TEDGlobal 2010
Nic Marks: The Happy Planet Index
Nic Marks: 快樂星球指數
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統計學家 Nic Marks 問: 爲什麽我們以生產力衡量一個國家的成功與否？而不是以其人民的快樂福祉來衡量呢？他向聽眾介紹「快樂星球指數」，這個指數衡量國家福利對資源的使用量（因為一個幸福的人生無須消耗地球）。哪一個國家的排名最高呢？你或許會感到驚訝。
Nic Marks - Happiness researcher
Nic Marks gathers evidence about what makes us happy, and uses it to promote policy that puts the well-being of people and the planet first. He's the founder of the Centre for Well-Being at the UK think tank New Economics Foundation (NEF). Full bio
Nic Marks gathers evidence about what makes us happy, and uses it to promote policy that puts the well-being of people and the planet first. He's the founder of the Centre for Well-Being at the UK think tank New Economics Foundation (NEF). Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Martin Luther King
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馬丁•路德•金恩
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did not say,
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從沒說：
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"I have a nightmare,"
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「我有一個夢魘」
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when he inspired the civil rights movements.
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當他鼓舞美國民權運動時
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He said, "I have a dream."
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他說：「我有一個夢。」
00:29
And I have a dream.
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我也有一個夢
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I have a dream that we can stop thinking
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我夢想有一天
00:33
that the future will be a nightmare,
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我們不再想著 未來是個夢魘
00:36
and this is going to be a challenge,
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這是一項挑戰
00:38
because, if you think
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因為，如果你想想
00:40
of every major blockbusting film of recent times,
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近來每部賣座電影
00:44
nearly all of its visions for humanity
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它們對人類的看法
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are apocalyptic.
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多半具有末世意味
00:49
I think this film
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我認為《末路浩劫》(The Road)
00:51
is one of the hardest watches of modern times, "The Road."
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是當代最艱難的電影之一
00:54
It's a beautiful piece of filmmaking,
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它是一部很美的電影作品
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but everything is desolate,
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然而一片荒涼
00:58
everything is dead.
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所有一切都死了
01:01
And just a father and son
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只剩一個父親和兒子
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trying to survive, walking along the road.
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試圖求生，孤獨走在路上
01:06
And I think the environmental movement
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而我認為，我所參與的
01:08
of which I am a part of
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環保運動
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has been complicit
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一起參與謀劃了
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in creating this vision of the future.
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製造這般未來圖景
01:14
For too long,
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長久以來
01:16
we have peddled a nightmarish vision
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我們兜售噩夢般的憧憬
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of what's going to happen.
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警告世人即將發生的事
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We have focused on the worst-case scenario.
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我們把心思放在最糟糕的情況
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We have focused on the problems.
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我們關注於"問題"
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And we have not thought enough
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卻沒有想出足夠的
01:27
about the solutions.
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解決方案
01:29
We've used fear, if you like,
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我們使用恐懼
01:31
to grab people's attention.
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攫取人們的注意力
01:34
And any psychologist will tell you
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任何心理學家都會告訴你
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that fear in the organism
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生物體內的恐懼
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is linked to flight mechanism.
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連結著逃跑機制
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It's part of the fight and flight mechanism,
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它是掙脫與逃跑機制的一部份
01:44
that when an animal is frightened --
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當動物受到驚嚇時 --
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think of a deer.
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想想鹿就知道
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A deer freezes very, very still,
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一隻鹿僵直不動
01:51
poised to run away.
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準備逃跑
01:53
And I think that's what we're doing
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我想那正是我們在做的
01:55
when we're asking people to engage with our agenda
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當我們要求人們參與
01:58
around environmental degradation and climate change.
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有關環境惡化和氣候變遷的議程時
02:01
People are freezing and running away
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人們戰慄、逃跑
02:04
because we're using fear.
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因為我們使用恐懼
02:06
And I think the environmental movement has to grow up
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而我認為，環保運動應該成長
02:09
and start to think about
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開始思考
02:11
what progress is.
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何謂進步？
02:13
What would it be like to be improving the human lot?
