TED2003
George Dyson: The birth of the computer
George Dyson räägib arvutite sünnist
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Ajaloolane George Dyson räägib lugusid tänapäeva arvuti sünnist, selle 16. sajandi algupärast ja vaimukatest märkmikest, mis kuulusid varajasi arvuteid disaininud inseneridele.
George Dyson - Historian of science
In telling stories of technologies and the individuals who created them, George Dyson takes a clear-eyed view of our scientific past -- while illuminating what lies ahead. Full bio
In telling stories of technologies and the individuals who created them, George Dyson takes a clear-eyed view of our scientific past -- while illuminating what lies ahead. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Last year, I told you the story, in seven minutes, of Project Orion,
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Eelmisel aastal rääkisin ma teile 7 minutit Orioni Projektist,
00:16
which was this very implausible technology
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mis polnud väga veenev tehnoloogia,
00:18
that technically could have worked,
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kuid mis tehniliselt oleks võinud töötada,
00:22
but it had this one-year political window where it could have happened.
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aga selle teostamine oli võimalik poliitilistel põhjustel vaid ühe aasta jooksul,
00:26
So it didn't happen. It was a dream that did not happen.
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nii et seda ei juhtunud. See oli unistus, mis ei täitunud.
00:28
This year I'm going to tell you the story of the birth of digital computing.
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Sel aastal räägin ma teile loo digitaalse arvutustehnika sünnist.
00:33
This was a perfect introduction.
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See oli täiuslik sissejuhatus.
00:35
And it's a story that did work. It did happen,
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See on lugu millestki, mis õnnestus. See tõesti juhtus
00:37
and the machines are all around us.
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ja need masinad on kõikjal meie ümber.
00:39
And it was a technology that was inevitable.
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Selle tehnoloogia tulek oli vältimatu.
00:43
If the people I'm going to tell you the story about,
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Kui need inimesed, kellest ma teile jutustan,
00:45
if they hadn't done it, somebody else would have.
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poleks seda teinud, oleks seda teinud keegi teine.
00:47
So, it was sort of the right idea at the right time.
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Nii et see oli õige idee õigel hetkel.
00:51
This is Barricelli's universe. This is the universe we live in now.
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See on Barricelli universum. Universum, kus me elame.
00:54
It's the universe in which these machines
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See on universum, kus masinad
00:56
are now doing all these things, including changing biology.
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teevad kõike, näiteks bioloogilisi muudatusi.
01:02
I'm starting the story with the first atomic bomb at Trinity,
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Alustuseks räägin esimesest aatompommist Trinity katses,
01:07
which was the Manhattan Project. It was a little bit like TED:
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mis oli Manhattani projekt. See oli pisut nagu TED:
01:09
it brought a whole lot of very smart people together.
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tõi kokku väga palju nutikaid inimesi.
01:12
And three of the smartest people were
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Ja kolm kõige nutikamat neist olid
01:14
Stan Ulam, Richard Feynman and John von Neumann.
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Stan Ulam, Richard Feynman ja John von Neumann.
01:18
And it was Von Neumann who said, after the bomb,
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See oli von Neumann, kes ütles, et lisaks pommile
01:20
he was working on something much more important than bombs:
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töötas ta millegi palju tähtsama kallal kui pommid:
01:24
he's thinking about computers.
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ta pidas silmas arvuteid.
01:26
So, he wasn't only thinking about them; he built one. This is the machine he built.
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Ta mitte ainult ei unistanud neist, vaid ka ehitas. Ta ehitas selle masina.
01:30
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
01:34
He built this machine,
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Ta ehitas selle masina
01:36
and we had a beautiful demonstration of how this thing really works,
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ja meile demonstreeriti, kuidas see töötab
01:39
with these little bits. And it's an idea that goes way back.
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koos oma väikeste osadega. See idee on väga pika ajalooga.
01:42
The first person to really explain that
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Esimene inimene, kes selle ära seletas
01:45
was Thomas Hobbes, who, in 1651,
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oli Thomas Hobbes, kes aastal 1651
01:48
explained how arithmetic and logic are the same thing,
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kirjeldas, kuidas aritmeetika ja loogika on üks ja seesama,
01:51
and if you want to do artificial thinking and artificial logic,
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ja kui sa tahad luua tehislikku mõtlemist ja loogikat,
01:54
you can do it all with arithmetic.
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saad sa teha seda aritmeetika abil.
01:56
He said you needed addition and subtraction.
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Ta ütles, et sul on vaja liita ja lahutada.
02:00
Leibniz, who came a little bit later -- this is 1679 --
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Leibniz, kes tuli pisut hiljem - aastal 1679 -
02:04
showed that you didn't even need subtraction.
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näitas, et sul ei lähe isegi vaja lahutamist.
02:06
You could do the whole thing with addition.
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Kõike saab teha ka ainult liitmisega.
02:08
Here, we have all the binary arithmetic and logic
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Siin on meil kahendsüsteemne arvutamine ja loogika,
02:11
that drove the computer revolution.
