TED2013
Stewart Brand: The dawn of de-extinction. Are you ready?
Stewart Brand: Svitanje oživljavanja izumrlih vrsta. Jeste li spremni?
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Kroz ljudsku povijest, istrebljavali smo vrstu za vrstom: golub selac, istočna puma, dodo... Stewart Brand kaže da sad imamo tehnologiju (i biologiju) da vratimo vrste koje je čovječanstvo izbrisalo. Bismo li trebali to učiniti? Koje vrste vratiti? Postavlja važno pitanje na koje će se odgovoriti prije no što mislite.
Stewart Brand - Environmentalist, futurist
Since the counterculture '60s, Stewart Brand has been creating our internet-worked world. Now, with biotech accelerating four times faster than digital technology, Stewart Brand has a bold new plan ... Full bio
Since the counterculture '60s, Stewart Brand has been creating our internet-worked world. Now, with biotech accelerating four times faster than digital technology, Stewart Brand has a bold new plan ... Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Now, extinction is a different kind of death.
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Izumiranje je posebna vrsta smrti.
00:21
It's bigger.
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Mnogo je veća.
00:24
We didn't really realize that until 1914,
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To nismo shvatili do 1914.,
00:27
when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha,
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kad je posljednji golub selac, ženka nazvana Marta,
00:30
died at the Cincinnati zoo.
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uginula u zoološkom vrtu u Cincinnatiju.
00:33
This had been the most abundant bird in the world
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To je bila najbrojnija ptica u svijetu
00:37
that'd been in North America for six million years.
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koja je u Sjevernoj Americi živjela 6 milijuna godina.
00:40
Suddenly it wasn't here at all.
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Odjednom je uopće nije bilo.
00:44
Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long
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Jata koja su bila široka 1,6 km i 640 km duga
00:48
used to darken the sun.
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zamračivala su nebo.
00:51
Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm,
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Aldo Leopold rekao je da je to bila biološka oluja,
00:54
a feathered tempest.
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pernata oluja.
00:56
And indeed it was a keystone species
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Bila je to ključna vrsta
00:59
that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest,
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koja je obogaćivala cijelu istočnu listopadnu šumu,
01:03
from the Mississippi to the Atlantic,
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od Mississippija do Atlantskog oceana,
01:05
from Canada down to the Gulf.
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od Kanade do Golfskog zaljeva.
01:08
But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades.
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Ali broj ptica smanjio se s 5 milijardi
na nulu u samo nekoliko desetljeća.
na nulu u samo nekoliko desetljeća.
01:12
What happened?
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Što se dogodilo?
01:13
Well, commercial hunting happened.
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Dogodio se komercijalni izlov.
01:15
These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton,
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Ove ptice lovili su za meso
koje se prodavalo na tone,
koje se prodavalo na tone,
01:19
and it was easy to do because when those big flocks
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i bilo je lako to učiniti jer kad bi ta velika jata
01:21
came down to the ground, they were so dense
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sletjela na zemlju, bila su toliko gusta
01:24
that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up
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da su stotine lovaca i ljudi s mrežom mogle doći
01:26
and slaughter them by the tens of thousands.
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i poubijati desetke tisuća ptica.
01:29
It was the cheapest source of protein in America.
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Bio je to najjeftiniji izvor bjelančevina u Americi.
01:32
By the end of the century, there was nothing left
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Do kraja stoljeća, ništa nije ostalo
01:34
but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.
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osim ovih lijepih koža
u muzejskim ladicama s uzorcima.
u muzejskim ladicama s uzorcima.
01:39
There's an upside to the story.
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Postoji i druga strana priče.
01:41
This made people realize that the same thing
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Ovo je navelo ljude da shvate da će se ista stvar
01:43
was about to happen to the American bison,
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dogoditi američkom bizonu
01:45
and so these birds saved the buffalos.
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pa su ove ptice spasile bizone.
01:49
But a lot of other animals weren't saved.
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Ali mnogo drugih životinja nije spašeno.
01:50
The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere.
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Karolina papagaj bio je papagaj
koji je posvuda ukrašavao dvorišta.
koji je posvuda ukrašavao dvorišta.
01:55
It was hunted to death for its feathers.
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Lovili su ga do smrti zbog njegovog perja.
01:57
There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen.
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Na Istočnoj obali postojala je ptica koja se sviđala
ljudima, a zvala se Tympanuchus cupido cupido.
ljudima, a zvala se Tympanuchus cupido cupido.
02:00
It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway.