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思考改善人類的廣泛處境會是怎麼一回事？
02:16
And one of the problems that we face, I think,
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我想，我們面對的一個問題是
02:18
is that the only people that have cornered the market
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人們只關注於
02:21
in terms of progress
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在市場上取得進步
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is a financial definition of what progress is,
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這是金融上的定義
02:26
an economic definition of what progress is --
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一個經濟上的進步意謂著 --
02:29
that somehow,
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基於某種未知的原因
02:31
if we get the right numbers to go up,
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如果我們有個不斷上升的正確數字
02:33
we're going to be better off,
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我們的生活就變得更好
02:36
whether that's on the stock market,
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無論是關於股市
02:38
whether that's with GDP
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或國內生產毛額
02:40
and economic growth,
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只要經濟成長
02:42
that somehow life is going to get better.
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不管怎樣，生活必定更好
02:44
This is somehow appealing to human greed
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某種意義上，它訴諸的是人類貪婪
02:47
instead of fear --
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而非恐懼 --
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that more is better.
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擁有愈多，即愈好
02:51
Come on. In the Western world, we have enough.
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拜託，在西方世界裡，我們有的已經夠多了
02:54
Maybe some parts of the world don't, but we have enough.
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也許世上有些地方不是，但我們的生活已經夠好了
02:57
And we've know for a long time that this is not a good measure
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而且長久以來，我們已知，這並不是個用來衡量
03:00
of the welfare of nations.
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國家福利的良好指標
03:02
In fact, the architect of our national accounting system,
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事實上，我們國家會計系統的設計
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Simon Kuznets, in the 1930s,
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Simon Kuznets，在1930年間
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said that, "A nation's welfare
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曾說:「國家的福利
03:10
can scarcely be inferred from their national income."
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幾乎能夠以其國民收入推斷。」
03:13
But we've created a national accounting system
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但我們創造了一個國家會計系統
03:15
which is firmly based on production
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是完全建基於生產、
03:17
and producing stuff.
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與生產物品之上的
03:19
And indeed, this is probably historical, and it had its time.
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的確，這也許是歷史所造成，過去曾是如此
03:22
In the second World War, we needed to produce a lot of stuff.
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第二次世界大戰時，我們必須生產大量物品
03:25
And indeed, we were so successful at producing certain types of stuff
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的確，我們也如此成功地，生產出某些產品
03:28
that we destroyed a lot of Europe, and we had to rebuild it afterwards.
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我們摧毀歐洲許多地區，之後也必須加以重建
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And so our national accounting system
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因此，我們的國家會計系統變得
03:33
became fixated on what we can produce.
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關注、著迷於我們可以生產的物品之上
03:36
But as early as 1968,
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但到了1968年
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this visionary man, Robert Kennedy,
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這個有遠見的人 -- Robert Kennedy
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at the start of his ill-fated presidential campaign,
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在他不幸的總統競選初期
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gave the most eloquent deconstruction
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給予了國民生產毛額(GNP)
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of gross national product
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一次前所未見的
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that ever has been.
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最具說服力的重擊
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And he finished his talk with the phrase,
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他以這句話作為演說結尾:
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that, "The gross national product
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「國民生產毛額可以衡量
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measures everything except that
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生活一切事物，但它無法衡量
04:00
which makes life worthwhile."
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你生命的價值。」
04:02
How crazy is that? That our measure of progress,
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多麼瘋狂？我們用來衡量進步的指標
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our dominant measure of progress in society,
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我們主要用來衡量社會進步的工具
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is measuring everything
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可以測量所有一切事物
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except that which makes life worthwhile?
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除了 那使你生活變得值得的東西？
04:13
I believe, if Kennedy was alive today,
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我相信，假使 Kennedy 今天仍健在
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he would be asking statisticians such as myself
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他會要求像我這樣的統計學家
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to go out and find out
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去發現尋找
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what makes life worthwhile.
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那使生命具有意義的東西
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He'd be asking us to redesign
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他也許會要求我們重新設計
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our national accounting system
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國家會計系統
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to be based upon
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使它根據於
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such important things as social justice,
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一些重要的事，好比社會正義、
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sustainability
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永續發展、
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and people's well-being.
