TEDGlobal 2010
Nic Marks: The Happy Planet Index
Nic Marks: Den Lykkelige Planet-indekset
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Statistiker Nic Marks spørger hvorfor vi måler en nations succes på dens produktivitet -- i stedet for folkets lykke og velbefindende. Han introducerer Den Lykkelige Planet-indekset, som måler nationalt velbefindende op mod ressourceforbrug (fordi et lykkeligt liv ikke behøver være på bekostning af jorden). Hvilke lande rangerer højest i DLP-indekset? Du vil måske blive overrasket.
Nic Marks - Happiness researcher
Nic Marks gathers evidence about what makes us happy, and uses it to promote policy that puts the well-being of people and the planet first. He's the founder of the Centre for Well-Being at the UK think tank New Economics Foundation (NEF). Full bio
Nic Marks gathers evidence about what makes us happy, and uses it to promote policy that puts the well-being of people and the planet first. He's the founder of the Centre for Well-Being at the UK think tank New Economics Foundation (NEF). Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Martin Luther King
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Martin Luther King
00:19
did not say,
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sagde ikke
00:21
"I have a nightmare,"
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"Jeg har et mareridt,"
00:23
when he inspired the civil rights movements.
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da han inspirerede menneskerettighedsbevægelserne.
00:26
He said, "I have a dream."
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Han sagde, "Jeg har en drøm."
00:29
And I have a dream.
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Og jeg har en drøm.
00:31
I have a dream that we can stop thinking
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Jeg har den drøm, at vi kan stoppe med at tænke
00:33
that the future will be a nightmare,
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at fremtiden vil blive et mareridt,
00:36
and this is going to be a challenge,
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og det bliver en udfordring,
00:38
because, if you think
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fordi, hvis I tænker
00:40
of every major blockbusting film of recent times,
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på alle de store blockbustere fra nyere tid,
00:44
nearly all of its visions for humanity
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er næsten alle deres visioner om menneskeheden
00:47
are apocalyptic.
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apokalyptiske.
00:49
I think this film
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Jeg synes denne film
00:51
is one of the hardest watches of modern times, "The Road."
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er en af de hårdeste fra nyere tid, "The Road".
00:54
It's a beautiful piece of filmmaking,
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Det er et smukt stykke film,
00:56
but everything is desolate,
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men alting er nedtrykt,
00:58
everything is dead.
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alt er dødt.
01:01
And just a father and son
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Ligesom en far og hans søn
01:03
trying to survive, walking along the road.
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der går langs vejen og forsøger at overleve.
01:06
And I think the environmental movement
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Og jeg tror at miljøbevægelsen,
01:08
of which I am a part of
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som jeg er en del af,
01:10
has been complicit
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har bidraget negativt
01:12
in creating this vision of the future.
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til at skabe denne vision for fremtiden.
01:14
For too long,
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I for lang tid
01:16
we have peddled a nightmarish vision
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har vi promoveret et mareridtsagtigt billede af,
01:18
of what's going to happen.
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hvad der kommer til at ske.
01:20
We have focused on the worst-case scenario.
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Vi har fokuseret på det værst tænkelige scenarie.
01:23
We have focused on the problems.
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Vi har fokuseret på problemerne.
01:25
And we have not thought enough
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Og vi har ikke tænkt nok
01:27
about the solutions.
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på løsningerne.
01:29
We've used fear, if you like,
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Vi har brugt frygt, om I vil,
01:31
to grab people's attention.
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for at fange folks opmærksomhed.
01:34
And any psychologist will tell you
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Og enhver psykolog vil sige,
01:37
that fear in the organism
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at frygt i organismen
01:39
is linked to flight mechanism.
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hænger sammen med flugt-mekanismen.
01:41
It's part of the fight and flight mechanism,
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Det er en del af kamp/flugt-mekanismen
01:44
that when an animal is frightened --
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at når et dyr er bange --
01:46
think of a deer.
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tænk på en hjort.
01:48
A deer freezes very, very still,
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En hjort står helt, helt stille,
01:51
poised to run away.
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klar til at løbe væk.
01:53
And I think that's what we're doing
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Og jeg tror det er dét, vi gør,
01:55
when we're asking people to engage with our agenda
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når vi beder folk om at engagere sig i vores agenda,
01:58
around environmental degradation and climate change.
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omkring miljømæssig nedbrydelse og klimaforandringer.
02:01
People are freezing and running away
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Folk stopper op, og løber væk
02:04
because we're using fear.
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fordi vi bruger frygt.
02:06
And I think the environmental movement has to grow up
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Og jeg tror miljøbevægelsen må se at blive voksne
02:09
and start to think about
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og begynde at tænke på
02:11
what progress is.