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mis viis arvutite revolutsioonini,
02:13
And Leibniz was the first person to really talk about building such a machine.
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ja Leibniz oli esimene inimene, kes rääkis sellise masina ehitamisest.
02:17
He talked about doing it with marbles,
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Ta pakkus välja, et seda võiks teha marmorkuulidega,
02:19
having gates and what we now call shift registers,
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loogikaväravate süsteemiga, mida nimetatakse nüüd nihkeregistriteks,
02:21
where you shift the gates, drop the marbles down the tracks.
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kus sa nihutad väravaid ja kukutad radadele marmorkuulikesi.
02:24
And that's what all these machines are doing,
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Ja seda teevad praegu kõik masinad,
02:26
except, instead of doing it with marbles,
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kuid marmorkuulide asemel
02:28
they're doing it with electrons.
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kasutatakse nüüd elektrone.
02:30
And then we jump to Von Neumann, 1945,
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Hüppame von Neumanni juurde aastasse 1945,
02:34
when he sort of reinvents the whole same thing.
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kus ta sama asja justkui uuesti leiutab.
02:36
And 1945, after the war, the electronics existed
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Ja aastal 1945 pärast sõda oli olemas elektroonika,
02:39
to actually try and build such a machine.
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et katsetada ja see masin valmis ehitada.
02:42
So June 1945 -- actually, the bomb hasn't even been dropped yet --
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Niisiis on 1945. aasta juuni - aatompommi pole veel visatud -
02:46
and Von Neumann is putting together all the theory to actually build this thing,
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ja von Neumann paneb kokku teooriat, mille järgi masin ehitada,
02:50
which also goes back to Turing,
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mis viib meid tagasi Turingini,
02:52
who, before that, gave the idea that you could do all this
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kes käis varem välja idee, et seda kõike saaks teha
02:55
with a very brainless, little, finite state machine,
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ühe väga nutitu, väikese, piiratud olekus masinaga,
02:59
just reading a tape in and reading a tape out.
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mis tegeleb lindi sisse ja välja lugemisega.
03:02
The other sort of genesis of what Von Neumann did
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Üks teine Neumanni algatatud asi
03:05
was the difficulty of how you would predict the weather.
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oli seotud ilma ennustamise raskustega.
03:09
Lewis Richardson saw how you could do this with a cellular array of people,
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Lewis Richardson nägi, kuidas seda saaks lahendada kärgstruktuuri alusel jaotatud inimestega,
03:13
giving them each a little chunk, and putting it together.
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andes neile igaühele pisikese osa ja pannes hiljem osad kokku.
03:16
Here, we have an electrical model illustrating a mind having a will,
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Siin on elektriline mudel, mis illustreerib tahet omavat meelt,
03:19
but capable of only two ideas.
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kuid mis võimaldab vaid kahte mõtet.
03:21
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
03:22
And that's really the simplest computer.
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Ja see ongi lihtsaim arvuti.
03:25
It's basically why you need the qubit,
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Põhiliselt selleks sul ongi kvantbitti vaja,
03:27
because it only has two ideas.
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kuna sel on vaid kaks mõtet.
03:29
And you put lots of those together,
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Pannes palju selliseid kokku,
03:31
you get the essentials of the modern computer:
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saad sa nüüdisaegse arvuti põhikomponendid:
03:34
the arithmetic unit, the central control, the memory,
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aritmeetikaploki, juhtploki, mälu,
03:37
the recording medium, the input and the output.
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salvestusmeediumi, sisendid ja väljundid.
03:40
But, there's one catch. This is the fatal -- you know,
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Aga siin on üks konks. Ja see on ülioluline -
03:44
we saw it in starting these programs up.
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me nägime seda nende programmide käivitamisel.
03:47
The instructions which govern this operation
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Juhised, mis sellise arvuti tegevust reguleerivad,
03:49
must be given in absolutely exhaustive detail.
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peavad olema antud ülimalt detailselt.
03:51
So, the programming has to be perfect, or it won't work.
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Programmeerimine peab olema ideaalne või see ei tööta.
03:54
If you look at the origins of this,
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Kui sa nüüd selle algupära vaatad,
03:56
the classic history sort of takes it all back to the ENIAC here.
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siis klassikaline ajalugu viib meid tagasi ENIAC'ini.
04:00
But actually, the machine I'm going to tell you about,
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Aga masin, millest ma teile rääkima hakkan,
04:02
the Institute for Advanced Study machine, which is way up there,
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Süvauuringute Instituudi masin, mis on päris seal üleval,
04:05
really should be down there. So, I'm trying to revise history,
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peaks tegelikult olema siin. Nii et ma üritan ajalugu parandada
04:07
and give some of these guys more credit than they've had.
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ja jagada tunnustust mõnele mehele, kes seda rohkem vääriks.
04:10
Such a computer would open up universes,
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Sellise arvuti abil avaneksid meie ees universumid,
04:12
which are, at the present, outside the range of any instruments.
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mis jäävad hetkel väljapoole mistahes instrumendi haardest,
04:16
So it opens up a whole new world, and these people saw it.