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Obožavali su je. Pokušali su
je zaštiti. Svejedno je umrla.
je zaštiti. Svejedno je umrla.
02:03
A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor,
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U mjesnim novinama pisalo je: "Nema preživjelih,
02:07
there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again."
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nema budućnosti, nema života
koji bi se ikad mogao obnoviti u ovom obliku."
koji bi se ikad mogao obnoviti u ovom obliku."
02:12
There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things,
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Ovakve stvari prati osjećaj velike tragedije,
02:14
and it happened to lots of birds that people loved.
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a dogodio se mnogim pticama koje su ljudi voljeli.
02:17
It happened to lots of mammals.
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Dogodilo se to i mnogim sisavcima.
02:19
Another keystone species is a famous animal
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Još jedna ključna vrsta slavna je životinja
02:22
called the European aurochs.
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koja se zove tur.
02:24
There was sort of a movie made about it recently.
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Nedavno je snimljen film o njemu.
02:26
And the aurochs was like the bison.
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Tur je bio poput bizona.
02:29
This was an animal that basically kept the forest
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To je bila životinja koja je u biti održavala šumu
02:32
mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent,
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pomiješanu s travnjakom kroz cijelu Europu i Aziju,
02:37
from Spain to Korea.
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od Španjolske do Koreje.
02:39
The documentation of this animal goes back
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Zapisi o ovoj životinji sežu
02:41
to the Lascaux cave paintings.
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sve do špiljskih crteža u Lascauxu.
02:45
The extinctions still go on.
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Istrebljenja se još uvijek odvijaju.
02:47
There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo.
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U Španjolskoj postoji vrsta
divokoze koja se zove bucardo.
divokoze koja se zove bucardo.
02:50
It went extinct in 2000.
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Izumrla je 2000. godine.
02:52
There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf
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Postojala je čarobna životinja, vuk tobolčar
02:55
called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia,
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pod nazivom thylacine
na Tasmaniji, na jugu Australije,
na Tasmaniji, na jugu Australije,
02:59
called the Tasmanian tiger.
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a zvao se tasmanski tigar.
03:01
It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos.
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Lovili su ga sve dok nije ostalo samo nekoliko
primjeraka koji su uginuli u zoološkim vrtovima.
primjeraka koji su uginuli u zoološkim vrtovima.
03:05
A little bit of film was shot.
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Snimljeno je par kadrova.
03:19
Sorrow, anger, mourning.
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Žalost, ljutnja, oplakivanje.
03:24
Don't mourn. Organize.
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Nemojte oplakivati. Organizirajte.
03:27
What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens,
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Što kad biste saznali da,
korištenjem DNK iz muzejskih primjeraka,
korištenjem DNK iz muzejskih primjeraka,
03:31
fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old
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da bi fosili i do 200.000 godina starosti
03:34
could be used to bring species back,
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mogli poslužiti za oživljavanje vrsta?
03:36
what would you do? Where would you start?
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Što biste učinili? Otkuda biste krenuli?
03:38
Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there.
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Započeli biste ispitivanjem
postoji li zbilja biotehnologija.
postoji li zbilja biotehnologija.
03:41
I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan,
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Započeo sam sa svojom ženom, Ryan Phelan,
03:43
who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct,
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koja je vodila biotehnološku tvrtku DNA Direct,
03:46
and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church,
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i s jednim od njenih kolega, Georgeom Churchom,
03:50
one of the leading genetic engineers
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jednim od vodećih inženjera genetike,
03:53
who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons
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za kog se ispostavilo da je
opsjednut golubovima selcima,
opsjednut golubovima selcima,
03:56
and a lot of confidence
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te uz mnogo vjere
03:58
that methodologies he was working on
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da bi metodologija na kojoj on radi
04:00
might actually do the deed.
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ustvari mogla upaliti.
04:02
So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting
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On i Ryan na Wyss Institutu u Harvardu
04:05
at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together
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organizirali su i održali susret
04:08
specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists,
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stručnjaka za goluba selca,
konzervacijskih ornitologa, bioetičara.
konzervacijskih ornitologa, bioetičara.
04:12
and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced
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Srećom, DNK goluba selca već je sekvencionirala
04:16
by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro.
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molekularna biologinja Beth Saphiro,
04:20
All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian
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Iz primjeraka u Smithsonian muzeju trebalo joj je
04:22
was a little bit of toe pad tissue,
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samo malo tkiva s nožnog prsta
04:25
because down in there is what is called ancient DNA.