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hvad fremskridt er.
02:13
What would it be like to be improving the human lot?
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Hvordan ville det være at forbedre menneskearten?
02:16
And one of the problems that we face, I think,
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Og et af problemerne, tror jeg,
02:18
is that the only people that have cornered the market
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er at de eneste folk, der har berørt området
02:21
in terms of progress
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i forhold til fremskridt
02:23
is a financial definition of what progress is,
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er en finansiel definition af, hvad fremskridt er,
02:26
an economic definition of what progress is --
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en økonomisk definition af, hvad fremskridt er --
02:29
that somehow,
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at på én eller anden måde,
02:31
if we get the right numbers to go up,
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hvis vi får tallene til at gå op,
02:33
we're going to be better off,
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så får vi det bedre,
02:36
whether that's on the stock market,
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hvad enten det er på aktiemarkedet
02:38
whether that's with GDP
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eller mht. til BNP
02:40
and economic growth,
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og økonomisk vækst,
02:42
that somehow life is going to get better.
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at på én eller anden måde bliver livet bedre.
02:44
This is somehow appealing to human greed
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Det er ret tiltalende for menneskets grådighed
02:47
instead of fear --
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i stedet for frygt --
02:49
that more is better.
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at mere er bedre.
02:51
Come on. In the Western world, we have enough.
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Helt ærligt. I den vestlige verden har vi jo nok.
02:54
Maybe some parts of the world don't, but we have enough.
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Måske har nogen dele af verden ikke, men vi har nok.
02:57
And we've know for a long time that this is not a good measure
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Og vi har vidst i lang tid, at dette ikke er et godt mål
03:00
of the welfare of nations.
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af landes velfærd.
03:02
In fact, the architect of our national accounting system,
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Rent faktisk sagde arkitekten for vores nationalregnskaber,
03:05
Simon Kuznets, in the 1930s,
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Simon Kuznets, i 1930'erne,
03:08
said that, "A nation's welfare
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at "En nations velfærd
03:10
can scarcely be inferred from their national income."
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kan stort set ikke påvirkes af den nationale indkomst."
03:13
But we've created a national accounting system
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Men vi har skabt et nationalregnskab,
03:15
which is firmly based on production
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som er solidt baseret på produktion
03:17
and producing stuff.
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og det at producere ting.
03:19
And indeed, this is probably historical, and it had its time.
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Dette er bestemt historisk, og det har haft sin storhedstid.
03:22
In the second World War, we needed to produce a lot of stuff.
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Under Anden Verdenskrig var vi nødt til at producere en masse ting.
03:25
And indeed, we were so successful at producing certain types of stuff
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Og vi var så gode til at producere bestemte typer af ting,
03:28
that we destroyed a lot of Europe, and we had to rebuild it afterwards.
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at vi ødelagde en stor del af Europa, og var nødt til at genopbygge det efterfølgende.
03:31
And so our national accounting system
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Og så er vores nationalregnskaber
03:33
became fixated on what we can produce.
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blevet fikseret på, hvad vi kan producere.
03:36
But as early as 1968,
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Men så tidligt som i 1968
03:39
this visionary man, Robert Kennedy,
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gav den visionære mand, Robert Kennedy,
03:42
at the start of his ill-fated presidential campaign,
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ved begyndelsen af hans skæbnesvangre præsidentkampagne,
03:45
gave the most eloquent deconstruction
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den mest markante dekonstruktion
03:48
of gross national product
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af bruttonationalproduktet,
03:50
that ever has been.
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der nogensinde er set.
03:52
And he finished his talk with the phrase,
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Han sluttede talen med sætningen:
03:55
that, "The gross national product
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"Bruttonationalproduktet
03:57
measures everything except that
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måler alt, undtagen dét,
04:00
which makes life worthwhile."
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som gør livet værd at leve."
04:02
How crazy is that? That our measure of progress,
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Er det ikke skørt? At vores mål af fremskridt,
04:05
our dominant measure of progress in society,
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vores dominerende mål af fremskridt i samfundet,
04:08
is measuring everything
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måler alting,
04:10
except that which makes life worthwhile?
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undtaget dét, som gør livet værd at leve?
04:13
I believe, if Kennedy was alive today,
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Jeg tror, at hvis Kennedy var i live i dag,
04:16
he would be asking statisticians such as myself
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ville han bede statistikere som mig
04:19
to go out and find out
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om at gå ud og finde det,
04:21
what makes life worthwhile.
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som gør livet værd at leve.