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nii et see avab meile täiesti uue maailma, ja need inimesed nägid seda.
04:19
The guy who was supposed to build this machine
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Mees, kes pidi selle masina ehitama
04:21
was the guy in the middle, Vladimir Zworykin, from RCA.
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on see keskmine, Vladimir Zworykin, RCA'st (Americal Radio Corporation)
04:24
RCA, in probably one of the lousiest business decisions
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RCA langetas ühe oma kõige viletsama äriotsuse ajaloos
04:27
of all time, decided not to go into computers.
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ja otsustas arvutitega mitte tegeleda.
04:30
But the first meetings, November 1945, were at RCA's offices.
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Aga esimesed kohtumised 1945. a novembris toimusid kõik RCA ruumides.
04:35
RCA started this whole thing off, and said, you know,
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RCA pani sellele kõigele alguse ja ütles, teate,
04:39
televisions are the future, not computers.
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televiisorid on tulevik, mitte arvutid.
04:42
The essentials were all there --
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Kõik põhiline oli neil olemas -
04:44
all the things that make these machines run.
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kõik asjad, mis nende masinate tööks oli vaja.
04:48
Von Neumann, and a logician, and a mathematician from the army
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Von Neumann, üks loogik ja sõjaväelasest matemaatik
04:51
put this together. Then, they needed a place to build it.
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panid selle kokku. Siis neil oli vaja kohta, kus ehitada.
04:53
When RCA said no, that's when they decided to build it in Princeton,
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Kui RCA ütles "ei", otsustasid nad ehitada Princetonis,
04:57
where Freeman works at the Institute.
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kus Freeman töötas instituudis.
04:59
That's where I grew up as a kid.
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Seal möödus minu lapsepõlv.
05:01
That's me, that's my sister Esther, who's talked to you before,
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See olen mina, see on mu õde Esther, kes teile ennist esines,
05:05
so we both go back to the birth of this thing.
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nii et me mõlemad olime selle asja sünni juures.
05:08
That's Freeman, a long time ago,
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See on Freeman, väga ammu,
05:10
and that was me.
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ja see olin mina.
05:11
And this is Von Neumann and Morgenstern,
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Ja see on von Neumann ja Morgenstern,
05:14
who wrote the "Theory of Games."
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kes kirjutasid mänguteooria.
05:16
All these forces came together there, in Princeton.
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Kõik need jõud said Princetonis kokku.
05:20
Oppenheimer, who had built the bomb.
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Oppenheimer, kes oli ehitanud aatompommi.
05:22
The machine was actually used mainly for doing bomb calculations.
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Seda masinat kasutati peamiselt pommikalkulatsioonide teostamiseks.
05:26
And Julian Bigelow, who took
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Ja Julian Bigelow, kes asus tööle insenerina,
05:28
Zworkykin's place as the engineer, to actually figure out, using electronics,
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et välja selgitada, kuidas elektroonika abil see tõepoolest valmis ehitada.
05:32
how you would build this thing. The whole gang of people who came to work on this,
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Kogu kamp, kes tööle asus, eesotsas naised, kes tegid
05:35
and women in front, who actually did most of the coding, were the first programmers.
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suurema osa kodeerimisest, olid esimesed programmeerijad.
05:40
These were the prototype geeks, the nerds.
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Need olid prototüüpveidrikud, nohikud.
05:44
They didn't fit in at the Institute.
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Nad ei sobinud instituuti.
05:46
This is a letter from the director, concerned about --
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See on murelik kiri direktorilt, et nad on
05:49
"especially unfair on the matter of sugar."
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"suhkru osas eriti ebaõiglased."
05:52
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
05:53
You can read the text.
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Te võite seda teksti lugeda.
05:54
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
06:00
This is hackers getting in trouble for the first time.
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Niimoodi sattusid häkkerid esimest korda jamasse.
06:04
(Laughter).
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(Naer)
06:09
These were not theoretical physicists.
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Need ei olnud teoreetilise füüsika teadlased.
06:11
They were real soldering-gun type guys, and they actually built this thing.
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Nad olid tõelised jootekolvi-vennad ja nad tõesti ehitasid selle.
06:16
And we take it for granted now, that each of these machines
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Ja meie jaoks on see nüüd enesestmõistetav, et igas sellises masinas
06:18
has billions of transistors, doing billions of cycles per second without failing.
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on miljardeid transistoreid, tegemas miljardeid operatsioone sekundis - ilma äpardusteta.
06:23
They were using vacuum tubes, very narrow, sloppy techniques
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Nemad kasutasid vaakumlampe ning väga piiratud ja lohakaid meetodeid,
06:27
to get actually binary behavior out of these radio vacuum tubes.
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et raadiovaakumlambid binaarsüsteemis toimima panna.
06:32
They actually used 6J6, the common radio tube,
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Nad kasutasid 6J6 mudelit, tavalist raadiolampi,
06:35
because they found they were more reliable than the more expensive tubes.
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sest nad leidsid, et need on palju töökindlamad kui kallimad lambid.
