TED-Ed
Adam Savage: How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries
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Adam Savage walks through two spectacular examples of profound scientific discoveries that came from simple, creative methods anyone could have followed -- Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's circumference around 200 BC and Hippolyte Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in 1849. Find more TED-Ed videos on our new YouTube channel: youtube.com/TEDEd.
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinker
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Adam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
(Glazba)
Jedna od čudnih stvari kada posjedujete mozak
00:14
One of the funny things
about owning a brain
about owning a brain
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je da nemate nikakvu kontrolu nad
stvarima koje skuplja i zadržava,
stvarima koje skuplja i zadržava,
00:16
is that you have
no control over the things
no control over the things
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00:18
that it gathers and holds onto,
the facts and the stories.
the facts and the stories.
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činjenice i priče. I što postajete stariji, to postaje gore.
00:21
And as you get older, it only gets worse.
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Stvari ostaju godinama
00:23
Things stick around for years sometimes
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dok ne shvatite zašto ste zainteresirani za njih,
00:25
before you understand
why you're interested in them,
why you're interested in them,
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prije nego svhatite njihovu važnost za vas.
00:28
before you understand their import to you.
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Ovdje su tri moje.
00:30
Here's three of mine.
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Kada je Richard Feynman bio mladi dječak u Queensu,
00:31
When Richard Feynman
was a young boy in Queens,
was a young boy in Queens,
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otišao je u šetnju sa svojim ocem, svojim kolicima
00:34
he went for a walk with his dad
and his wagon and a ball.
and his wagon and a ball.
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i loptom. I primjetio je da kada vuče kolica,
00:38
He noticed that when he pulled the wagon,
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
the ball went to the back of the wagon.
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lopta ide prema stražnjem kraju.
I pitao je svog oca, "Zašto lopta ide prema stražnjem kraju kolica?"
00:42
He asked his dad, "Why does
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
the ball go to the back of the wagon?"
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I njegov otac je rekao, "To je inercija."
00:45
And his dad said, "That's inertia."
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Rekao je, "Što je inercija?" I njegov otac je rekao: "Ah,
00:47
He said, "What's inertia?"
And his dad said, "Ah.
And his dad said, "Ah.
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inercija je ime koje su znanstvenici dali
00:50
Inertia is the name that scientists give
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00:52
to the phenomenon of the ball
going to the back of the wagon."
going to the back of the wagon."
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fenomenu lopte koja ide prema stražnjem dijelu kolica.
Ali zapravo, nitko ne zna."
00:55
(Laughter)
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00:57
"But in truth, nobody really knows."
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Feynman je prikupio diplome
01:00
Feynman went on to earn degrees
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na MIT-u, Princetonu, riješio je katastrofu Challengera,
01:02
at MIT, Princeton, he solved
the Challenger disaster,
the Challenger disaster,
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i na kraju je dobio Nobelovu nagradu iz Fizike
01:05
he ended up winning
the Nobel Prize in Physics
the Nobel Prize in Physics
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zbog Feynmanovih dijagrama koji opisuju kretanje subatomskih čestica.
01:08
for his Feynman diagrams, describing
the movement of subatomic particles.
the movement of subatomic particles.
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I on pripisuje zasluge razgovoru sa svojim ocem
01:12
And he credits that conversation
with his father as giving him a sense
with his father as giving him a sense
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jer su mu dali osjećaj
da ga najednostavnija pitanja mogu odnijeti do ruba ljudskog znanja,
01:16
that the simplest questions could carry
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
you out to the edge of human knowledge,
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i da je to mjesto gdje se on želi igrati.
01:21
and that that's where he wanted to play.
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I igrao se.
01:23
And play he did.
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Eratosten je bio treći knjižničar velike knjižnice u Aleksandriji
01:25
Eratosthenes was the third librarian
at the great Library of Alexandria,
at the great Library of Alexandria,
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i dao je mnoge doprinose znanosti.
01:29
and he made many contributions to science.
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Ali ono po čemu se najviše pamti
01:32
But the one he is most remembered for
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započelo je u pismu koje je primio kao knjižničar
01:34
began in a letter that he received
as the librarian,
as the librarian,
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iz grada Sweneta, koji je bio južno od Aleksandrije.