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zato što se ondje nalazi takozvani drevni DNK.
04:28
It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented,
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To je DNK koji je dosta rascjepkan,
04:31
but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.
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ali uz tehnike koje danas postoje
možete ponovno sastaviti cijeli genom.
možete ponovno sastaviti cijeli genom.
04:36
Then the question is, can you reassemble,
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Pitanje je možete li s tim genomom
04:39
with that genome, the whole bird?
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ponovno sastaviti i cijelu pticu.
04:41
George Church thinks you can.
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George Church misli da možete.
04:44
So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend,
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U njegovoj knjizi, "Regenesis", koju preporučam,
04:47
he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species,
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postoji poglavlje o znanosti oživljavanja izumrlih vrsta,
04:50
and he has a machine called
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a on ima stroj koji se zove
04:52
the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine.
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Složeni automatizirani stroj za izgradnju genoma.
04:55
It's kind of like an evolution machine.
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On je poput evolucijskog stroja.
04:57
You try combinations of genes that you write
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Isprobavate kombinacije gena koje pišete
05:00
at the cell level and then in organs on a chip,
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na razini stanice, a onda u organe na čip,
05:03
and the ones that win, that you can then put
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a one koji pobijede možete staviti
05:05
into a living organism. It'll work.
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u živući organizam. Funkcionirat će.
05:07
The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides,
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Jedan od Georgeovih slavnih narazumljivih slajdova
05:11
nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here
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ističe da je proces precizan
05:15
right down to the individual base pair.
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sve do pojedinačnog baznog para.
05:18
The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.
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Golub selac ima 1,3 milijarde
baznih parova u svom genomu.
baznih parova u svom genomu.
05:22
So what you're getting is the capability now
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Zapravo dobivate mogućnost zamjene
05:25
of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene.
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jednog gena s nekom varijacijom tog gena.
05:28
It's called an allele.
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Ta varijacija zove se alel.
05:30
Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway.
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To se i inače događa kod normalnog križanja.
05:33
So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome
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Ovo je oblik sintetičkog križanja genoma
05:36
of an extinct species
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izumrle vrste
05:38
with the genome of its closest living relative.
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s genomom njegove najbliže živuće rodbine.
05:42
Now along the way, George points out that
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Kroz proces, George ističe
05:45
his technology, the technology of synthetic biology,
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da se njegova tehnologija sintetičke biologije
05:48
is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law.
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trenutno kreće četiri puta
brže od Mooreovog zakona.
brže od Mooreovog zakona.
05:52
It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.
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Tako je bilo od 2005. godine
i vjerojatno će se nastaviti.
i vjerojatno će se nastaviti.
05:56
Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon
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Najbliži živući rođak goluba selca
05:59
is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here.
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je golub trakastog repa (Patagioenas fasciata).
Ima ih mnogo. Ima ih i ovdje.
Ima ih mnogo. Ima ih i ovdje.
06:02
Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is
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Genetski gledano, golub trakastog repa
06:07
mostly living passenger pigeon.
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već je uglavnom živući golub selac.
06:09
There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon.
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Samo su neki dijelovi njega golub trakastog repa.
06:11
If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits,
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Ako zamijenite te dijelove s dijelovima goluba selca,
06:14
you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.
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opet će vam gugutati izumrla ptica.
06:18
Now, there's work to do.
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Ima tu posla.
06:20
You have to figure out exactly what genes matter.
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Morate otkriti koji su točno geni važni.
06:23
So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon,
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Postoje geni za kratak rep
kod goluba trakastog repa,
kod goluba trakastog repa,
06:26
genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon,
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geni za dug rep kod goluba selca,
06:28
and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on.
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isto tako s crvenim očima,
prsima boje breskve, formacije jata, itd.
prsima boje breskve, formacije jata, itd.
06:32
Add them all up and the result won't be perfect.
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Sve ih zbrojite i rezultat neće biti savršen.
06:35
But it should be be perfect enough,
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Ali trebao bi biti dovoljno savršen
06:37
because nature doesn't do perfect either.
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jer ni priroda ne stvara savršeno.
06:39
So this meeting in Boston led to three things.
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Onaj susret u Bostonu rezultirao je s tri stvari.