04:23
He'd be asking us to redesign
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Han ville bede os om at omforme
04:25
our national accounting system
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vores nationalregnskaber
04:27
to be based upon
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så de var baseret på vigtige ting,
04:29
such important things as social justice,
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såsom social retfærdighed,
04:32
sustainability
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bæredygtighed
04:34
and people's well-being.
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og folkets velbefindende.
04:36
And actually, social scientists have already gone out
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Og faktisk har samfundsvidenskabelige forskere allerede været ude
04:38
and asked these questions around the world.
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og stille disse spørgsmål rundt omkring i verden.
04:40
This is from a global survey.
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Det her er fra en global undersøgelse.
04:42
It's asking people, what do they want.
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Folk bliver spurgt om, hvad de vil have.
04:45
And unsurprisingly, people all around the world
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Ikke overraskende siger folk fra hele verden
04:48
say that what they want
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at dét, de vil have
04:50
is happiness, for themselves,
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er lykke, både for dem selv,
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for their families, their children,
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og for deres familier, deres børn,
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their communities.
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deres lokalsamfund,
04:56
Okay, they think money is slightly important.
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Okay, de synes penge er lidt vigtigt.
04:58
It's there, but it's not nearly as important as happiness,
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Penge er der, men er ikke nær så vigtige som lykke,
05:01
and it's not nearly as important as love.
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og det er ikke nær så vigtigt som kærlighed.
05:04
We all need to love and be loved in life.
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Vi har alle brug for at elske og blive elsket her i livet.
05:07
It's not nearly as important as health.
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Det er ikke nær så vigtigt som sundhed.
05:09
We want to be healthy and live a full life.
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Vi vil være sunde og leve livet fuldt ud.
05:12
These seem to be natural human aspirations.
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Det lader til at være naturlige menneskelige aspirationer.
05:15
Why are statisticians not measuring these?
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Hvorfor måler statistikerne ikke disse?
05:18
Why are we not thinking of the progress of nations in these terms,
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Hvorfor tænker vi ikke på landes fremskridt ift. disse ting,
05:21
instead of just how much stuff we have?
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i stedet for ift. hvor meget ragelse vi har?
05:24
And really, this is what I've done with my adult life --
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Dette er faktisk hvad jeg har brugt hele mit voksne liv på --
05:27
is think about how do we measure happiness,
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at tænke over hvordan vi måler lykke,
05:29
how do we measure well-being,
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hvordan vi måler folks velbefindende,
05:31
how can we do that within environmental limits.
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hvordan vi kan gøre det indenfor miljømæssige rammer.
05:33
And we created, at the organization that I work for,
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Og hos den organisation, jeg arbejder for,
05:35
the New Economics Foundation,
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nemlig New Economics Foundation,
05:37
something we call the Happy Planet Index,
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skabte vi noget, vi kalder Den Lykkelige Planet-indekset,
05:40
because we think people should be happy and the planet should be happy.
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fordi vi synes at folk skal være glade, og planeten skal være glad.
05:43
Why don't we create a measure of progress that shows that?
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Hvorfor opfinder vi ikke et middel til at måle dét?
05:46
And what we do,
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Og det vi gør,
05:48
is we say that the ultimate outcome of a nation
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er at vi siger, at den ultimative gevinst for en nation,
05:50
is how successful is it
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er at have evnen til
05:52
at creating happy and healthy lives for its citizens.
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at skabe lykkelige og sunde liv for dens borgere.
05:55
That should be the goal
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Det bør være målet
05:57
of every nation on the planet.
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for enhver nation på planeten.
05:59
But we have to remember
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Men vi skal huske
06:01
that there's a fundamental input to that,
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at der en fundamental omkostning ved det,
06:04
and that is how many of the planet's resources we use.
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og det er antallet af jordens ressourcer, vi bruger.
06:07
We all have one planet. We all have to share it.
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Vi har alle én planet. Vi er nødt til at dele den.
06:10
It is the ultimate scarce resource,
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Den ultimative knaphedsressource
06:13
the one planet that we share.
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er den planet, vi deler.
06:16
And economics is very interested in scarcity.
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I økonomi er man vældig interesseret i knaphed.
06:19
When it has a scarce resource
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Når der findes en knaphedsressource
06:21
that it wants to turn into
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som man ønsker at lave om
06:23
a desirable outcome,
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til en ønsket gevinst,
06:25
it thinks in terms of efficiency.
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tænker man på effektivitet.
06:28
It thinks in terms of how much bang do we get for our buck.
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Man tænker på hvor meget man får for pengene.
06:31
And this is a measure of how much well-being
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Og dette er et mål for, hvor meget velfærd
06:33
we get for our planetary resource use.