01:37
from the town of Swenet,
which was south of Alexandria.
which was south of Alexandria.
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Pismo je uključivalo činjenicu koja se zaglavila u Eratostenovu umu,
01:41
The letter included this fact
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind,
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i činjenica je bila da je pisac rekao da u podne
01:44
and the fact was that the writer said,
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na solsticiji, kad pogleda u svoj duboki bunar,
01:46
at noon on the solstice,
when he looked down this deep well,
when he looked down this deep well,
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može vidjeti svoj odraz na dnu, i da također
može vidjeti da je njegova glava
može vidjeti da je njegova glava
01:49
he could see his reflection at the bottom,
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01:51
and he could also see
that his head was blocking the sun.
that his head was blocking the sun.
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blokirala sunce.
Sad, moram vam reći -- ideja da je Christopher Columbus otkrio da je svijet sferičan
01:54
I should tell you -- the idea
that Christopher Columbus
that Christopher Columbus
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je potpuno netočna. Uopće nije istina.
01:57
discovered that the world
is spherical is total bull.
is spherical is total bull.
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Zapravo, svatko tko je bi educiran shvaćao je da je svijet sferičan
01:59
It's not true at all.
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02:00
In fact, everyone who was educated
understood that the world was spherical
understood that the world was spherical
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od Aristotelovog vremena, i Aristotel je to dokazao
02:04
since Aristotle's time.
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sa jednostavnom opservacijom.
02:05
Aristotle had proved it
with a simple observation.
with a simple observation.
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Primjetio je da svakog puta kada je vidio Zemljinu sjenu na Mjesecu,
02:07
He noticed that every time you saw
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
the Earth's shadow on the Moon,
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ona je bila kružna,
i jedini oblik koji uvijek stvara okruglu sjenu
02:11
it was circular,
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02:12
and the only shape that constantly
creates a circular shadow
creates a circular shadow
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je sfera, dakle Zemlja je okrugla.
02:15
is a sphere, Q.E.D. the Earth is round.
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Ali nitko nije znao kako je velika
02:18
But nobody knew how big it was
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dok Eratostenes nije dobio pismo s ovom činjenicom.
02:19
until Eratosthenes got
this letter with this fact.
this letter with this fact.
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Tako da je shvaćao da je sunce direktno iznad grada Sweneta,
02:23
So he understood that the sun
was directly above the city of Swenet,
was directly above the city of Swenet,
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jer gledajući niz bunar, to je bila ravna crta
02:26
because looking down a well,
it was a straight line
it was a straight line
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dolje niz bunar, ravno pored glave tog tipa do sunca.
02:29
all the way down the well,
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
right past the guy's head up to the sun.
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Eratostenes je znao još jednu činjenicu.
02:33
Eratosthenes knew another fact.
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Znao je da štap zabijen u zemlju u Aleksandriji
02:34
He knew that a stick stuck
in the ground in Alexandria
in the ground in Alexandria
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u isto vrijeme i istog dana, u podne,
02:37
at the same time
and the same day, at noon,
and the same day, at noon,
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u sunčev zenit, na solsticij,
02:40
the sun's zenith, on the solstice,
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sunce bi bacalo sjenu koja je pokazivala da je 7,2 stupnja izvan osi.
02:42
the sun cast a shadow that showed
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
that it was 7.2 degrees off-axis.
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Sada, ako znate obujam kruga,
02:49
If you know the circumference of a circle,
and you have two points on it,
and you have two points on it,
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i imate dvije točke na njemu,
sve što trebate je udaljenost između ove dvije točke,
02:53
all you need to know is the distance
between those two points,
between those two points,
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kako biste izračunali obujam.
02:56
and you can extrapolate the circumference.
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Tristo šezdeset stupnjeva podijeljeno sa 7,2 jednako je 50.
02:58
360 degrees divided by 7.2 equals 50.
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Znam da je poprilično okrugao broj, i čini i mene sumnjičavim u svezi ove priče,
03:02
I know it's a little bit
of a round number,
of a round number,
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ali to je dobra priča, pa ćemo nastaviti s njom.