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和人民福利
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And actually, social scientists have already gone out
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事實上，社會科學家已經開始
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and asked these questions around the world.
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在世界各地詢問這些問題了
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This is from a global survey.
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這是從一個全球性調查中得來的資料
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It's asking people, what do they want.
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它詢問人們，他們想要什麽？
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And unsurprisingly, people all around the world
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當然，世界各地的人們
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say that what they want
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說他們所要的
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is happiness, for themselves,
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是快樂，爲了他們、
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for their families, their children,
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爲了他們的家人、孩子、
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their communities.
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以及社區
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Okay, they think money is slightly important.
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好吧，他們覺得錢有點重要
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It's there, but it's not nearly as important as happiness,
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它存在，但不如快樂重要
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and it's not nearly as important as love.
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也不如愛來得重要
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We all need to love and be loved in life.
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在生命中，我們都需要愛與被愛
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It's not nearly as important as health.
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它不若健康一般重要
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We want to be healthy and live a full life.
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我們想要一個健康完滿的人生
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These seem to be natural human aspirations.
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這些似乎是人類的自然願望
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Why are statisticians not measuring these?
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爲什麽統計學家不衡量這些東西？
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Why are we not thinking of the progress of nations in these terms,
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為什麼我們不以這些事物思考國家的進步？
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instead of just how much stuff we have?
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反而僅僅衡量我們擁有多少東西？
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And really, this is what I've done with my adult life --
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真的，這是我在長大後所做的事 --
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is think about how do we measure happiness,
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思考如何測量快樂、
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how do we measure well-being,
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我們如何衡量幸福、
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how can we do that within environmental limits.
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在環境的限制之下，如何才能做到這一點
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And we created, at the organization that I work for,
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於是，在我工作的組織 --
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the New Economics Foundation,
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新經濟基金會(New Economics Foundation)
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something we call the Happy Planet Index,
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我們創造了一個叫「快樂星球指數」的東西
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because we think people should be happy and the planet should be happy.
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因為我們認為，人們應該感到快樂，這個星球應該是快樂的
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Why don't we create a measure of progress that shows that?
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為何我們不創造一個衡量此項發展的工具呢？
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And what we do,
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而我們所做的
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is we say that the ultimate outcome of a nation
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我們說，一個國家的最終成果
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is how successful is it
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取決於她如何成功地
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at creating happy and healthy lives for its citizens.
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為她的公民創造快樂和健康的生活
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That should be the goal
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那應當才是這個星球上
05:57
of every nation on the planet.
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每個國家的目標所在
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But we have to remember
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但我們必須記得
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that there's a fundamental input to that,
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這裡有個基本的投入
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and that is how many of the planet's resources we use.
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意即，我們使用多少地球資源
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We all have one planet. We all have to share it.
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我們只有一個地球，我們必須共享
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It is the ultimate scarce resource,
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這是我們所共享的
06:13
the one planet that we share.
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一個資源終究會枯竭的地球
06:16
And economics is very interested in scarcity.
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經濟學對稀少性非常感興趣
06:19
When it has a scarce resource
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當擁有一種稀少性資源時
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that it wants to turn into
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人們希望把它轉變為
06:23
a desirable outcome,
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一個理想的工業成果
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it thinks in terms of efficiency.
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經濟學思考效益
06:28
It thinks in terms of how much bang do we get for our buck.
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它思考我們需要付出多少力，才能獲得多少錢
06:31
And this is a measure of how much well-being
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而這可以作為一個衡量工具:
06:33
we get for our planetary resource use.
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我們使用多少地球資源，以獲得多少幸福
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It is an efficiency measure.
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它是一個有關效率的測量工具
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And probably the easiest way to show you that,
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最簡單的呈現方式，也許就是
06:41
is to show you this graph.
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向各位展示這個圖表
06:43
Running horizontally along the graph,
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圖表的水平方向
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is "ecological footprint,"
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是「生態足跡 （ecological footprint）」
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which is a measure of how much resources we use
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它度量我們使用了多少資源
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and how much pressure we put on the planet.