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vi får for vores planetariske ressourceforbrug.
06:36
It is an efficiency measure.
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Det er et mål for effektiviteten.
06:38
And probably the easiest way to show you that,
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Den letteste måde at vise jer det på, er formentlig
06:41
is to show you this graph.
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at vise jer den her graf.
06:43
Running horizontally along the graph,
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På den horisontale akse
06:46
is "ecological footprint,"
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er "økologiske fodspor",
06:48
which is a measure of how much resources we use
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som måler hvor mange ressourcer vi bruger
06:51
and how much pressure we put on the planet.
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og hvor meget pres, vi udsætter planeten for.
06:53
More is bad.
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Jo mere, jo værre.
06:55
Running vertically upwards,
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På den vertikale akse
06:57
is a measure called "happy life years."
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er antallet af "lykkeligt liv-år".
06:59
It's about the well-being of nations.
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Det handler om nationernes velbefindende.
07:01
It's like a happiness adjusted life-expectancy.
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Forventet levetid justeret for lykke.
07:04
It's like quality and quantity of life in nations.
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Nationers kvalitative og kvanitative sider af livet.
07:07
And the yellow dot there you see, is the global average.
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Og den gule prik der, er det globale gennemsnit.
07:10
Now, there's a huge array of nations
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Der er dog en stor margin af lande
07:12
around that global average.
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omkring det globale gennemsnit.
07:14
To the top right of the graph,
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Oppe i højre hjørne
07:17
are countries which are doing reasonably well and producing well-being,
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ligger lande, som klarer sig ret godt, og producerer lykke,
07:20
but they're using a lot of planet to get there.
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men de udnytter meget af planeten til gengæld.
07:22
They are the U.S.A.,
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Det er USA,
07:24
other Western countries going across in those triangles
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andre vestlige lande
07:27
and a few Gulf states in there actually.
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og et par Golfstater.
07:29
Conversely, at the bottom left of the graph,
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Omvendt, nederst i venstre hjørne,
07:32
are countries that are not producing much well-being --
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er lande der ikke producerer meget lykke --
07:35
typically, sub-Saharan Africa.
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typisk subsaharisk Afrika.
07:38
In Hobbesian terms,
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Som Thomas Hobbes sagde,
07:40
life is short and brutish there.
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er livet kort og råt der.
07:42
The average life expectancy in many of these countries
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Den gennemsnitlige forventede levetid i mange af disse lande,
07:45
is only 40 years.
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er kun 40 år.
07:48
Malaria, HIV/AIDS
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Malaria og HIV/AIDS
07:50
are killing a lot of people
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slår mange mennesker ihjel
07:52
in these regions of the world.
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i de regioner.
07:54
But now for the good news!
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Men nu til de gode nyheder!
07:56
There are some countries up there, yellow triangles,
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Der er nogle lande heroppe, gule trekanter,
07:58
that are doing better than global average,
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som klarer sig bedre end gennemsnittet,
08:00
that are heading up towards the top left of the graph.
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og er på vej op til øverste venstre hjørne af grafen.
08:02
This is an aspirational graph.
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Dette er en aspirationsgraf.
08:04
We want to be top left, where good lives don't cost the earth.
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Vi ønsker at være øverst til venstre, hvor gode liv ikke leves på jordens bekostning.
08:07
They're Latin American.
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De er latinamerikanske.
08:09
The country on its own up at the top
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Landet for sig selv i toppen
08:11
is a place I haven't been to.
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er et land, jeg ikke har været i.
08:13
Maybe some of you have.
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Måske har nogen af jer.
08:15
Costa Rica.
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Costa Rica.
08:19
Costa Rica --
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Costa Rica --
08:21
average life expectancy is 78-and-a-half years.
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forventet levetid er 78,5 år.
08:24
That is longer than in the USA.
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Det er længere end i USA.
08:28
They are, according to the latest Gallup world poll,
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De er, ifølge Gallups seneste måling,
08:31
the happiest nation on the planet --
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den lykkeligste nation på planeten --
08:34
than anybody; more than Switzerland and Denmark.
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mere lykkelige end Schweiz og Danmark.
08:37
They are the happiest place.
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Det er den lykkeligste nation.
08:39
They are doing that
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Og de er kun baseret
08:41
on a quarter of the resources
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på en fjerdedel af de ressourcer,
08:43
that are used typically in [the] Western world --
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som den vestlige verden typisk bruger --
08:46
a quarter of the resources.
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en fjerdedel af ressourcerne.
08:49
What's going on there?
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Hvad sker der dér?
08:52
What's happening in Costa Rica?