03:04
and it makes me suspicious
of this story too,
of this story too,
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03:06
but it's a good story,
so we'll continue with it.
so we'll continue with it.
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Trebao je znati udaljenost između Sweneta i Aleksandrije,
03:08
He needed to know the distance
between Swenet and Alexandria,
between Swenet and Alexandria,
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što je dobro jer je Eratosten bio dobar u geografiji.
03:11
which is good because Eratosthenes
was good at geography.
was good at geography.
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Zapravo, izmislio je riječ geografija.
03:15
In fact, he invented the word geography.
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Cesta između Sweneta i Aleksandrije
03:17
(Laughter)
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03:19
The road between Swenet and Alexandria
was a road of commerce,
was a road of commerce,
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bila je cesta trgovanja,
i trgovci su morali znati koliko im dugo treba da tamo dođu,
03:22
and commerce needed to know
how long it took to get there.
how long it took to get there.
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trabali su znati točnu udaljenost, tako da je znao vrlo precizno
03:25
It needed to know the exact distance,
so he knew very precisely
so he knew very precisely
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da je udaljenost između dva grada 500 milja.
03:28
that the distance between
the two cities was 500 miles.
the two cities was 500 miles.
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Pomnožite to sa 50 i dobijete 25000,
03:31
Multiply that times 50, you get 25,000,
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03:34
which is within one percent
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
of the actual diameter of the Earth.
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što je unutar jedan posto stvarnog promjera Zemlje.
Ovo je učinio prije 2200 godina.
03:38
He did this 2,200 years ago.
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Sad živimo u dobu gdje
03:42
Now, we live in an age where
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03:44
multi-billion-dollar pieces of machinery
are looking for the Higgs boson.
are looking for the Higgs boson.
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multi-milijarderski uređaji traže Higgsov boson.
Otkrivamo čestice koje možda putuju brže od brzine svjetlosti,
03:48
We're discovering particles
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03:50
that may travel faster
than the speed of light,
than the speed of light,
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i sva ova otkrića su moguća
03:52
and all of these discoveries
are made possible
are made possible
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zbog tehnologije koja je razvijena u posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća.
03:55
by technology that's been developed
in the last few decades.
in the last few decades.
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Ali za većinu ljudske povijesti,
03:58
But for most of human history,
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morali smo otkriti te stvari koristeći naše oči i uši i naše umove.
04:01
we had to discover these things using
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
our eyes and our ears and our minds.
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Armand Fizeau je eksperimentalni fizičar u Parizu.
04:06
Armand Fizeau was
an experimental physicist in Paris.
an experimental physicist in Paris.
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Njegova specijalnost je zapravo pročišćavanje i potvrđivanje rezultata drugih,
04:10
His specialty was actually refining
and confirming other people's results,
and confirming other people's results,
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i ovo će se možda činiti malo kao pirovo istraživanje,
04:15
and this might sound
like a bit of an also-ran,
like a bit of an also-ran,
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ali zapravo ovo je duša znanosti,
04:17
but in fact, this is the soul of science,
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jer nema činjenice koja ne može biti neovisno potkrijepljena.
04:19
because there is no such thing as a fact
that cannot be independently corroborated.
that cannot be independently corroborated.
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I on je bio upoznat sa Galileovim eksperimentima
04:23
And he was familiar
with Galileo's experiments
with Galileo's experiments
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u kojima je pokušao utvrditi ima li ili ne svjetlo brzinu.
04:26
in trying to determine
whether or not light had a speed.
whether or not light had a speed.
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Dakle, Galileo je smislio jedan zaista divan eksperiment
04:29
Galileo had worked out this
really wonderful experiment
really wonderful experiment
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gdje su on i njegov asistent imali lampu,
04:32
where he and his assistant had a lamp,
each one of them was holding a lamp.
each one of them was holding a lamp.
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i svatko od njih je držao lampu. I Galileo je otvorio svoju lampu,
i asistent bi otvorio svoju.
i asistent bi otvorio svoju.