06:43
First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit
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Kao prvo, Ryan i ja odlučili smo
stvoriti neprofitnu organizaciju
stvoriti neprofitnu organizaciju
06:47
called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally
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Revive and Restore, koja bi općenito
promovirala oživljavanje izumrlih vrsta,
promovirala oživljavanje izumrlih vrsta,
06:51
and try to have it go in a responsible way,
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i nastojati da se kreće u odgovornom smjeru,
06:54
and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
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a nastavili bismo rad na golubu selcu.
06:57
Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak,
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Još jedan izravni rezultat bio je diplomac Ben Novak,
07:01
who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14
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koji je opsjednut golubom selcem od svoje 14. godine
07:04
and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA,
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te je naučio kako raditi s drevnim DNK,
07:07
himself sequenced the passenger pigeon,
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sam sekvencionirao goluba selca,
07:11
using money from his family and friends.
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financirajući to novcem obitelji i prijatelja.
07:13
We hired him full-time.
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Zaposlili smo ga na puno radno vrijeme.
07:16
Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian,
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Lani sam ga slikao u Smithsonian muzeju
07:19
he's looking down at Martha,
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kako gleda Marthu,
07:21
the last passenger pigeon alive.
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posljednji primjerak goluba selca.
07:24
So if he's successful, she won't be the last.
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Ako bude uspješan, ona neće biti posljednja.
07:27
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization
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Treći rezultat bostonskog susreta bila je spoznaja
07:30
that there are scientists all over the world
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da znanstvenici diljem svijeta
07:32
working on various forms of de-extinction,
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rade na različitim oblicima
oživljavanja izumrlih vrsta,
oživljavanja izumrlih vrsta,
07:34
but they'd never met each other.
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ali nikad se međusobno nisu sreli.
07:35
And National Geographic got interested
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National Geografic zainteresirao se
07:37
because National Geographic has the theory that
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zato što smatra
07:40
the last century, discovery was basically finding things,
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da je u prošlom stoljeću,
otkriće u biti bilo pronalazak stvari,
otkriće u biti bilo pronalazak stvari,
07:43
and in this century, discovery is basically making things.
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a u ovom stoljeću
otkriće je u biti stvaranje stvari.
otkriće je u biti stvaranje stvari.
07:47
De-extinction falls in that category.
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Oživljavanje izumrlih vrsta spada u tu kategoriju.
07:49
So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists,
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Oni su održali i financirali taj susret. 35 znanstvenika,
07:53
they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists,
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konzervacijskih biologa i molekularnih biologa,
07:56
basically meeting to see if they had work to do together.
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susrelo se kako bi provjerilo mogu li surađivati.
08:00
Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical.
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Neki od tih konzervacijskih biologa dosta su radikalni.
08:02
There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species,
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Tri od njih ne samo da
ponovno stvaraju drevne vrste,
ponovno stvaraju drevne vrste,
08:06
they're recreating extinct ecosystems
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već ponovno stvaraju izumrle ekosustave
08:09
in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.
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u sjevernom Sibiru, u Nizozemskoj i na Havajima.
08:13
Henri, from the Netherlands,
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Henri, iz Nizozemske,
08:15
with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce,
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čije nizozemsko prezime neću ni probati izgovoriti,
08:18
is working on the aurochs.
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radi na turu.
08:20
The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle,
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Tur je predak svih domaćih goveda
08:24
and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed.
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pa je njegov genom u biti živ,
samo što je neravnomjerno raspoređen.
samo što je neravnomjerno raspoređen.
08:30
So what they're doing is working with seven breeds
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Oni rade sa sedam vrsta
08:32
of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there
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primitivnih, robusnih goveda poput
Maremmana primitivo ondje na vrhu
Maremmana primitivo ondje na vrhu
08:37
to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding,
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kako bi s vremenom, uz selektivni povratni uzgoj,
08:40
the aurochs.
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izgradili tura.
08:43
Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea
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Obnova divljine ide brže u Koreji
08:46
than it is in America,
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nego u Americi,
08:47
and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe,
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a plan je da se u svim mjestima
obnovljene divljine diljem Europe
obnovljene divljine diljem Europe
08:51
they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job,
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unese tura da obavi svoj stari posao,
08:54
its old ecological role,
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svoju staru ekološku ulogu,
08:56
of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest
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da očisti pomalo oskudnu šumu zatvorene krošnje
08:59
so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.
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kako bi imala livade pune bioraznolikosti u sebi.
09:03
Another amazing story
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Još jednu čudesnu priču
09:05
came from Alberto Fernández-Arias.
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ispričao je Alberto Fernández-Arias.
09:08
Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain.
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Alberto je radio s bucardom u Španjolskoj.