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Hvad sker der i Costa Rica?
08:54
We can look at some of the data.
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Vi kan se på nogle data.
08:56
99 percent of their electricity comes from renewable resources.
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99 % af deres elektricitet kommer fra vedvarende kilder.
08:59
Their government is one of the first to commit
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Deres regering er en af de første, der har lovet
09:01
to be carbon neutral by 2021.
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at være CO2-neutrale ved året 2021.
09:04
They abolished the army
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De afskaffede hæren
09:07
in 1949 --
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i 1949 --
09:09
1949.
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1949.
09:11
And they invested in social programs --
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Og de investerede i sociale projekter --
09:13
health and education.
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sundhed og uddannelse.
09:15
They have one of the highest literacy rates in Latin America
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Nationen har en af de største læsefærdigheds-rater i Latinamerika,
09:18
and in the world.
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og i resten af verden.
09:20
And they have that Latin vibe, don't they.
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Og de har den sydamerikanske stil, ikke?
09:22
They have the social connectedness.
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De har den sociale sammenhørighed.
09:24
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
09:26
The challenge is, that possibly -- and the thing we might have to think about --
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Udfordringen er, at måske -- og noget som vi skal tænke på --
09:29
is that the future
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at fremtiden
09:31
might not be North American,
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måske ikke tilhører Nordamerika,
09:33
might not be Western European.
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måske ikke Vesteuropa.
09:35
It might be Latin American.
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Måske tilhører den Latinamerika.
09:38
And the challenge, really,
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Og den virkelige udfordring er,
09:40
is to pull the global average up here.
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at trække det globale gennemsnit herop.
09:43
That's what we need to do.
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Det er dét, vi skal.
09:45
And if we're going to do that,
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Og hvis det skal lade sig gøre,
09:47
we need to pull countries from the bottom,
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er vi nødt til at trække lande op fra bunden,
09:50
and we need to pull countries from the right of the graph.
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og vi skal trække lande fra højre mod venstre på grafen.
09:53
And then we're starting to create a happy planet.
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Og så er vi i gang med at skabe en lykkelig planet.
09:56
That's one way of looking at it.
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Det er én måde at se det på.
09:58
Another way of looking at it is looking at time trends.
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En anden måde kan være at se på tidens tendenser.
10:00
We don't have good data going back for every country in the world,
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Vi har ikke tilstrækkelige historiske data for hvert land i verden,
10:03
but for some of the richest countries, the OECD group, we do.
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men vi har data for nogle af de rigeste lande, OECD-landene.
10:06
And this is the trend in well-being over that time,
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Det her er tendensen i velbefindende over denne givne periode,
10:09
a small increase,
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en lille stigning,
10:11
but this is the trend in ecological footprint.
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men det her er tendensen i "økologisk fodaftryk".
10:13
And so in strict happy-planet methodology,
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Så i lykkelig-planet metodologi,
10:16
we've become less efficient
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er vi blevet mindre effektive
10:18
at turning our ultimate scarce resource
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til at forvandle vores vigtigste knaphedsressource
10:20
into the outcome we want to.
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til den gevinst, vi ønsker.
10:23
And the point really is, is that I think,
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Og pointen er, at jeg tror,
10:26
probably everybody in this room
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at alle i dette rum
10:28
would like society to get to 2050
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ønsker at samfundet skal nå til år 2050,
10:30
without an apocalyptic
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uden at noget apokalyptisk
10:33
something happening.
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sker.
10:35
It's actually not very long away.
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Der er ikke lang tid til.
10:37
It's half a human lifetime away.
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Det er et halvt menneskeliv væk.
10:39
A child entering school today
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Et barn, der starter i skole i år,
10:41
will be my age in 2050.
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vil være på min alder i 2050.
10:43
This is not the very distant future.
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Det er ikke en meget fjern fremtid.
10:46
This is what the U.K. government target
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Det her er målet for Storbritanniens regering
10:49
on carbon and greenhouse emissions looks like.
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mht. CO2 og drivhusgasser.
10:53
And I put it to you, that is not business as usual.
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Jeg siger jer - det er ikke business as usual.
10:56
That is changing our business.
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Det kræver forandring.
10:58
That is changing the way we create our organizations,
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Det er at ændre måden, hvorpå vi danner organisationer,
11:01
we do our government policy and we live our lives.
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fører politik, og lever vores liv.
11:04
And the point is,
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Og formålet er,
11:06
we need to carry on increasing well-being.
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at vi skal blive ved med at øge velfærden.
11:08
No one can go to the polls
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Ingen vil vinde stemmer på at sige,
11:10
and say that quality of life is going to reduce.