06:39
And what they did at the Institute was publish every step of the way.
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Ja kõike, mida nad instituudis tegid, publitseeriti igal sammul.
06:43
Reports were issued, so that this machine was cloned
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Koostati raporteid, nii et seda masinat klooniti
06:46
at 15 other places around the world.
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15 kohas üle maailma.
06:49
And it really was. It was the original microprocessor.
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Kuid see oli tõesti esimene mikroprotsessor.
06:53
All the computers now are copies of that machine.
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Kõik tänapäeva arvutid on selle masina koopiad.
06:55
The memory was in cathode ray tubes --
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Mälu hoiti siis katoodkiirte torudes -
06:58
a whole bunch of spots on the face of the tube --
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tohutu hulk täpikesi toru pinnal,
07:01
very, very sensitive to electromagnetic disturbances.
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väga-väga tundlikud elektromagneetilistele muutustele.
07:04
So, there's 40 of these tubes,
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Nii et seal oli 40 sellist toru,
07:06
like a V-40 engine running the memory.
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nagu 40-hobujõuline mootor, mis jooksutab mälu.
07:09
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
07:10
The input and the output was by teletype tape at first.
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Sisendiks ja väljundiks oli algselt perfolint.
07:15
This is a wire drive, using bicycle wheels.
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See on jalgratta ratastest tehtud lindikoguja.
07:17
This is the archetype of the hard disk that's in your machine now.
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See on teie arvutites olevate kõvaketaste esiisa.
07:22
Then they switched to a magnetic drum.
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Siis hakkasid nad kasutama magnettrumlit.
07:24
This is modifying IBM equipment,
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Siin modifitseeritakse IBM'i seadmeid,
07:26
which is the origins of the whole data-processing industry, later at IBM.
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kust pärineb terve IBM'i andmetöötluse tööstus.
07:30
And this is the beginning of computer graphics.
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Ja see on arvutigraafika algus,
07:33
The "Graph'g-Beam Turn On." This next slide,
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nn "Graph'g-Beam Turn On". Järgmine slaid on,
07:36
that's the -- as far as I know -- the first digital bitmap display, 1954.
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niipalju kui mina tean, esimene digitaalpilti näitav ekraan, 1954 aastal.
07:43
So, Von Neumann was already off in a theoretical cloud,
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Von Neumann oli juba kadunud teoreetilisse pilve,
07:46
doing abstract sorts of studies of how you could build
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korraldades abstraktseid uuringuid, kuidas ehitada
07:49
reliable machines out of unreliable components.
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töökindlaid masinaid ebakindlatest komponentidest.
07:52
Those guys drinking all the tea with sugar in it
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Need tüübid, kes jõid ära kõik suhkruga tee,
07:54
were writing in their logbooks, trying to get this thing to work, with all
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kirjutasid enda logiraamatutesse, üritame seda asja tööle saada -
07:58
these 2,600 vacuum tubes that failed half the time.
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2600 vaakumlambiga, mis pooltel kordadel ei tööta.
08:01
And that's what I've been doing, this last six months, is going through the logs.
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Ma olengi viimased kuus kuud logiraamatutes tuhninud.
08:06
"Running time: two minutes. Input, output: 90 minutes."
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"Tööaeg: kaks minutit. Sisend, väljund: 90 minutit."
08:09
This includes a large amount of human error.
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Sellesse on arvestatud ka suur inimvea võimalus.
08:12
So they are always trying to figure out, what's machine error? What's human error?
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Nii üritavad nad kogu aeg aru saada, oli see masina viga? Oli see inimviga?
08:15
What's code, what's hardware?
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Mis on kood, mis on raudvara?
08:17
That's an engineer gazing at tube number 36,
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See on insener, kes põrnitseb lampi number 36,
08:19
trying to figure out why the memory's not in focus.
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üritades aru saada, miks mälu ei ole fookuses.
08:21
He had to focus the memory -- seems OK.
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Ta pidi mälu fokusseerima - tundub korras.
08:24
So, he had to focus each tube just to get the memory up and running,
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Nii pidi ta iga lampi fokusseerima lihtsalt selleks, et mälu töökorda seada,
08:28
let alone having, you know, software problems.
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rääkimata, teate küll, tarkvara probleemidest.
08:30
"No use, went home." (Laughter)
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"Mõttetu, läksin koju." (Naer).
08:32
"Impossible to follow the damn thing, where's a directory?"
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"Seda asja on võimatu järgida, kus on juhendid?"
08:35
So, already, they're complaining about the manuals:
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Nii et juba siis viriseti manuaalide üle.
08:37
"before closing down in disgust ... "
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"Enne kui ma vastikusega selle asja sulgen".
08:41
"The General Arithmetic: Operating Logs."
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"Üldine aritmeetika. Tööde logiraamat"
08:43
Burning lots of midnight oil.
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Põletame ohtralt südaöist õli.
08:46
"MANIAC," which became the acronym for the machine,
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MANIAC, mis sai selle masina akronüümiks -
08:48
Mathematical and Numerical Integrator and Calculator, "lost its memory."