09:12
The last bucardo was a female named Celia
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Posljednji bucardo bila je ženka Celia
09:15
who was still alive, but then they captured her,
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koja je još bila živa kad su je uhvatili.
09:19
they got a little bit of tissue from her ear,
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Uzeli su malo tkiva iz njezinog uha,
09:22
they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen,
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krioprezervirali ga u tekućem dušiku,
09:25
released her back into the wild,
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pustili su Celiju natrag u divljinu,
09:27
but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree.
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ali nekoliko mjeseci kasnije
našli su je mrtvu ispod srušenog drveta.
našli su je mrtvu ispod srušenog drveta.
09:30
They took the DNA from that ear,
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Uzeli su DNK iz tog uha,
09:33
they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat,
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usadili ga kao klonirano jaje u kozu,
09:36
the pregnancy came to term,
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trudnoća je došla kraju
09:38
and a live baby bucardo was born.
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i rodio se živi mali bucardo.
09:41
It was the first de-extinction in history.
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Bilo je to prvo oživljavanje izumrle vrste u povijesti.
09:44
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
09:47
It was short-lived.
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Kratko je živio.
09:48
Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems.
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Ponekad klonovi između različitih
vrsta imaju respiratorne probleme.
vrsta imaju respiratorne probleme.
09:52
This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes,
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Ovaj je imao deformirano plućno
krilo i umro je nakon 10 minuta,
krilo i umro je nakon 10 minuta,
09:55
but Alberto was confident that
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no Alberto je bio siguran
09:58
cloning has moved along well since then,
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da je kloniranje napredovalo otada,
10:00
and this will move ahead, and eventually
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a napredovat će i ovo te će naposljetku
10:02
there will be a population of bucardos
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opet postojati populacija bucarda
10:04
back in the mountains in northern Spain.
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u planinama sjeverne Španjolske.
10:07
Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder.
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Pionir duboke krioprezervacije bio je Oliver Ryder.
10:11
At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo
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U zoološkom vrtu u San Diegu, njegov smrznuti zoo
10:13
has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species
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sakupio je tkiva više od 1000 vrsta
10:17
over the last 35 years.
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kroz posljednjih 35 godina.
10:20
Now, when it's frozen that deep,
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Kad se tako duboko zamrznu,
10:22
minus 196 degrees Celsius,
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na -196 stupnjeva celzijevih,
10:25
the cells are intact and the DNA is intact.
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stanice i DNK ostaju netaknute.
10:28
They're basically viable cells,
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To su u osnovi održive stanice
10:30
so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology
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pa je netko poput Boba Lanze
iz Advanced Cell Technologyja
iz Advanced Cell Technologyja
10:33
took some of that tissue from an endangered animal
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uzeo malo tkiva jedne ugrožene vrste
10:37
called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow,
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koja se zove javanski banteng, stavio ga u kravu,
10:39
the cow went to term, and what was born
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krava se otelila
10:42
was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng,
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i rodio se živi zdravi mali javanski banteng
10:47
who thrived and is still alive.
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koji je napredovao i još uvijek je živ.
10:50
The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza
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Za Boba Lanzu najuzbudljivije je što
10:53
is the ability now to take any kind of cell
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može uzeti bilo koju vrstu stanice
10:56
with induced pluripotent stem cells
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s induciranim pluripotentnim matičnim stanicama
10:58
and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.
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i pretvoriti je u embrionalnu stanicu,
poput sperme ili jajašaca.
poput sperme ili jajašaca.
11:02
So now we go to Mike McGrew
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Sad idemo do Mikea McGrewa
11:05
who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland,
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koji je znanstenik na Roslin Institutu u Škotskoj,
11:08
and Mike's doing miracles with birds.
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a on radi čuda s pticama.
11:10
So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast,
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Uzet će, recimo, stanice kože sokola, fibroblaste,
11:14
turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells.
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i pretvoriti ih u inducirane
pluripotentne matične stanice.
pluripotentne matične stanice.
11:17
Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm.
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Kako je toliko pluripotentna,
može postati embrionalna plazma.
može postati embrionalna plazma.
11:20
He then has a way to put the germ plasm
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On zna način na koji se embrionalna plazma
11:22
into the embryo of a chicken egg
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stavlja u zametak kokošjeg jajeta
11:26
so that that chicken will have, basically,
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tako da kokoš ima
11:29
the gonads of a falcon.
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spolne žlijezde sokola.