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以及我們在地球上施加了多少壓力
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More is bad.
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愈多即是壞
06:55
Running vertically upwards,
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垂直向上的一側
06:57
is a measure called "happy life years."
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是一個我們稱之為「快樂生活年份（happy life years）」的指標
06:59
It's about the well-being of nations.
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它與國家福利有關
07:01
It's like a happiness adjusted life-expectancy.
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它就像一個經過快樂調整的預期壽命
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It's like quality and quantity of life in nations.
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如同國家的生活質量和數量
07:07
And the yellow dot there you see, is the global average.
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你們所看到的黃點，是全球平均水平
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Now, there's a huge array of nations
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現在，有一批數量龐大的國家
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around that global average.
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大約介於這個全球平均值左右
07:14
To the top right of the graph,
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圖表的右上方
07:17
are countries which are doing reasonably well and producing well-being,
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是那些做得還不錯、福利甚佳的國家
07:20
but they're using a lot of planet to get there.
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但透過消耗許多地球資源，才到達的
07:22
They are the U.S.A.,
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它們是美國、
07:24
other Western countries going across in those triangles
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和其他西方國家形成這些三角
07:27
and a few Gulf states in there actually.
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以及一小部份的海灣國家夾雜其中
07:29
Conversely, at the bottom left of the graph,
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相反地，圖的左下角
07:32
are countries that are not producing much well-being --
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這些國家並沒有產出多少福利 --
07:35
typically, sub-Saharan Africa.
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它們通常是撒哈拉以南非洲
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In Hobbesian terms,
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以霍布斯的話來說:
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life is short and brutish there.
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在那裡，生命是短暫與殘酷的存在
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The average life expectancy in many of these countries
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許多這些國家裡的平均壽命
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is only 40 years.
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只有四十年
07:48
Malaria, HIV/AIDS
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瘧疾、愛滋
07:50
are killing a lot of people
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在這些區域裡
07:52
in these regions of the world.
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奪走許多人的生命
07:54
But now for the good news!
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但現在有個好消息！
07:56
There are some countries up there, yellow triangles,
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上面有些國家，黃色三角這裡
07:58
that are doing better than global average,
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比全球平均值還高
08:00
that are heading up towards the top left of the graph.
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它們正朝著圖表的右上方前進
08:02
This is an aspirational graph.
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這是一個理想的圖形
08:04
We want to be top left, where good lives don't cost the earth.
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我們想要處於左上方，在那裡好生活並不消耗地球
08:07
They're Latin American.
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它們是拉丁美洲
08:09
The country on its own up at the top
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位於最上方的國家
08:11
is a place I haven't been to.
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是一個我從沒去過的地方
08:13
Maybe some of you have.
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也許你們之中有人去過
08:15
Costa Rica.
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哥斯大黎加
08:19
Costa Rica --
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哥斯大黎加 --
08:21
average life expectancy is 78-and-a-half years.
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平均預期壽命為 78.5 歲
08:24
That is longer than in the USA.
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比美國人活的要久
08:28
They are, according to the latest Gallup world poll,
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根據蓋洛普最新的調查，
08:31
the happiest nation on the planet --
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在這星球上，最幸福的國家 --
08:34
than anybody; more than Switzerland and Denmark.
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比任何地方都幸福，比瑞士、丹麥還快樂
08:37
They are the happiest place.
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是最幸福的地方
08:39
They are doing that
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他們只消耗
08:41
on a quarter of the resources
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西方國家所用掉的
08:43
that are used typically in [the] Western world --
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四分之一資源 --
08:46
a quarter of the resources.
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四分之一的資源
08:49
What's going on there?
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那裡發生了什麽事？
08:52
What's happening in Costa Rica?
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在哥斯大黎加發生了什麽事?
08:54
We can look at some of the data.
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我們可以看看一些數據
08:56
99 percent of their electricity comes from renewable resources.
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99%的電力來自可再生能源
08:59
Their government is one of the first to commit
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他們的政府是率先承諾
09:01
to be carbon neutral by 2021.