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Mathematical And Numerical Integrator And Calculator "kaotas mälu".
08:51
"MANIAC regained its memory, when the power went off." "Machine or human?"
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"MANIAC'i mälu taastus voolu väljalülitumisel", "masin või inimene?".
08:57
"Aha!" So, they figured out it's a code problem.
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"Ahaa!" Nad said aru - probleem on koodis:
09:00
"Found trouble in code, I hope."
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"Leidsin koodist vea, loodetavasti".
09:02
"Code error, machine not guilty."
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"Koodiviga, masin pole süüdi."
09:05
"Damn it, I can be just as stubborn as this thing."
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"Kurat, ma olen vahel sama jäärapäine kui see masin."
09:08
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
09:13
"And the dawn came." So they ran all night.
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"Ja saabus koidik." Nii et nad töötasid terve öö.
09:15
Twenty-four hours a day, this thing was running, mainly running bomb calculations.
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Masin töötas 24 tundi päevas peamiselt pommiga seotud kalkulatsioonide kallal.
09:19
"Everything up to this point is wasted time." "What's the use? Good night."
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"Kuni siiani on kõik raisatud aeg." "Mis kasu sest on? Head ööd."
09:24
"Master control off. The hell with it. Way off." (Laughter)
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"Pealüliti väljas. Põrgusse sellega. Liiga väljas." (Naer)
09:28
"Something's wrong with the air conditioner --
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"Konditsioneeriga on midagi valesti -
09:30
smell of burning V-belts in the air."
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õhus on tunda kärssavate ajamlintide haisu."
09:33
"A short -- do not turn the machine on."
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"Lühis - ärge lülitage masinat sisse."
09:35
"IBM machine putting a tar-like substance on the cards. The tar is from the roof."
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"IBM masin jätab perfokaartidele tõrvalaadset ollust. Tõrv on katuselt."
09:40
So they really were working under tough conditions.
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Nii et nad töötasid tõesti rasketes oludes.
09:42
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
09:43
Here, "A mouse has climbed into the blower
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Näe, "hiir on roninud puhurisse,
09:45
behind the regulator rack, set blower to vibrating. Result: no more mouse."
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regulaatori raami taha, pannes puhuri vibreerima. Tulemus: hiirt pole enam".
09:49
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
09:54
"Here lies mouse. Born: ?. Died: 4:50 a.m., May 1953."
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"Siin puhkab hiir. Sündinud: ?. Surnud: 4:50, mai 1953"
10:01
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
10:02
There's an inside joke someone has penciled in:
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Siin on siseringi nali, mille keegi on siia lisanud:
10:04
"Here lies Marston Mouse."
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"Siin puhkab Marston Mouse."
10:06
If you're a mathematician, you get that,
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Kui sa oled matemaatik, siis saad sellest aru,
10:08
because Marston was a mathematician who
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sest Marston oli matemaatik,
10:09
objected to the computer being there.
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kes oli arvutite instituudis hoidmise vastu.
10:12
"Picked a lightning bug off the drum." "Running at two kilocycles."
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"Leidsin trumlist jaanimardika." "Kiirus on kaks kilotsüklit."
10:16
That's two thousand cycles per second --
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See on kaks tuhat tsüklit sekundis -
10:18
"yes, I'm chicken" -- so two kilocycles was slow speed.
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"Jah, ma olen tossike" - nii et kaks kilotsüklit oli aeglane.
10:21
The high speed was 16 kilocycles.
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Suurim kiirus oli 16 kilotsüklit.
10:24
I don't know if you remember a Mac that was 16 Megahertz,
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Ma ei tea, kas te mäletate Mac'i, mis oli 16 megahertsiga.
10:27
that's slow speed.
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See oli aeglane.
10:29
"I have now duplicated both results.
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"Ma olen suutnud korrata mõlemat tulemust.
10:32
How will I know which is right, assuming one result is correct?
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Kust ma tean, kumb on õige, eeldades, et üks on õige?
10:35
This now is the third different output.
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See on nüüd kolmas tulemus.
10:37
I know when I'm licked."
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Mind on jälle haneks tõmmatud."
10:39
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
10:41
"We've duplicated errors before."
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"Oleme ennegi neid vigu korranud."
10:43
"Machine run, fine. Code isn't."
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"Masin töötab kenasti. Kood mitte."
10:46
"Only happens when the machine is running."
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"Juhtub ainult siis, kui masin töötab."
10:48
And sometimes things are okay.
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Ja mõnikord on kõik hästi.
10:52
"Machine a thing of beauty, and a joy forever." "Perfect running."
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"See masin on kaunis ja igavese rõõmu allikas." "Töötab ideaalselt."
10:56
"Parting thought: when there's bigger and better errors, we'll have them."
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"Mõte enne lahkumist: kui on veel suuremaid ja paremaid vigu, me saame nad kätte."
11:00
So, nobody was supposed to know they were actually designing bombs.
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Keegi neist ei oleks pidanud aimama, et nad disainivad pomme.