11:31
You get a male and a female each of those,
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Uzmete takvog mužjaka i ženku
11:33
and out of them comes falcons.
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i oni naprave sokola.
11:36
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:38
Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.
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Pravi sokoli od malčice modificirane kokoši.
11:43
Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting.
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Ben Novak bio je najmlađi znanstvenik na susretu.
11:45
He showed how all of this can be put together.
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Pokazao je kako se sve to može spojiti.
11:48
The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes
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Slijed događaja: on će spojiti genome
11:50
of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon,
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goluba trakastog repa i goluba selca,
11:53
he'll take the techniques of George Church
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primijenit će tehnike Georgea Churcha
11:56
and get passenger pigeon DNA,
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2281
i dobiti DNK goluba selca,
11:58
the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew,
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tehnike Roberta Lanze i Michaela McGrewa,
12:01
get that DNA into chicken gonads,
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staviti taj DNK u spolne žlijezde kokoši,
12:03
and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs,
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te iz njih dobiti jaja goluba selca, mlade golubove
12:07
and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.
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i tako će nastati populacija golubova selaca.
12:11
It does raise the question of,
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1944
Nameće se problem
12:13
they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents
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717235
1973
da neće biti golubova selaca roditelja
12:15
to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon.
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koji bi ih naučili kako biti golub selac.
12:17
So what do you do about that?
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Što poduzeti oko toga?
12:19
Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens,
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Pticama je to urođeno
12:22
so most of that is already in their DNA,
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pa je većina toga u njihovom DNK.
12:25
but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea
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2784
Ali kako bi to nadopunio, dio Benove ideje je
12:27
is to use homing pigeons
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koristiti golubove pismonoše
12:29
to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock
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da bi trenirali mlade
golubove selce kako formirati jato
golubove selce kako formirati jato
12:32
and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds
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te kako pronaći stara područja gniježđenja
12:35
and feeding grounds.
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i hranjenja.
12:38
There were some conservationists,
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Bili su prisutni i neki konzervatori,
12:40
really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple,
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jako slavni konzervatori poput Stanleya Templea
12:43
who is one of the founders of conservation biology,
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koji je jedan od osnivača konzervacijske biologije,
12:45
and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List.
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i Kate Jones s IUCN-a koja piše crveni popis.
12:50
They're excited about all this,
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1961
Uzbuđeni su oko ovoga,
12:52
but they're also concerned that it might be competitive
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2503
ali i zabrinuti da bi to mogla biti konkurencija
12:54
with the extremely important efforts to protect
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iznimno važnim naporima koji se ulažu u zaštitu
12:58
endangered species that are still alive,
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ugroženih vrsta koje su još uvijek žive,
13:00
that haven't gone extinct yet.
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1846
koje još nisu izumrle.
13:02
You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there.
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2373
Znate, želite raditi na zaštiti životinja koju su ovdje.
13:04
You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down
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4229
Želite raditi na rušenju tržišta bjelokosti u Aziji
13:08
so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.
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pa godišnje strada 25000 slonova manje.
13:12
But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing
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Istovremeno, konzervacijski
biolozi dolaze do spoznaje
biolozi dolaze do spoznaje
13:15
that bad news bums people out.
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2584
da loše vijesti rastužuju ljude.
13:18
And so the Red List is really important, keep track of
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Zato je crveni popis jako važan, treba pratiti
13:20
what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on.
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tko je ugrožen i kritično ugrožen, itd.
13:24
But they're about to create what they call a Green List,
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3025
Ali uskoro će stvoriti takozvani zeleni popis,
13:27
and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you,
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a u njemu će biti vrste koje su dobro, hvala,
13:31
species that were endangered, like the bald eagle,
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2304
vrste koje su bile ugrožene, poput bjeloglavog orla,
13:33
but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work,
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3615
ali sad su mnogo bolje zahvaljujući radu svih,
13:37
and protected areas around the world
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te zaštićena područja diljem svijeta
13:39
that are very, very well managed.
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kojima se veoma dobro upravlja.
13:41
So basically, they're learning how to build on good news.
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U biti, uče kako graditi na dobrim vijestima.
13:45
And they see reviving extinct species
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I vide oživljavanje izumrlih vrsta
13:48
as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.
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kao dobru vijest na kojoj bi se moglo graditi.
13:51
Here's a couple related examples.
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Evo nekoliko primjera vezanih uz to.
13:54
Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species.
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Uzgoj u zatočeništvu bit će
glavni dio vraćanja tih vrsta.
glavni dio vraćanja tih vrsta.