04:36
Galileo would open his lamp,
and his assistant would open his.
and his assistant would open his.
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I stvarno su dobro svladali tempiranje.
04:39
They got the timing down really good.
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Znali su tempiranje. I onda su stali na dva vrha brda,
04:41
They just knew their timing.
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04:42
And then they stood at two hilltops,
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udaljenih oko dvije milje, i učinili istu stvar pod pretpostavkom
04:44
two miles distant,
and they did the same thing,
and they did the same thing,
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Galilea da ako svjetlo ima primjetnu brzinu,
04:47
on the assumption from Galileo
that if light had a discernible speed,
that if light had a discernible speed,
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on će primjetiti zaostajanje u povratku svjetlosti iz asistentove lampe.
04:50
he'd notice a delay in the light
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
coming back from his assistant's lamp.
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Ali svjetlost je bila prebrza za Galilea.
04:53
But light was too fast for Galileo.
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Promašio je za nekoliko redova veličine kada je pretpostavio
04:56
He was off by several orders
of magnitude when he assumed
of magnitude when he assumed
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da je svjetlost otprilike 10 puta brža od brzine zvuka.
04:58
that light was roughly ten times
as fast as the speed of sound.
as fast as the speed of sound.
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Fizeau je bio svjestan ovog eksperimenta. Živio je u Parizu,
05:02
Fizeau was aware of this experiment.
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05:04
He lived in Paris, and he set up
two experimental stations,
two experimental stations,
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i postavio je dvije eksperimentalne stanice,
udaljene optilike pet i pol milja
05:09
roughly 5.5 miles distant, in Paris.
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u Parizu. I riješio je Galileov problem,
05:12
And he solved this problem of Galileo's,
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i učinio je to sa prilično trivijalnim komadom opreme.
05:14
and he did it with a really relatively
trivial piece of equipment.
trivial piece of equipment.
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Učinio je to s ovime.
05:19
He did it with one of these.
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Maknut ću kliker na sekundu
05:21
I'm going to put away
the clicker for a second
the clicker for a second
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jer želim da uključite vaš mozak u ovo.
05:23
because I want to engage
your brains in this.
your brains in this.
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Ovo je nazubljeni kotač. Ima puno zareza
05:25
So this is a toothed wheel.
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05:27
It's got a bunch of notches
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
and it's got a bunch of teeth.
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i ima hrpu zubaca.
Ovo je bilo Fizeauovo rješenje za slanje diskretnih pulsova svjetlosti.
05:30
This was Fizeau's solution
to sending discrete pulses of light.
to sending discrete pulses of light.
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Postavio bi zraku iza jednog od ovih zareza.
05:33
He put a beam behind one of these notches.
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Ako usmjerim zraku kroz ovaj zarez prema zrcalu,
05:35
If I point a beam
through this notch at a mirror,
through this notch at a mirror,
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pet milja udaljenom, zraka se odbija od zrcala
05:39
five miles away, that beam
is bouncing off the mirror
is bouncing off the mirror
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i dolazi natrag kroz ovaj zarez.
05:41
and coming back to me through this notch.
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Ali nešto interesantno događa se kako okreće kotač brže.
05:44
But something interesting happens
as he spins the wheel faster.
as he spins the wheel faster.
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Primjećuje da se ponaša kao da se vrata zatvaraju
05:47
He notices that it seems
like a door is starting to close
like a door is starting to close
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iznad zrake koja se vraća njegovom oku.
05:50
on the light beam
that's coming back to his eye.
that's coming back to his eye.
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Zašto je to tako?
05:53
Why is that?
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Zato što puls svjetlosti ne stiže
05:55
It's because the pulse
of light is not coming back
of light is not coming back
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natrag kroz isti zarez, već pogađa zubac.
05:57
through the same notch.
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05:59
It's actually hitting a tooth.
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I vrti kotač dovoljno brzo
06:00
And he spins the wheel fast enough
and he fully occludes the light.
and he fully occludes the light.