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在2021年達到碳中和的國家
09:04
They abolished the army
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他們1949年
09:07
in 1949 --
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就廢除了軍隊
09:09
1949.
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1949年
09:11
And they invested in social programs --
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接著，他們投資於社會計劃 --
09:13
health and education.
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健康與教育
09:15
They have one of the highest literacy rates in Latin America
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他們是拉丁美洲國家中，識字率最高的國家之一
09:18
and in the world.
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也是世界數一數二高識字率的國家
09:20
And they have that Latin vibe, don't they.
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他們也充滿拉丁活力，可不是？
09:22
They have the social connectedness.
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他們重視社會連結
09:24
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:26
The challenge is, that possibly -- and the thing we might have to think about --
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挑戰在於，很有可能 -- 我們必須思考一下 --
09:29
is that the future
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未來
09:31
might not be North American,
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可能不見得屬於北美
09:33
might not be Western European.
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不見得是歐洲
09:35
It might be Latin American.
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未來很可能就是拉丁美洲。
09:38
And the challenge, really,
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這項挑戰，的確，
09:40
is to pull the global average up here.
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是要把全球平均值移到了這裡
09:43
That's what we need to do.
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那就是我們應當做的事
09:45
And if we're going to do that,
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倘若我們要做這件事
09:47
we need to pull countries from the bottom,
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我們必須拉動底層的國家
09:50
and we need to pull countries from the right of the graph.
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把國家從圖表的右側拉出
09:53
And then we're starting to create a happy planet.
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接著，我們才能開始創造一個快樂星球
09:56
That's one way of looking at it.
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那是看待它的一個方式
09:58
Another way of looking at it is looking at time trends.
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另一個方式，是看看時間趨勢
10:00
We don't have good data going back for every country in the world,
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我們沒有足夠數據，讓我們研究世上每個國家
10:03
but for some of the richest countries, the OECD group, we do.
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只有些最富有的國家、經濟合作開發組織(OECD)的數據
10:06
And this is the trend in well-being over that time,
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這是一條關於那段時間的福利趨勢
10:09
a small increase,
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一個小小的成長
10:11
but this is the trend in ecological footprint.
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卻是一個反應生態足跡的趨勢
10:13
And so in strict happy-planet methodology,
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因此，在嚴格意義的快樂星球方法學上
10:16
we've become less efficient
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當我們轉變最終稀有資源
10:18
at turning our ultimate scarce resource
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到我們所要的結果時，
10:20
into the outcome we want to.
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我們變得較無效率。
10:23
And the point really is, is that I think,
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我想，真正的問題在於
10:26
probably everybody in this room
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大概這房間裡的每個人
10:28
would like society to get to 2050
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都不希望2050年時的社會
10:30
without an apocalyptic
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有什麽末世論
10:33
something happening.
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的東西會發生
10:35
It's actually not very long away.
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實際上，它距離我們並不遠
10:37
It's half a human lifetime away.
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大約只是人類壽命的一半
10:39
A child entering school today
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一個孩子今天進入學校
10:41
will be my age in 2050.
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到了2050年時，就是我現在的年紀了
10:43
This is not the very distant future.
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這並不是一個遙遠的未來
10:46
This is what the U.K. government target
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這是英國政府設定
10:49
on carbon and greenhouse emissions looks like.
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減碳目標的大抵狀況
10:53
And I put it to you, that is not business as usual.
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我要對你們說，這不是尋常的事
10:56
That is changing our business.
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那正在改變我們的商業
10:58
That is changing the way we create our organizations,
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正改變著我們成立組織、
11:01
we do our government policy and we live our lives.
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我們制定政府政策、以及我們參與生活的方式
11:04
And the point is,
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而重點在於
11:06
we need to carry on increasing well-being.
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我們必須增進幸福
11:08
No one can go to the polls
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沒有人會跑去投票
11:10
and say that quality of life is going to reduce.
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然後說生活品質正在降低
11:13
None of us, I think,
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我想，我們之中沒有任何人
11:15
want human progress to stop.