13:58
The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987.
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1987. postojala su samo 22 kalifornijska kondora.
14:01
Everybody thought is was finished.
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Svi su mislili da je gotov.
14:03
Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo,
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Zahvaljujući uzgoju
u zatočeništvu u zoo-u u San Diegu,
u zatočeništvu u zoo-u u San Diegu,
14:06
there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild.
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sad ih je 405, od toga 226 u divljini.
14:10
That technology will be used on de-extincted animals.
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Ta tehnologija primijenit će se
i na oživljene izumrle životinje.
i na oživljene izumrle životinje.
14:14
Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa.
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Još jedna priča o uspjehu je ona
o planinskom gorili u srednjoj Africi.
o planinskom gorili u srednjoj Africi.
14:17
In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct.
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1981. Dian Fossey bila je uvjerena da će izumrijeti.
14:21
There were just 254 left.
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Bilo ih je 254.
14:23
Now there are 880. They're increasing in population
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Sad ih je 880. Njihova populacija povećava se
14:26
by three percent a year.
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2093
za tri posto godišnje.
14:28
The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program,
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Njihova tajna leži u
14:32
which is absolutely brilliant.
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1669
briljantnom programu eko-turizma.
14:33
So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan
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Ryan je prošli mjesec ovo slikala
14:36
with an iPhone.
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iPhoneom.
14:39
That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.
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4315
Tim gorilama toliko je ugodno s posjetiteljima.
14:43
Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help,
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3735
Još jedan zanimljiv projekt,
iako će mu trebati malo pomoći,
iako će mu trebati malo pomoći,
14:47
is the northern white rhinoceros.
291
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1911
jest sjeverni bijeli nosorog.
14:49
There's no breeding pairs left.
292
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1961
Nema više parova za razmnožavanje.
14:51
But this is the kind of thing that
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Ali velika raznolikost DNK
14:53
a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo.
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4140
te životinje dostupna je u smrznutom zoo-u.
14:57
A bit of cloning, you can get them back.
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2795
Uz malo kloniranja, možemo ih vratiti.
15:00
So where do we go from here?
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Kojim smjerom krenuti dalje?
15:02
These have been private meetings so far.
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To su dosad bili privatni susreti.
15:04
I think it's time for the subject to go public.
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Vrijeme je da ta tema postane javna.
15:06
What do people think about it?
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1467
Što ljudi misle o tome?
15:08
You know, do you want extinct species back?
300
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2079
Znate, želite li izumrle vrste natrag?
15:10
Do you want extinct species back?
301
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2852
Želite li izumrle vrste natrag?
15:13
(Applause)
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5266
(Pljesak)
15:18
Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down.
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Dogodit će se čarolija.
15:20
It is a Tinker Bell moment,
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1214
To jest čaroban trenutak
15:22
because what are people excited about with this?
305
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2396
jer, oko čega su ljudi uzbuđeni kod toga?
15:24
What are they concerned about?
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2051
Što ih brine?
15:26
We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
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2447
Nastavit ćemo raditi na golubu selcu.
15:29
So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group
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3770
Ben Novak, u ovom trenu čak, pristupa grupi
15:32
that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz.
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3321
Beth Saphiro na Sveučilištu Santa Cruz.
15:36
They're going to work on the genomes
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Radit će na genomima
15:37
of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon.
311
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2287
goluba selca i goluba trakastog repa.
15:39
As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church,
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3909
Kako se podaci usavrše, poslat će ih Georgeu Churchu,
15:43
who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that.
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3895
koji će svojom čarolijom
iz toga izvući DNK goluba selca.
iz toga izvući DNK goluba selca.
15:47
We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew
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Bob Lanza i Mike McGrew pomoći će nam
15:50
to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens
315
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3067
doći do embrionalne plazme koja će ići u kokoši
15:53
that can produce passenger pigeon squabs
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koje će proizvesti mlade golubova selaca.
15:56
that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents,
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2464
Njih će odgajati roditelji golubovi trakastog repa,
15:58
and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way,
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a od tog trena stalno će biti golubova selaca,
16:00
maybe for the next six million years.
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možda i sljedećih 6 milijuna godina.
16:03
You can do the same thing, as the costs come down,
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Možete napraviti istu stvar, kad se troškovi smanje,
16:06
for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk,
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s karolina papagajem, s velikom njorkom,
16:09
for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker,
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s pticom Tympanuchus cupido cupido,
s bijelim djetlićem (Campephilus principalis),
s bijelim djetlićem (Campephilus principalis),
16:12
for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal,
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za pticom Numenius borealis,
s karipskom morskom medvjedicom,
s karipskom morskom medvjedicom,
16:14
for the woolly mammoth.
