:37
they can save materials
by sharing a common wall.
by sharing a common wall.
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kan de spare overflade-materiale
ved at dele en væg imellem sig.
ved at dele en væg imellem sig.
03:48
When more and more bubbles
are added together,
are added together,
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Når flere og flere
bobler bliver lagt sammen,
bobler bliver lagt sammen,
03:51
their geometry changes.
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ændres deres geometriske form.
03:53
These four bubbles are added together.
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Når fire bobler bliver lagt sammen
03:55
They meet at one point at the center.
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mødes de i et punkt ved centrum.
04:42
When six bubbles are added together,
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Når seks bobler bliver lagt sammen,
04:45
a magical cube appears at the center.
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opstår der en magisk terning i centrum.
04:47
(Applause)
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(Klapsalve)
04:55
That is surface tension at work,
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Det er overfladespændingens arbejde,
04:57
trying to find the most effective
geometry arrangement.
geometry arrangement.
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at prøve at finde
den mest effektive geometriske form.
den mest effektive geometriske form.
05:03
Now, let me give you another example.
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Lad mig give dig et andet eksempel.
05:09
This is a very simple prop.
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Dette er en meget simpel test
05:13
This is made from two layers of plastic
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Den er lavet af to plader af plastik
05:17
with four pins connected to each other.
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med fire pinde mellem de to plader.
05:19
Imagine these four pins represent
four cities that are equally apart,
four cities that are equally apart,
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Forestil dig de fire pinde repræsenterer
fire byer, som er lige langt fra hinanden,
fire byer, som er lige langt fra hinanden,
05:25
and we would like to make roads
to connect these four cities.
to connect these four cities.
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og tænk at vi vil lave veje til
at forbinde de fire byer med hinanden.
at forbinde de fire byer med hinanden.
05:30
My question is: What is the shortest
length to connect these four cities?
length to connect these four cities?
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Mit spørgsmål er: Hvad er den
korteste vej mellem de fire byer?
korteste vej mellem de fire byer?
05:35
Let's find out the answer
by dipping it into the soapy water.
by dipping it into the soapy water.
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Lad os finde ud af svaret
ved at dyppe vores test ned i sæbevandet.
ved at dyppe vores test ned i sæbevandet.
05:43
Remember, the soap bubble forms
will always try to minimize
will always try to minimize
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Husk, at sæbebobler altid vil prøve
at danne former, der minimere
at danne former, der minimere
05:49
their surface area
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deres overflade areal
05:50
with a perfect geometry arrangement.
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med en optimal geometrisk form.
05:54
So the solution might not be
something you expected.
something you expected.
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Løsningen er måske ikke helt den
du forventede.
du forventede.
06:02
The shortest length
to connect these four cities
to connect these four cities
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Den korteste længde til
at forbinde disse fire byer
at forbinde disse fire byer
06:05
is 2.73 times the distance
between these two cities.
between these two cities.
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er 2,73 gange afstanden mellem de to byer.
06:11
(Applause)
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(Klapsalve)
06:17
Now you've got the idea.
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Nu ved du hvad det går ud på.
06:19
The soap bubble forms will always try
to minimize their surface area
to minimize their surface area
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Sæbebobler vil altid prøve at minimere overfladearealet i den dannede form
06:24
with a perfect geometry arrangement.
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ved at optimere det
geometrisk arrangement.
geometrisk arrangement.
06:29
Now, let us look at bubbles
in another perspective.
in another perspective.
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Lad os nu se på bobler
i et andet perspektiv.
i et andet perspektiv.
06:36
My daughter, Zoe, loves visiting zoos.
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Min datter, Zoe, elsker at besøge Zoo.
06:40
Her favorite spot is Penguin Cove
at Marwell Zoo in Southern England,
at Marwell Zoo in Southern England,
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Hendes favorit sted er pingvinernes bugt
ved Marwell Zoo i Sydengland,
ved Marwell Zoo i Sydengland,
06:46
where she could see penguins
swim at speed under the water.
swim at speed under the water.
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hvor hun kan se pingviner svømme
med høj hastighed under vandet.
med høj hastighed under vandet.
06:51
One day, she noticed
that the body of penguins
that the body of penguins
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En dag bemærkede hun
at pingvinernes krop
at pingvinernes krop
06:55
leaves a trail of bubbles when they swim
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efterlader en række af bobler,
når de svømmer
når de svømmer
06:58
and asked why.
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og hun spurgte hvorfor.