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at livskvaliteten vil blive reduceret.
11:13
None of us, I think,
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Ingen af os, tror jeg,
11:15
want human progress to stop.
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ønsker at den menneskelige udvikling skal stoppe.
11:17
I think we want it to carry on.
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Jeg tror, vi vil have den til at fortsætte.
11:19
I think we want the lot of humanity to keep on increasing.
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Jeg tror vi vil have menneskearten til fortsat at forbedres.
11:21
And I think this is where climate change skeptics and deniers come in.
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Her kommer skeptikere og benægtere af klimaændringer ind i billedet.
11:24
I think this is what they want. They want quality of life to keep increasing.
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Jeg tror, det er dét, de vil. De ønsker, at livskvaliteten fortsat skal forbedres.
11:27
They want to hold on to what they've got.
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De vil holde fast i, hvad de har.
11:30
And if we're going to engage them,
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Og hvis vi skal få dem involveret,
11:32
I think that's what we've got to do.
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så tror jeg at det er, hvad vi må gøre.
11:34
And that means we have to really increase efficiency even more.
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Det betyder, at vi virkelig skal øge effektiviteten endnu mere.
11:37
Now that's all very easy to draw graphs and things like that,
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Det er let nok at tegne grafer og alle de ting,
11:40
but the point is we need to turn those curves.
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men pointen er at vi har brug for at ændre kurverne.
11:43
And this is where I think we can take a leaf
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Og her tror jeg vi kan tage en bestanddel
11:45
out of systems theory, systems engineers,
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ud af systemteori, systemingeniører,
11:48
where they create feedback loops,
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hvor de skaber feedback loops,
11:50
put the right information at the right point of time.
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og giver rigtig information på det rigtige tidspunkt.
11:53
Human beings are very motivated by the "now."
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Mennesker er meget motiverede af "nu".
11:56
You put a smart meter in your home,
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Du får en smart måler i dit hjem,
11:58
and you see how much electricity you're using right now,
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og du kan se hvor meget elektricitet du bruger lige nu,
12:00
how much it's costing you,
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hvor meget det koster dig
12:02
your kids go around and turn the lights off pretty quickly.
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- snart går dine børn rundt og slukker lysene.
12:05
What would that look like for society?
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Hvordan ville det se ud for samfundet?
12:08
Why is it, on the radio news every evening,
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Hvorfor er det, at i radionyhederne hver morgen,
12:10
I hear the FTSE 100, the Dow Jones, the dollar pound ratio --
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hører jeg FTSE 100, Dow Jones-indekset, forholdet mellem dollar og pund --
12:13
I don't even know which way the dollar pound ratio should go to be good news.
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jeg ved ikke engang hvordan forholdet skulle være, før det var gode nyheder.
12:16
And why do I hear that?
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Og hvorfor hører jeg det?
12:18
Why don't I hear how much energy Britain used yesterday,
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Hvorfor hører jeg ikke hvor meget energi Storbritannien brugte i går,
12:21
or American used yesterday?
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eller USA brugte i forgårs?
12:23
Did we meet our three percent annual target
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Imødegik vi vores mål om at reducere CO2-udledning
12:25
on reducing carbon emissions?
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med 3 % om året?
12:27
That's how you create a collective goal.
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Sådan skaber man et kollektivt mål.
12:29
You put it out there into the media and start thinking about it.
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Man sender det ud til medierne, og begynder at tænke på det.
12:32
And we need positive feedback loops
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Og vi har brug for positive feedback loops
12:35
for increasing well-being
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for at øge vores velbefindende.
12:37
At a government level, they might create national accounts of well-being.
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På regeringsniveau vil de måske lave nationalregnskaber for velfærd.
12:40
At a business level, you might look at the well-being of your employees,
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På forretningsniveau vil man måske se på de ansattes velbefindende,
12:43
which we know is really linked to creativity,
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som vi jo ved er tæt knyttet til kreativitet,
12:45
which is linked to innovation,
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som igen er knyttet til innovation,
12:47
and we're going to need a lot of innovation to deal with those environmental issues.
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og vi har brug for masser af innovation for at håndtere miljøproblemerne.
12:50
At a personal level, we need these nudges too.
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Personligt har vi også brug for de puf i ryggen.
12:54
Maybe we don't quite need the data, but we need reminders.
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Måske har vi ikke brug for dataene, men vi har brug for påmindelser.
12:57
In the U.K., we have a strong public health message
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I Storbritannien har vi en stærk meddelelse om folkesundhed,
13:00
on five fruit and vegetables a day
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om at spise fem frugter og grøntsager om dagen,
13:02
and how much exercise we should do -- never my best thing.