11:03
They're designing hydrogen bombs. But someone in the logbook,
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Nad disainisid vesinikpomme. Aga ühel hilisõhtul oli keegi
11:05
late one night, finally drew a bomb.
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logiraamatusse lõpuks pommi joonistanud.
11:07
So, that was the result. It was Mike,
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See oli tulemus. See oli Mike,
11:09
the first thermonuclear bomb, in 1952.
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esimene termotuumapomm, aastal 1952.
11:12
That was designed on that machine,
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Mis loodi selle masina abil
11:14
in the woods behind the Institute.
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instituudi taga metsas.
11:16
So Von Neumann invited a whole gang of weirdos
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Von Neumann oli see, kes kutsus terve bande veidrikke
11:20
from all over the world to work on all these problems.
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üle maailma kokku, et probleemid lahendada.
11:23
Barricelli, he came to do what we now call, really, artificial life,
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Barricelli asus looma, nagu me seda nüüd kutsume, tehiselu,
11:27
trying to see if, in this artificial universe --
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üritades näha, kas selles tehisuniversumis ...
11:30
he was a viral-geneticist, way, way, way ahead of his time.
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Ta oli viirusi uuriv geneetik - kõvasti enda ajast ees.
11:33
He's still ahead of some of the stuff that's being done now.
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Ta on praegugi osadest asjadest ees.
11:36
Trying to start an artificial genetic system running in the computer.
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Üritab käivitada arvutis töötavat tehislikku geneetilist süsteemi.
11:41
Began -- his universe started March 3, '53.
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Tema universum sai alguse 3. märtsil 1953.
11:44
So it's almost exactly -- it's 50 years ago next Tuesday, I guess.
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Nii et järgmine teisipäev on sellest möödas 50 aastat.
11:49
And he saw everything in terms of --
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Ta nägi kõike seisukohalt ...
11:51
he could read the binary code straight off the machine.
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Ta suutis lugeda binaarkoodi otse masinast.
11:53
He had a wonderful rapport.
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Ta sai sellega suurepäraselt läbi.
11:55
Other people couldn't get the machine running. It always worked for him.
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Teised ei saanud masinat tööle. Temaga töötas see aga alati.
11:58
Even errors were duplicated.
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Isegi vigu suudeti korrata.
12:00
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
12:01
"Dr. Barricelli claims machine is wrong, code is right."
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"Dr Baricelli väidab, et masin eksib, kood on õige."
12:04
So he designed this universe, and ran it.
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Nii et ta disainis universumi ja jooksutas seda.
12:07
When the bomb people went home, he was allowed in there.
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Kui pommi-inimesed koju läksid, lubati tema sinna.
12:10
He would run that thing all night long, running these things,
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Ta jooksutas koodi terve öö.
12:13
if anybody remembers Stephen Wolfram,
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Kui keegi mäletab Stephen Wolframi,
12:15
who reinvented this stuff.
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siis tema taasleiutas selle.
12:17
And he published it. It wasn't locked up and disappeared.
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Ja ta kirjutas artikli. Seda ei pandud luku taha ja läks kaduma.
12:19
It was published in the literature.
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See publitseeriti kirjanduses.
12:21
"If it's that easy to create living organisms, why not create a few yourself?"
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"Kui elusorganisme on nii kerge luua, miks mitte luua iseendast koopiaid?"
12:24
So, he decided to give it a try,
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Nii ta otsustas proovida ja
12:26
to start this artificial biology going in the machines.
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käivitada masinates toimiva tehisbioloogia.
12:30
And he found all these, sort of --
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Ja ta leidis kõik need ...
12:32
it was like a naturalist coming in
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Just kui loodusteadlane oleks tulnud,
12:34
and looking at this tiny, 5,000-byte universe,
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vaadanud seda väikest 5000-baidist universumi,
12:37
and seeing all these things happening
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ja näinud, kuidas bioloogias toimivad kõik need asjad,
12:39
that we see in the outside world, in biology.
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mida meie näeme pärismaailmas.
12:42
This is some of the generations of his universe.
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Need on mõned näited tema universumist.
12:48
But they're just going to stay numbers;
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Aga need jäävadki kõigest numbriteks;
12:50
they're not going to become organisms.
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neist ei saa organisme.
12:52
They have to have something.
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Neil peab midagi olema.
12:53
You have a genotype and you have to have a phenotype.
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Sul on genotüüp ja sul kujuneb välja fenotüüp.
12:55
They have to go out and do something. And he started doing that,
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Need peavad midagi tegema. Ja ta hakkas sellega tegelema,
12:58
started giving these little numerical organisms things they could play with --
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ta hakkas andma neile numbrilistele olenditele midagi, millega mängida,
13:01
playing chess with other machines and so on.
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malemäng teise masinaga, jne.
13:03
And they did start to evolve.
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Ja nad hakkasid arenema.
13:05
And he went around the country after that.
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Ja ta läks seejärel riigi peale tuuritama.