07:00
Animals and birds like penguins
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Dyr og fugle som pingviner
07:03
that spend a lot of their time
under the water
under the water
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der bruger en stor del af deres tid
under vand
under vand
07:06
have evolved an ingenious way
of utilizing the capability of bubbles
of utilizing the capability of bubbles
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har udviklet en genial måde at
udnytte boblers egenskaber
udnytte boblers egenskaber
07:13
to reduce the density of water.
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til at reducere massefylden af vand.
07:17
Emperor penguins are thought to be able
to dive a few hundred meters
to dive a few hundred meters
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Konge pingviner menes at kunne dykke
nogle hundrede meter
nogle hundrede meter
07:21
below the sea surface.
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under havoverfladen.
07:24
They are thought to store
the air under their feathers
the air under their feathers
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De oplagrer luft under deres fjer
07:28
before they dive
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inden de dykker,
07:29
and then progressively release it
as a cloud of bubbles.
as a cloud of bubbles.
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og så gradvist frigøre det
i en sky af bobler.
i en sky af bobler.
07:35
This reduces the density
of water surrounding them,
of water surrounding them,
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Dette reducerer massefylden af vand
omkring dem
omkring dem
07:38
making it easier to swim through
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hvilket gør det nemmere at svømme
gennem vandet,
gennem vandet,
07:41
and speed up their swimming speed
at least 40 percent.
at least 40 percent.
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og gør det muligt at øge
hastigheden med mindst 40%.
hastigheden med mindst 40%.
07:47
This feature has been noticed
by the ship manufacturers.
by the ship manufacturers.
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Dette fænomen er blevet bemærket
af fremstillerne af skibe.
af fremstillerne af skibe.
07:52
I am talking about the big ships here,
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Jeg taler her om de store skibe.
07:55
the ones that are used to transport
thousands of containers across the ocean.
thousands of containers across the ocean.
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de skibe, der transporterer
tusindvis af containere over havene.
tusindvis af containere over havene.
08:01
Recently, they developed a system
called "air lubricating system,"
called "air lubricating system,"
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For nyligt udviklede de et system kaldet:
"luft flyde system."
"luft flyde system."
08:06
inspired by the penguins.
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inspireret af pingviner.
08:09
In this system, they produce
a lot of air bubbles
a lot of air bubbles
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I det system, produceres
en masse luftbobler
en masse luftbobler
08:13
and redistribute them across
the whole of the ship,
the whole of the ship,
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som fordeles på tværs af hele skibet.
08:18
like an air carpet
that reduces the water resistance
that reduces the water resistance
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Som et lufttæppe reducerer
dette vandets modstand
dette vandets modstand
08:22
when a ship is moving.
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når skibet bevæger sig.
08:26
This feature cuts off the energy
consumption for the ship
consumption for the ship
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Dette fænomen nedsætter
energi-forbruget for skibet
energi-forbruget for skibet
08:30
up to 15 percent.
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med op til 15%.
08:34
Bubbles can also be used for medicines.
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Bobler kan også benyttes til medicin.
08:38
It can also play a role in medicines,
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Det kan spille en
vigtig rolle i medicin.
vigtig rolle i medicin.
08:42
for instance, as a method for noninvasive
delivery systems for drugs and genes
delivery systems for drugs and genes
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f.eks. som sikker transport
af medicin og gener
af medicin og gener
08:49
to a specific part of the body.
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til en specifik del af kroppen.
08:52
Imagine a microbubble
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Forestil dig mikro-bobler
08:54
filled with a mixture
of drugs and magnetic agents
of drugs and magnetic agents
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fyldt med en blanding
af medicin og magnetiske stoffer
af medicin og magnetiske stoffer
08:58
being injected into our bloodstream.
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bliver sprøjtet ind i vores blodårer.
09:02
The bubbles will move to the target areas.
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Boblerne vil bevæge sig
til destinationen.
til destinationen.
09:05
But how do they know where to go?
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Men, hvordan ved de hvor de skal hen?
09:08
Because we placed a magnet there.
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Fordi vi har placeret en magnet der.
09:10
For instance, this part of my hand.
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for eksempel denne del af min hånd.
09:12
When the microbubbles
move to this part of my hand,
move to this part of my hand,
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Når mikro-boblerne bevæger sig
til denne del af min hånd
til denne del af min hånd
09:16
we can pop it via ultrasound
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kan vi sprænge den med ultralyd
09:20
and release the drug
exactly where it's needed.
exactly where it's needed.
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og frigøre lægemidlet præcis der,
hvor det skal bruges.
hvor det skal bruges.