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i u potpunosti zaklanja svjetlost. I onda,
na osnovu udaljenosti dvaju stanica
06:05
And then, based on the distance
between the two stations
between the two stations
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06:08
and the speed of his wheel
and the number of notches in the wheel,
and the number of notches in the wheel,
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i brzine kojom se njegov kotač kreće i broja zareza na kotaču,
računa brzinu svjetlosti unutar dva posto njene stvarne vrijednosti.
06:11
he calculates the speed of light
to within two percent of its actual value.
to within two percent of its actual value.
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I to čini 1849.
06:16
And he does this in 1849.
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To me stvarno pokreće u znanosti.
06:21
This is what really gets me
going about science.
going about science.
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Kad god imam problema sa shvaćanjem koncepta, vratim se
i istražujem ljude koji su otkrili taj koncept.
i istražujem ljude koji su otkrili taj koncept.
06:23
Whenever I'm having trouble
understanding a concept,
understanding a concept,
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06:26
I go back and I research
the people that discovered that concept.
the people that discovered that concept.
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Gledam priču kako su došli do toga da to shvaćaju.
06:29
I look at the story of how
they came to understand it.
they came to understand it.
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I ono što se dogodi kada gledate što su oni koji su otkrili razmišljali
06:31
What happens when you look
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06:33
at what the discoverers
were thinking about
were thinking about
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kada su došli do svojih otkrića, je da shvaćate
06:35
when they made their discoveries,
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06:37
is you understand that
they are not so different from us.
they are not so different from us.
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da nisu tako različiti od nas.
Svi smo mi vreće mesa i vode. I svi počinjemo s istim alatima.
06:42
We are all bags of meat and water.
We all start with the same tools.
We all start with the same tools.
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Volim ideju da se grane znanosti zovu polja istraživanja.
06:46
I love the idea that different branches
of science are called fields of study.
of science are called fields of study.
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Većina ljudi gleda na znanost kao zatvorenu, crnu kutiju,
06:50
Most people think of science
as a closed, black box,
as a closed, black box,
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kad je zapravo otvoreno polje.
06:53
when in fact it is an open field.
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I mi smo svi istraživači.
06:56
And we are all explorers.
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Ljudi koji su napravili ova otkrića su samo malo više razmišljali
06:58
The people that made these discoveries
just thought a little bit harder
just thought a little bit harder
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o tome što su gledali, i bili su malo znatiželjniji.
07:01
about what they were looking at,
and they were a little bit more curious.
and they were a little bit more curious.
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I njihova znatiželja promijenila je način na koji ljudi gledaju svijet,
07:05
And their curiosity changed the way
people thought about the world,
people thought about the world,
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i zato je promijenila svijet.
07:08
and thus it changed the world.
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Oni su promijenili svijet, i možete i vi.
07:10
They changed the world, and so can you.
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Hvala vam.
07:14
Thank you.
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07:15
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Savage - Maker, critical thinkerAdam Savage is an internationally renowned television producer, host and public speaker.
Why you should listen
Adam Savage's mother is a psychologist; his father was a celebrated artist, painter and filmmaker. From the youngest age they encouraged his flights of fancy. Savage has been a paperboy, a projectionist, juggler, unicycle rider, sculptor, graphic designer, scenic painter, robot builder, welder, carpenter, machinist, prop maker, toy designer, actor, writer, executive producer and director. He spent six years in theater and 10 years in commercial and film special effects working for clients such as Nike, Corning, Hershey's, and Coca-Cola, and films like Star Wars, The Matrix films, A.I., Space Cowboys, Terminator 3 and Galaxy Quest.
Savage has built everything from theater sets to miniature particle accelerators. From spaceships to animatronic arms. He's made Rube Goldberg machines, hand props and spacesuits. His online videos have generated over 230 million page views. He's written for Popular Mechanics, the Wall Street Journal and Wired Magazine, among others. His program "Mythbusters" produced 270 episodes that aired in over 100 countries for 14 years. Adam shares his builds, his love for movie props and costumes, and passion for the transformative power of making on his award winning website Tested.com. He lives in San Francisco with his wife Julia, his twin boys Thing1 and Thing2, and two amazing dogs.
(Photo: Michael Shindler)
Adam Savage | Speaker | TED.com