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希望人類的進步停滯
11:17
I think we want it to carry on.
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我認為我們希望它能夠繼續
11:19
I think we want the lot of humanity to keep on increasing.
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我認為我們想要人類持續進步
11:21
And I think this is where climate change skeptics and deniers come in.
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而我認為，這就是懷疑、否定氣候變遷論的人出現的時候
11:24
I think this is what they want. They want quality of life to keep increasing.
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這就是他們要的，他們希望生活品質持續提升
11:27
They want to hold on to what they've got.
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他們希望維持已經擁有的
11:30
And if we're going to engage them,
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如果我們要讓他們一起參與
11:32
I think that's what we've got to do.
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我想，這就是我們必須要做的事
11:34
And that means we have to really increase efficiency even more.
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這意謂著，我們必須真正地增進效率
11:37
Now that's all very easy to draw graphs and things like that,
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現在要繪出圖表是很簡單的
11:40
but the point is we need to turn those curves.
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但問題是，我們必須轉變這些曲線
11:43
And this is where I think we can take a leaf
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我想，這也是我們可以從
11:45
out of systems theory, systems engineers,
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系統理論、系統工程、
11:48
where they create feedback loops,
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以及他們從創造反饋迴路汲取榜樣的地方
11:50
put the right information at the right point of time.
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把正確的資訊放置於正確的地方
11:53
Human beings are very motivated by the "now."
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人類是非常易於受「現在」鼓舞
11:56
You put a smart meter in your home,
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你放一個聰明儀錶在家中
11:58
and you see how much electricity you're using right now,
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你就知道你現在使用了多少電量
12:00
how much it's costing you,
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你花多少電費
12:02
your kids go around and turn the lights off pretty quickly.
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你的孩子會隨手關燈，非常勤快
12:05
What would that look like for society?
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對社會來說，那看來會是怎一回事呢？
12:08
Why is it, on the radio news every evening,
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爲什麽每晚在新聞廣播中
12:10
I hear the FTSE 100, the Dow Jones, the dollar pound ratio --
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當我聽倫敦富時100指數、道瓊指數、英鎊對美元的匯率時 --
12:13
I don't even know which way the dollar pound ratio should go to be good news.
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我甚至不知道英鎊對美元時，怎樣算是好消息
12:16
And why do I hear that?
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我為什麽要聽那些？
12:18
Why don't I hear how much energy Britain used yesterday,
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我們為何不聽聽: 昨天英國消耗了多少能源？
12:21
or American used yesterday?
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不聽聽: 美國昨天用了多少能源？
12:23
Did we meet our three percent annual target
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不聽聽: 我們是否達到了年度6%
12:25
on reducing carbon emissions?
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的減碳目標？
12:27
That's how you create a collective goal.
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集體目標應該這樣建立才對
12:29
You put it out there into the media and start thinking about it.
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把議題放到媒體上，開始思考
12:32
And we need positive feedback loops
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我們也需要正面的回饋迴路
12:35
for increasing well-being
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以增進福利
12:37
At a government level, they might create national accounts of well-being.
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在政府的層級，他們或許可以成立國民福利核算機制
12:40
At a business level, you might look at the well-being of your employees,
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在商業的層級，你或許可以看看你的員工福利
12:43
which we know is really linked to creativity,
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我們都知道員工福利關聯著創造力
12:45
which is linked to innovation,
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也與創新能力息息相關
12:47
and we're going to need a lot of innovation to deal with those environmental issues.
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我們也需要有許多創新，作為處理環境議題之用
12:50
At a personal level, we need these nudges too.
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在個人的層次上，我們也需要這些刺激
12:54
Maybe we don't quite need the data, but we need reminders.
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也許我們不需要數據，但我們需要被提醒
12:57
In the U.K., we have a strong public health message
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在英國，我們有個強壯的健康訊息
13:00
on five fruit and vegetables a day
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一天五種蔬菜水果、
13:02
and how much exercise we should do -- never my best thing.
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應當做多少運動 -- 從來都不是我的強項
13:05
What are these for happiness?