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og om hvor meget motion vi skal dyrke -- aldrig min favorit.
13:05
What are these for happiness?
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Hvad gør de for lykken?
13:08
What are the five things that you should do every day
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Hvad er de fem ting, du bør gøre hver dag,
13:10
to be happier?
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for at blive mere lykkelig?
13:12
We did a project for the Government Office of Science a couple of years ago,
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Vi lavede et projekt for Videnskabsministeriet et par år tilbage,
13:15
a big program called the Foresight program --
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et stort program kaldet the Foresight program --
13:18
lots and lots of people -- involved lots of experts --
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mange mennesker -- mange eksperter --
13:20
everything evidence based -- a huge tome.
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alting var baseret på beviser -- en kæmpe rapport.
13:23
But a piece of work we did was on: what five positive actions can you do
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Men noget, vi arbejdede med, var: hvilke fem positive handlinger kan du foretage,
13:26
to improve well-being in your life?
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for at forbedre kvaliteten i dit liv?
13:28
And the point of these is
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Og disse ting er ikke helt
13:30
they are, not quite, the secrets of happiness,
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hemmelighederne bag lykke,
13:32
but they are things that I think happiness will flow out the side from.
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men de er ting, som jeg tror lykke kommer af.
13:35
And the first of these is to connect,
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Og den første af dem er at relatere,
13:38
is that your social relationships
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at de sociale relationer
13:40
are the most important cornerstones of your life.
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er de vigtigste hjørnesten i dit liv.
13:43
Do you invest the time with your loved ones
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Bruger du den tid sammen med dine kære,
13:45
that you could do, and energy?
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som du kan?
13:47
Keep building them.
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Bliv ved med det.
13:49
The second one is be active.
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Nummer to er at være aktiv.
13:51
The fastest way out of a bad mood:
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Den hurtigste måde at komme i godt humør på:
13:54
step outside, go for a walk, turn the radio on and dance.
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gå udenfor, gå en tur, tænd for radioen og dans.
13:57
Being active is great for our positive mood.
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At være aktiv er godt for vores humør.
14:00
The third one is take notice.
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Den tredje ting er at være opmærksom.
14:03
How aware are you of things going on around the world,
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Hvor opmærksom er du på ting, der sker i verden,
14:06
the seasons changing, people around you?
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årstiderne der skifter, folk omkring dig?
14:09
Do you notice what's bubbling up for you and trying to emerge?
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Lægger du mærke til, hvad der presser sig på hos dig?
14:12
Based on a lot of evidence for mindfulness,
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Baseret på mange beviser for opmærksomhed,
14:14
cognitive behavioral therapy,
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så er kognitiv adfærdsterapi
14:16
[very] strong for our well being.
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meget betydningsfuldt for vores velbefindende.
14:19
The fourth is keep learning
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Nummer fire er, at blive ved med at lære,
14:21
and keep is important --
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det er vigtigt at blive ved --
14:23
learning throughout the whole life course.
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at lære gennem hele vores liv.
14:25
Older people who keep learning and are curious,
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Ældre mennesker, som lærer og er nysgerrige,
14:28
they have much better health outcomes than those who start to close down.
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har som resultat meget bedre helbred, end de, som begynder at lukke ned.
14:31
But it doesn't have to be formal learning; it's not knowledge based.
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Men det behøver ikke være formel læring; det er ikke vidensbaseret.
14:33
It's more curiosity.
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Det er mere nysgerrighed.
14:35
It can be learning to cook a new dish,
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At lære at lave en ny ret,
14:38
picking up an instrument you forgot as a child.
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spille på et instrument, man ikke har spillet på siden barnsben.
14:40
Keep learning.
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Bliv ved med at lære.
14:42
And the final one
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Og den sidste, nummer fem,
14:44
is that most anti-economic of activities,
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er den mest anti-økonomiske af aktiviterne,
14:46
but give.
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men det er at give.
14:48
Our generosity, our altruism,
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Vores generøsitet, vores altruisme,
14:50
our compassion,
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vores medlidenhed,
14:52
are all hardwired
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er allesammen tæt forbundet
14:54
to the reward mechanism in our brain.
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til belønningsmekanismen i vores hjerner.
14:56
We feel good if we give.
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Vi får det godt, hvis vi giver.
14:58
You can do an experiment where you give
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Du kan lave et eksperiment, hvor du giver
15:00
two groups of people a hundred dollars in the morning.
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to grupper af mennesker 100 dollars om morgenen.
15:03
You tell one of them to spend it on themselves
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Den ene gruppe skal bruge pengene på sig selv,
15:06
and one on other people.