09:25
Now, I mentioned about
the science of creating bubbles.
the science of creating bubbles.
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Nu har jeg forklaret lidt om emnet
at lave bobler.
at lave bobler.
09:29
But sometimes we also need to remove them.
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Men sommetider er vi også nødt til
at fjerne bobler.
at fjerne bobler.
09:33
That's actually part of my job.
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Det er faktisk en del
af mit arbejde.
af mit arbejde.
09:36
My exact job title is
"ink formulation scientist."
"ink formulation scientist."
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Min eksakte erhvervstitel er:
"blæk formel forsker"
"blæk formel forsker"
09:41
But I don't work on the ink
that you use for your writing pens.
that you use for your writing pens.
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Men det er ikke den type blæk,
du benytter til din skriveredskaber.
du benytter til din skriveredskaber.
09:46
I'm working on some cool applications
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Jeg arbejder med nogle
meget seje anvendelser
meget seje anvendelser
09:49
such as organic photovoltaics, OPVs,
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såsom brug til solceller -
Organiske PhotoVoltaik (OPVs)
Organiske PhotoVoltaik (OPVs)
09:53
and organic light-emitting diodes, OLEDs.
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og brug til dioder -
Organiske Lys-Emitterende Dioder (OLEDs)
Organiske Lys-Emitterende Dioder (OLEDs)
09:57
Part of my job is to figure out
how and why we want to remove the bubbles
how and why we want to remove the bubbles
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Mit job er at finde ud af hvordan og
hvorfor boblerne skal fjernes
hvorfor boblerne skal fjernes
10:03
from the ink that my company produces.
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fra den blæk som mit firma producerer.
10:06
During the formulation-mixing process,
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Gennem formel-blandings processen
10:10
or preparation process,
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eller den forberedende process,
10:12
we mix active ingredients,
solvents and additives
solvents and additives
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blander vi aktive stoffer,
opløsningsmidler og tilsætningsstoffer
opløsningsmidler og tilsætningsstoffer
10:18
in order to achieve the formulations
with the properties we want
with the properties we want
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for at opnå en formel med
de egenskaber, som vi ønsker
de egenskaber, som vi ønsker
10:22
when the ink is being used.
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ved brug af blækket.
10:25
But just like you would make drinks
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Men ligesom når
du laver drinks
du laver drinks
10:28
or bake cakes,
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eller bager kager,
10:29
it is unavoidable that some air bubbles
will be trapped inside that ink.
will be trapped inside that ink.
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er det uundgåeligt at
bobler fanges i blækket.
bobler fanges i blækket.
10:35
Here, we are talking
about a different space
about a different space
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Det er dog noget ganske andet
10:38
from the bubbles I'd seen in Paris.
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end de bobler jeg så i Paris.
10:42
The bubbles that are trapped
inside those inks
inside those inks
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De bobler som fanges i blækket
10:45
vary between a few millimeters,
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varierer mellem nogle få millimeter
10:48
a few microns
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og nogle få mikrometer
10:49
or even a few nanometers in size.
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eller endda nogle få nanometer
i størrelse.
i størrelse.
10:52
And what we are concerned about
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Og det der bekymrer os
10:54
is the oxygen and the moisture
that is trapped inside.
that is trapped inside.
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er den ilt og fugt der er fanget indeni.
10:58
At this size scale,
removing them is not easy.
removing them is not easy.
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At fjerne dem i denne skala er ikke nemt.
11:04
But it matters,
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Men det betyder noget
11:06
for instance, for organic
light-emitting diodes inks
light-emitting diodes inks
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f.eks. for organisk
lys-emitterende diode blæk
lys-emitterende diode blæk
11:11
that we can use to produce display
for your smartphone, for example.
for your smartphone, for example.
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som vi bruger f.eks. til
skærmen på din mobiltelefon.
skærmen på din mobiltelefon.
11:19
It's supposed to last for many years,
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Det er hensigten,
at den skal holde i mange år,
at den skal holde i mange år,
11:21
but if the ink that we use has been
absorbed with oxygen and moisture
absorbed with oxygen and moisture
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men hvis den blæk, som vi benytter,
har absorberet ilt og fugt,
har absorberet ilt og fugt,
11:26
[which] are not being removed,
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og det ikke er blevet fjernet,
11:29
then we can quickly see
dark spots appear in the pixels.
dark spots appear in the pixels.
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vil vi hurtigt se mørke pletter i
flere af billedets pixel.
flere af billedets pixel.