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這些對快樂有何意義？
13:08
What are the five things that you should do every day
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哪五件事可以每天做
13:10
to be happier?
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就會幸福快樂？
13:12
We did a project for the Government Office of Science a couple of years ago,
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幾年前，我們為英國政府科學辦公室（Government Office for Science）做了一項計劃
13:15
a big program called the Foresight program --
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一個稱為「展望」計劃的大議題 --
13:18
lots and lots of people -- involved lots of experts --
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有許多人 -- 涉及許多專家 --
13:20
everything evidence based -- a huge tome.
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涉及每一個證據 -- 一部大型卷宗
13:23
But a piece of work we did was on: what five positive actions can you do
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但我們做的工作是: 你可以從事哪五種積極的行為
13:26
to improve well-being in your life?
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來增進自己的生活福利？
13:28
And the point of these is
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而這些癥結在於
13:30
they are, not quite, the secrets of happiness,
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它們並不是什麽幸福的奧秘，
13:32
but they are things that I think happiness will flow out the side from.
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反而是那些使幸福流溢你周身的東西
13:35
And the first of these is to connect,
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第一件事: 連結
13:38
is that your social relationships
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你的社會關係
13:40
are the most important cornerstones of your life.
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是你生命中最重要的基石
13:43
Do you invest the time with your loved ones
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你是否投注時間與精神
13:45
that you could do, and energy?
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在所愛的對象之上？
13:47
Keep building them.
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繼續建造它們
13:49
The second one is be active.
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第二件事: 積極
13:51
The fastest way out of a bad mood:
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擺脫壞情緒的最快方法是:
13:54
step outside, go for a walk, turn the radio on and dance.
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走出去，散步去，打開收音機跳舞去
13:57
Being active is great for our positive mood.
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積極 對我們正面的情緒有益
14:00
The third one is take notice.
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第三件事是: 關注
14:03
How aware are you of things going on around the world,
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你對發生於周遭世界的事物有多少關注？
14:06
the seasons changing, people around you?
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四季變遷、生活周遭的人
14:09
Do you notice what's bubbling up for you and trying to emerge?
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你是否察覺，有什麽蠢蠢欲動、即將要浮現的事物？
14:12
Based on a lot of evidence for mindfulness,
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根據許多關注的證據、
14:14
cognitive behavioral therapy,
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認知行為治療
14:16
[very] strong for our well being.
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對我們的幸福是非常有益的
14:19
The fourth is keep learning
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第四項是: 持續學習
14:21
and keep is important --
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持續是非常重要的 --
14:23
learning throughout the whole life course.
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在一生中不斷學習
14:25
Older people who keep learning and are curious,
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那些持續不斷學習、以及保有好奇心的長輩
14:28
they have much better health outcomes than those who start to close down.
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比起那些停止學習的人還要健康
14:31
But it doesn't have to be formal learning; it's not knowledge based.
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不一定得是正式的學習，不需以知識為基礎
14:33
It's more curiosity.
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保有好奇心最重要
14:35
It can be learning to cook a new dish,
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可以是學習烹飪一道新料理
14:38
picking up an instrument you forgot as a child.
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可以是重拾你的兒時樂器
14:40
Keep learning.
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持續學習
14:42
And the final one
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最後一個
14:44
is that most anti-economic of activities,
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是最反經濟的活動:
14:46
but give.
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給予。
14:48
Our generosity, our altruism,
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我們的慷慨、我們的利他主義、
14:50
our compassion,
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我們的同理心
14:52
are all hardwired
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都已深值於
14:54
to the reward mechanism in our brain.
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我們腦內的獎勵機制裡
14:56
We feel good if we give.
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當我們給予時，我們感覺良好
14:58
You can do an experiment where you give
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你可以做個實驗，
15:00
two groups of people a hundred dollars in the morning.
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在早晨，你給予兩組人100美元
15:03
You tell one of them to spend it on themselves
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你告訴其中一組，把錢花在自己身上
15:06
and one on other people.