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s vunenim mamutom.
16:17
Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole
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Ljudi su napravili ogromnu rupu
16:19
in nature in the last 10,000 years.
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u prirodi kroz posljednjih 10000 godina.
16:22
We have the ability now,
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Sad imamo mogućnost,
16:24
and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage.
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a možda i moralnu obvezu, popraviti štetu.
16:29
Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands,
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Većinu toga napravit ćemo širenjem i zaštitom divljine,
16:34
by expanding and protecting
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širenjem i zaštitom
16:35
the populations of endangered species.
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populacija ugroženih vrsta.
16:40
But some species
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Ali možemo razmotriti
16:42
that we killed off totally
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da neke vrste, koje smo u potpunosti
16:47
we could consider bringing back
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istrijebili, vratimo
16:51
to a world that misses them.
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u svijet kojemu nedostaju.
16:54
Thank you.
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Hvala.
16:56
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
17:07
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
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Chris Anderson: Hvala.
17:09
I've got a question.
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Imam pitanje.
17:11
So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand.
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Ovo je emocionalna tema. Neki ljudi su na nogama.
17:16
I suspect there are some people out there sitting,
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Mislim da neki ljudi sjede
17:19
kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about,
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i govore si, npr.
17:22
well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute,
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čekaj, čekaj, čekaj, čekaj malo,
17:23
there's something wrong with mankind
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loše je da se čovječanstvo
17:27
interfering in nature in this way.
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na taj način miješa u prirodu.
17:30
There's going to be unintended consequences.
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Bit će nekih nehotičnih posljedica.
17:33
You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box
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Otvorit ćete neku vrstu Pandorine kutije
17:36
of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?
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s tko zna čime u njoj. Jesu li u pravu?
17:40
Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is
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Stewart Brand: Pa, već sam ustvrdio
17:42
we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct,
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da smo se jako umiješali
tako što smo istrijebili te životinje,
tako što smo istrijebili te životinje,
17:45
and many of them were keystone species,
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a mnoge od njih bile su ključne vrste,
17:48
and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in
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a mi smo promijenili cijeli ekosustav u kojem su bile
17:50
by letting them go.
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odustajući od njih.
17:52
Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is,
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Postoji problem promjene prema kojem,
17:55
so when these things come back,
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kad se one vrate,
17:56
they might replace some birds that are there
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mogle bi zamijeniti neke od postojećih ptica
17:59
that people really know and love.
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koje ljudi vole i znaju.
18:01
I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work.
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Mislim da će to tako funkcionirati.
18:04
This is a long, slow process --
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Ovo je dug, spor proces --
18:07
One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation.
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Jedna od stvari koja mi se sviđa
kod toga jest supostojanje više generacija.
kod toga jest supostojanje više generacija.
18:09
We will get woolly mammoths back.
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Vratit ćemo vunene mamute.
18:11
CA: Well it feels like both the conversation
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CA: Čini se da su ovdje i razgovor
18:13
and the potential here are pretty thrilling.
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i potencijal dosta uzbudljivi.
18:15
Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.
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Puno hvala na prezentaciji.
SB: Hvala.
SB: Hvala.
18:17
CA: Thank you. (Applause)
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CA: Hvala. (Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stewart Brand - Environmentalist, futuristSince the counterculture '60s, Stewart Brand has been creating our internet-worked world. Now, with biotech accelerating four times faster than digital technology, Stewart Brand has a bold new plan ...
Why you should listen
With biotech accelerating four times faster than digital technology, the revival of extinct species is becoming possible. Stewart Brand plans to not only bring species back but restore them to the wild.
Brand is already a legend in the tech industry for things he’s created: the Whole Earth Catalog, The WELL, the Global Business Network, the Long Now Foundation, and the notion that “information wants to be free.” Now Brand, a lifelong environmentalist, wants to re-create -- or “de-extinct” -- a few animals that’ve disappeared from the planet.
Granted, resurrecting the woolly mammoth using ancient DNA may sound like mad science. But Brand’s Revive and Restore project has an entirely rational goal: to learn what causes extinctions so we can protect currently endangered species, preserve genetic and biological diversity, repair depleted ecosystems, and essentially “undo harm that humans have caused in the past.”
Stewart Brand | Speaker | TED.com