11:34
Now, one challenge we face
in removing the microbubbles
in removing the microbubbles
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En af de udfordringer vi har
ved at fjerne mikro-bobler,
ved at fjerne mikro-bobler,
11:41
is that they are not very cooperative.
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er at de ikke er
særligt samarbejdsvillige.
særligt samarbejdsvillige.
11:45
They like to sit there,
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De vil gerne blive der
11:47
bathing in the ink without moving much.
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og bade i blæk uden at flytte sig meget.
11:50
But how do we kick them out?
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Men hvordan sparker vi dem ud?
11:54
One technology we use
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En teknologi vi bruger
11:56
is to force the ink going through
a thin, long and tiny tube
a thin, long and tiny tube
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er at tvinge blækken gennem
et tyndt, langt og lille rør
et tyndt, langt og lille rør
12:02
with a porous wall,
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med en porøs væg.
12:04
and we place the tubes
inside the vacuum chamber,
inside the vacuum chamber,
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Rørene placeres
i et lufttomt rum,
i et lufttomt rum,
12:07
so that the bubbles can be
squeezed out from the ink
squeezed out from the ink
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således at boblerne
presses ud af blækken
presses ud af blækken
12:12
and be removed.
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og dermed fjernes.
12:14
Once we manage to remove the bubbles
from the ink that we produce,
from the ink that we produce,
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Når vi har fjernet boblerne fra
den blæk vi producerer,
den blæk vi producerer,
12:21
it is time for celebration.
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er det tid til en fest.
12:25
Let's open a bubbling champagne.
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Lad os åbne en flaske boblende champagne.
12:35
Ooh, this is going to be fun!
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Åh, det bliver sjovt!
12:37
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
12:42
Woooo!
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Wauw!
12:44
(Applause)
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(Klapsalver)
12:52
You could see a lot of bubbles
rushing out from the champagne bottle.
rushing out from the champagne bottle.
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Du kan se en masse bobler,
som skynder sig ud af champagne flasken.
som skynder sig ud af champagne flasken.
12:58
These are the bubbles
filled with carbon dioxide,
filled with carbon dioxide,
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Det er bobler fyldt med kuldioxid,
13:02
a gas that's been produced during
the fermentation process of the wine.
the fermentation process of the wine.
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en gas som bliver produceret
ved fermenterings processen af vinen.
ved fermenterings processen af vinen.
13:09
Let me pour some out.
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Lad mig hælde noget op.
13:12
I can't miss the chance.
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Det vil jeg ikke gå glip af.
13:22
I guess it's enough.
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Jeg tænker, det er nok.
13:24
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
13:29
Here, I can see a lot of microbubbles
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Her, kan jeg se en masse mikro-bobler,
13:34
moving from the bottom of the glass
to the top of the champagne.
to the top of the champagne.
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der bevæger sig fra bunden af glasset
til toppen af champagnen.
til toppen af champagnen.
13:40
Before it pops,
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Lige inden boblerne brister,
13:42
it will jet tiny droplets
of aroma molecules
of aroma molecules
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giver de fart til små dråber
af smags molekyler,
af smags molekyler,
13:47
and intensify the flavor of champagne,
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som gør smagen af champagnen
mere intens,
mere intens,
13:51
making us enjoy much more
the flavor of champagne.
the flavor of champagne.
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hvilket gør, at vi nyder smagen
af champagnen meget mere.
af champagnen meget mere.
13:56
As a scientist who is
passionate about bubbles,
passionate about bubbles,
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Som forsker med passion for bobler
13:59
I love to see them,
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elsker jeg at iagttage dem,
14:02
I love to play with them,
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jeg elsker at lege med dem,
14:04
and I love to study them.
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og jeg elsker at studere dem,
14:06
And also, I love to drink them.
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og jeg elsker også at drikke dem.
14:09
Thank you.
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Tak.
14:10
(Applause)
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(klapsalve)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Li Wei Tan - Formulation scientistAs a formulation scientist, Li Wei Tan is constantly finding ways to understand why something works and why it doesn't.
Why you should listen
For Li Wei Tan, curiosity is a primary motivation of her work. A senior scientist for Merck KGaA Darmstadt, Germany in Chilworth, United Kingdom, she is responsible for developing ink formulations, new materials and integrations into the company's OPV portfolios, including providing technical advice to new customers. Previously, she worked in Merck's organic electronics R&D group. Her formal studies have straddled fields of nanotechnologies, material science and analytical chemistry.
Li Wei Tan | Speaker | TED.com