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告訴另一組，把錢花在其他人身上
15:08
You measure their happiness at the end of the day,
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在這天結束時，你測量他們的快樂程度
15:10
those that have gone and spent on other people are much happier
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那些把錢用於其它人身上的人
15:12
that those that spent it on themselves.
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會比用於自己身上的人感覺快樂許多
15:15
And these five ways,
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這五項
15:17
which we put onto these handy postcards,
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我們把它印成方便靈巧的明信片
15:20
I would say, don't have to cost the earth.
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它們並不消耗地球一分一毫
15:23
They don't have any carbon content.
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它們不含任何碳內容物
15:25
They don't need a lot of material goods to be satisfied.
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它們無須用物質達到滿足
15:29
And so I think it's really quite feasible
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所以，我想這是可行的
15:31
that happiness does not cost the earth.
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幸福無須消耗地球
15:33
Now, Martin Luther King,
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現在，馬丁•路德•金恩
15:35
on the eve of his death,
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在他過世的前一晚
15:37
gave an incredible speech.
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作了一場撼動人心的演說
15:39
He said, "I know there are challenges ahead,
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他說:「我知道前路有荊棘，
15:42
there may be trouble ahead,
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前路或有艱難困厄
15:44
but I fear no one. I don't care.
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但我不畏懼，我不在乎;
15:46
I have been to the mountain top,
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我曾攀上山之巔，
15:49
and I have seen the Promised Land."
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我亦見過那應許之地。」
15:51
Now, he was a preacher,
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他是個牧師
15:53
but I believe the environmental movement
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但我相信環保運動
15:55
and, in fact, the business community, government,
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事實上，政府、商業社群
15:58
needs to go to the top of the mountain top,
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都必須攀上那山巔
16:01
and it needs to look out,
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必須去看看
16:03
and it needs to see the Promised Land,
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去見那應許之地
16:05
or the land of promise,
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或那承諾的地土
16:07
and it needs to have a vision
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它需要有個
16:09
of a world that we all want.
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我們都渴望的世界願景
16:12
And not only that, we need to create a Great Transition
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不只如此，我們需要創造一個「大轉變」
16:14
to get there,
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才能抵達那裡
16:16
and we need to pave that great transition with good things.
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我們必須鋪下美好事物，通往大轉變
16:19
Human beings want to be happy.
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人類都想要幸福
16:22
Pave them with the five ways.
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以五種方式打造它
16:24
And we need to have signposts
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我們也需要指示
16:26
gathering people together and pointing them --
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聚集人們在一起，向他們指出 --
16:28
something like the Happy Planet Index.
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一些比如「快樂星球指數」的東西
16:30
And then I believe
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我相信
16:32
that we can all create a world we all want,
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我們能創造出大家都想要的世界，
16:34
where happiness does not cost the earth.
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在那，快樂無須消耗地球
16:37
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nic Marks - Happiness researcherNic Marks gathers evidence about what makes us happy, and uses it to promote policy that puts the well-being of people and the planet first. He's the founder of the Centre for Well-Being at the UK think tank New Economics Foundation (NEF).
Why you should listen
Nic Marks thinks quality of life is measurable, and that true contentment comes not from the accumulation of material wealth but from our connections with others, engagement with the world, and a sense of autonomy. This isn't just theory: a pioneer in the field of well-being research, Marks creates statistical methods to measure happiness, analyzing and interpreting the evidence so that it can be applied to such policy fields as education, sustainable development, healthcare, and economics.
The founder of the Centre for Well-Being, an independent think tank at the New Economics Foundation (NEF), in London, Marks is particularly keen to promote a balance between sustainable development and quality of life. To investigate this, he devised the Happy Planet Index, a global index of human well-being and environmental impact. The results made headlines: People in the world's wealthiest countries, who consume the most of the planet's resources, don't come out on top in terms of well-being. Which raises the question: What purpose does unfettered economic growth serve?
To measure (and possibly improve) your own, or your organization's, happiness and well-being, visit two useful sites: 5 ways to Well-being and Happiness Works.
Read the TED Book: The Happiness Manifesto >>
Nic Marks | Speaker | TED.com