13:07
Every time there was a new, fast machine, he started using it,
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Ja kui kuskil oli uuem kiirem masin, võttis ta selle kasutusele,
13:11
and saw exactly what's happening now.
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ja ta nägi just seda, kuhu oleme praegu jõudnud:
13:13
That the programs, instead of being turned off -- when you quit the program,
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et programmid, selle asemel et välja lülituda, kui sa programmist väljud,
13:19
you'd keep running
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töötaksid edasi.
13:21
and, basically, all the sorts of things like Windows is doing,
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Ta nägi põhimõtteliselt kõike seda, mida Windows praegu teeb, -
13:25
running as a multi-cellular organism on many machines,
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töötades nagu mitmerakuline organism mitmes masinas -
13:27
he envisioned all that happening.
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ta nägi kõike seda ette.
13:28
And he saw that evolution itself was an intelligent process.
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Tema meelest oli evolutsioon intelligentne protsess.
13:31
It wasn't any sort of creator intelligence,
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Mitte mingit sorti looja tarkus,
13:34
but the thing itself was a giant parallel computation
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vaid tohutu paralleelne arvutus,
13:37
that would have some intelligence.
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millel on mingil määral intelligentsi.
13:39
And he went out of his way to say
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Ta läks nii kaugele, et ütles,
13:41
that he was not saying this was lifelike,
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et ta ei väida, et see on elutruu,
13:44
or a new kind of life.
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või mingi uut tüüpi elu,
13:46
It just was another version of the same thing happening.
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vaid lihtsalt teine versioon samasugusest protsessist.
13:49
And there's really no difference between what he was doing in the computer
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Ja pole suurt vahet sellel, mida tema tegi arvutis,
13:52
and what nature did billions of years ago.
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ja sellel, mida loodus tegi miljardeid aastaid tagasi.
13:55
And could you do it again now?
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Kas meie suudaks seda praegu korrata?
13:57
So, when I went into these archives looking at this stuff, lo and behold,
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Kui ma siis läksin arhiivi ta asju otsima,
14:01
the archivist came up one day, saying,
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tuli arhivaar ühel päeval ja ütles:
14:03
"I think we found another box that had been thrown out."
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"Ma arvan, et me leidsime veel ühe äravisatud kasti."
14:06
And it was his universe on punch cards.
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Ja see oli tema perfokaartide maailm.
14:08
So there it is, 50 years later, sitting there -- sort of suspended animation.
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Seal see siis kössitabki 50 aastat hiljem. Nii öelda tardunud asendis.
14:14
That's the instructions for running --
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Need olid juhised selle käivitamiseks -
14:16
this is actually the source code
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see on tegelikult lähtekood
14:18
for one of those universes,
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ühe sellise universumi jaoks,
14:20
with a note from the engineers
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koos kirjaga inseneridelt,
14:22
saying they're having some problems.
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kel tekkis mõningaid probleeme.
14:23
"There must be something about this code that you haven't explained yet."
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"Siin koodis peab olema midagi, mida te pole veel ära seletanud."
14:28
And I think that's really the truth. We still don't understand
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Ja ma arvan, et see ongi tõde. Me ei saa siiani aru,
14:31
how these very simple instructions can lead to increasing complexity.
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kuidas need väga lihtsad juhised viivad kasvava keerukuseni.
14:35
What's the dividing line between
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Mis on üldse eraldusjooneks
14:37
when that is lifelike and when it really is alive?
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elutruu ja reaalselt elusoleva vahel?
14:41
These cards, now, thanks to me showing up, are being saved.
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Need kaardid hoitakse nüüd tänu minu ilmumisele alles.
14:45
And the question is, should we run them or not?
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Ja küsimus on, kas me peaks need tööle panema või mitte?
14:47
You know, could we get them running?
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Noh et, kas me saaks need tööle?
14:49
Do you want to let it loose on the Internet?
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Kas panna need internetti?
14:50
These machines would think they --
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Need masinad arvaksid, et nad ...
14:52
these organisms, if they came back to life now --
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need organismid, kui nad taas ellu ärkaksid,
14:55
whether they've died and gone to heaven, there's a universe.
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et nad on surnud ja taevasse sattunud, et siin on universum ...
14:57
My laptop is 10 thousand million times
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Minu sülearvuti on 10 tuhat miljonit korda suurem
15:02
the size of the universe that they lived in when Barricelli quit the project.
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universumist, kus nemad elasid, kui Baricelli projekti lõpetas.
15:07
He was thinking far ahead, to
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Ta mõtles kauge tuleviku peale,
15:09
how this would really grow into a new kind of life.
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kus kõik kasvaks tõesti uueks eluvormiks.
15:12
And that's what's happening!
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Ja just see praegu toimubki!
15:14
When Juan Enriquez told us about
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Kui Juan Enriquez rääkis meile
15:16
these 12 trillion bits being transferred back and forth,
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neist 12 triljonist bitist, mida saadetakse edasi-tagasi,
15:20
of all this genomics data going to the proteomics lab,
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kogu sellest geneetilistest infost, mis läheb proteoomika laborisse,
15:24
that's what Barricelli imagined:
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siis selline oligi Baricelli ettekujutus:
15:26
that this digital code in these machines
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et see digitaalne kood masinates
15:29
is actually starting to code --
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hakkabki tegelikult koodeerima -
15:31
it already is coding from nucleic acids.