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den anden gruppe på andre mennesker.
15:08
You measure their happiness at the end of the day,
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Du måler deres lykke, når dagen er omme,
15:10
those that have gone and spent on other people are much happier
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og de som har brugt pengene på andre, er meget gladere
15:12
that those that spent it on themselves.
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end de, der brugte pengene på sig selv.
15:15
And these five ways,
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Og disse fem måder,
15:17
which we put onto these handy postcards,
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som vi har sat på disse handy postkort,
15:20
I would say, don't have to cost the earth.
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vil jeg sige, ikke behøver være på bekostning af Jorden.
15:23
They don't have any carbon content.
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De indeholder intet CO2.
15:25
They don't need a lot of material goods to be satisfied.
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De behøver ingen materielle goder for at kunne gennemføres.
15:29
And so I think it's really quite feasible
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Så jeg synes det er ret opnåeligt,
15:31
that happiness does not cost the earth.
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at lykke ikke behøver være på bekostning af Jorden.
15:33
Now, Martin Luther King,
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Martin Luther King holdte,
15:35
on the eve of his death,
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på aftenen hvor han døde,
15:37
gave an incredible speech.
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en utrolig tale.
15:39
He said, "I know there are challenges ahead,
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Han sagde "Jeg ved, der ligger udfordringer forude,
15:42
there may be trouble ahead,
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der er måske problemer forude,
15:44
but I fear no one. I don't care.
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men jeg frygter ingen af delene. Jeg er ligeglad.
15:46
I have been to the mountain top,
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Jeg har været på bjergtoppen,
15:49
and I have seen the Promised Land."
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og jeg har set det forjættede land."
15:51
Now, he was a preacher,
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Han var prædikant,
15:53
but I believe the environmental movement
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men jeg tror at miljøbevægelsen,
15:55
and, in fact, the business community, government,
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såvel som virksomheder og regeringer,
15:58
needs to go to the top of the mountain top,
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er nødt til at gå op på bjergtoppen,
16:01
and it needs to look out,
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og kigge ud,
16:03
and it needs to see the Promised Land,
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og se det forjættede land,
16:05
or the land of promise,
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eller landet af løfter,
16:07
and it needs to have a vision
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og det har brug for at have en vision
16:09
of a world that we all want.
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om en verden, som vi alle ønsker.
16:12
And not only that, we need to create a Great Transition
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Vi er nødt til at skabe en "Great Transition"(stor forandring)
16:14
to get there,
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for at komme dertil,
16:16
and we need to pave that great transition with good things.
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og vi skal dække den store forandring med gode ting.
16:19
Human beings want to be happy.
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Mennesker vil være lykkelige.
16:22
Pave them with the five ways.
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Giv dem de fem måder.
16:24
And we need to have signposts
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Og vi har brug for skilte,
16:26
gathering people together and pointing them --
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der samler folk og viser dem vej --
16:28
something like the Happy Planet Index.
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lidt ligesom Den Lykkelige Planet-indekset.
16:30
And then I believe
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Og så tror jeg,
16:32
that we can all create a world we all want,
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at vi sammen kan skabe den verden, vi alle ønsker,
16:34
where happiness does not cost the earth.
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hvor lykke ikke er på bekostning af Jorden.
16:37
(Applause)
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(Klapsalver)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nic Marks - Happiness researcherNic Marks gathers evidence about what makes us happy, and uses it to promote policy that puts the well-being of people and the planet first. He's the founder of the Centre for Well-Being at the UK think tank New Economics Foundation (NEF).
Why you should listen
Nic Marks thinks quality of life is measurable, and that true contentment comes not from the accumulation of material wealth but from our connections with others, engagement with the world, and a sense of autonomy. This isn't just theory: a pioneer in the field of well-being research, Marks creates statistical methods to measure happiness, analyzing and interpreting the evidence so that it can be applied to such policy fields as education, sustainable development, healthcare, and economics.
The founder of the Centre for Well-Being, an independent think tank at the New Economics Foundation (NEF), in London, Marks is particularly keen to promote a balance between sustainable development and quality of life. To investigate this, he devised the Happy Planet Index, a global index of human well-being and environmental impact. The results made headlines: People in the world's wealthiest countries, who consume the most of the planet's resources, don't come out on top in terms of well-being. Which raises the question: What purpose does unfettered economic growth serve?
To measure (and possibly improve) your own, or your organization's, happiness and well-being, visit two useful sites: 5 ways to Well-being and Happiness Works.
Read the TED Book: The Happiness Manifesto >>
Nic Marks | Speaker | TED.com