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see kodeerib juba nukleiinhapete põhjal.
15:34
We've been doing that since, you know, since we started PCR
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Me oleme seda teinud alates PCR'i kasutuselevõtust
15:37
and synthesizing small strings of DNA.
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ja DNA fragmentide sünteesimisest.
15:43
And real soon, we're actually going to be synthesizing the proteins,
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Ja varsti hakkame me proteiine sünteesima,
15:46
and, like Steve showed us, that just opens an entirely new world.
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ja nagu Steve näitas, avab see meile täiesti uue maailma.
15:51
It's a world that Von Neumann himself envisioned.
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See on maailm, mida von Neumann ette kujutas.
15:54
This was published after he died: his sort of unfinished notes
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See publitseeriti pärast tema surma: tema niiöelda lõpetamata
15:57
on self-reproducing machines,
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kirjutised isepaljunevatest masinatest.
15:59
what it takes to get the machines sort of jump-started
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Mida on vaja, et masinad jõuaksid punkti,
16:02
to where they begin to reproduce.
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kus nad hakkaksid paljunema.
16:04
It took really three people:
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Selleks oli tegelikult vaja kolme inimest:
16:06
Barricelli had the concept of the code as a living thing;
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Baricellil oli kontseptsioon koodist kui elusolendist.
16:09
Von Neumann saw how you could build the machines --
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Von Neumann teadis, kuidas need masinad ehitada.
16:12
that now, last count, four million
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Viimaste andmete järgi ehitataksegi
16:15
of these Von Neumann machines is built every 24 hours;
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4 miljonit sellist von Neumanni masinat igas ööpäevas.
16:18
and Julian Bigelow, who died 10 days ago --
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Ja Julian Bigelow, kes suri 10 päeva eest -
16:22
this is John Markoff's obituary for him --
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see on John Markoffi järelhüüe talle -
16:25
he was the important missing link,
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tema oli tähtis puuduv lüli,
16:27
the engineer who came in
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insener, kes tuli ja teadis,
16:29
and knew how to put those vacuum tubes together and make it work.
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kuidas vaakumlambid ühendada ja asi käima panna.
16:32
And all our computers have, inside them,
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Ja kõigi meie arvutite sees on koopia
16:34
the copies of the architecture that he had to just design
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struktuurist, mille ta ühel päeval lihtsalt disainis
16:38
one day, sort of on pencil and paper.
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paberi ja pliiatsiga.
16:41
And we owe a tremendous credit to that.
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Me oleme selle eest talle palju tänu võlgu.
16:43
And he explained, in a very generous way,
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Ta seletas lahkelt, milline vaim valitses
16:47
the spirit that brought all these different people to
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kõigi nende inimestete keskel, kes kogunesid 40-ndaltel
16:49
the Institute for Advanced Study in the '40s to do this project,
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Kõrgemate Uuringute Instituuti projektiga tegelema
16:52
and make it freely available with no patents, no restrictions,
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ning avaldasid selle tasuta ilma patentide, piirangute ja
16:55
no intellectual property disputes to the rest of the world.
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intellektuaalomandi vaidlusteta kogu ülejäänud maailmale.
16:58
That's the last entry in the logbook
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See on logiraamatu viimane sissekanne,
17:01
when the machine was shut down, July 1958.
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kui masin 1958. a juulis välja lülitati.
17:04
And it's Julian Bigelow who was running it until midnight
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Ja see siin on Julian Bigelow, kes lasi masinal töötada südaööni,
17:07
when the machine was officially turned off.
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mil see ametlikult välja lülitati.
17:09
And that's the end.
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Ja see ongi kõik.
17:11
Thank you very much.
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Ma tänan teid.
17:13
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Dyson - Historian of scienceIn telling stories of technologies and the individuals who created them, George Dyson takes a clear-eyed view of our scientific past -- while illuminating what lies ahead.
Why you should listen
The development of the Aleutian kayak, its adaptation by Russians in the 18th and 19th centuries, and his own redevelopment of the craft in the 1970s was chronicled in George Dyson’s Baidarka: The Kayak of 1986. His 1997 Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (“the last book about the Internet written without the Internet”) explored the history and prehistory of digital computing and telecommunications as a manifestation of the convergent destiny of organisms and machines.
Project Orion: The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship, published in 2002, assembled first-person interviews and recently declassified documents to tell the story of a path not taken into space: a nuclear-powered spaceship whose objective was to land a party of 100 people on Mars four years before we landed two people on the Moon. Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe, published in 2012, illuminated the transition from numbers that mean things to numbers that do things in the aftermath of World War II.
Dyson’s current project, Analogia, is a semi-autobiographical reflection on how analog computation is re-establishing control over the digital world.
George Dyson | Speaker | TED.com