TEDGlobal 2009
Marc Koska: 1.3m reasons to re-invent the syringe
Marc Koska: 1,3 juta alasan untuk mengubah jarum suntik
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Penggunaan ulang jarum suntik, praktik yang sangat umum dilakukan di klinik-klinik yang kekurangan dana, membunuh 1,3 juta orang setiap tahun. Marc Koska menunjukkan masalah global yang membahayakan ini dengan fakta, foto dan rekaman kamera tersembunyi. Ia membagikan solusinya: jarum suntik berbiaya rendah yang tidak dapat digunakan dua kali.
Marc Koska - Inventor
Marc Koska wants to improve health care in the developing world by re-designing dangerous medical tools -- and offering education to practitioners in under-funded clinics. Full bio
Marc Koska wants to improve health care in the developing world by re-designing dangerous medical tools -- and offering education to practitioners in under-funded clinics. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
Twenty-five-and-a-quarter years ago I read
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Sekitar 25 tahun yang lalu saya membaca
00:20
a newspaper article which said
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sebuah artikel di koran yang mengatakan
00:22
that one day syringes would be
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bahwa suatu hari jarum suntik akan menjadi
00:25
one of the major causes of the spread of AIDS,
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salah satu penyebab utama dari penyebaran AIDS,
00:27
the transmission of AIDS.
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dari penularan AIDS.
00:29
I thought this was unacceptable. So I decided to do something about it.
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Saya pikir ini tidak bisa diterima. Jadi saya memutuskan untuk melakukan sesuatu.
00:33
Sadly, it's come true. Malaria, as we all know,
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Sayangnya, hal ini telah menjadi kenyataan. Malaria, seperti yang kita tahu,
00:36
kills approximately one million people a year.
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membunuh sekitar satu juta orang per tahun.
00:39
The reuse of syringes now exceeds that
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Penggunaan ulang jarum suntik telah melebihi angka itu
00:41
and kills 1.3 million people a year.
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dan membunuh 1,3 juta orang per tahun.
00:46
This young girl and her friend
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Gadis muda ini dan temannya
00:48
that I met in an orphanage in Delhi
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yang saya temui di panti asuhan di Delhi,
00:50
were HIV positive from a syringe.
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menjadi HIV positif karena penggunaan ulang jarum suntik.
00:55
And what was so sad about this particular story
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Dan yang paling menyedihkan dari kisah ini
00:58
was that once their parents had found out --
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adalah ketika orang tua mereka mengetahuinya,
01:01
and don't forget, their parents took them to the doctor --
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dan jangan lupa, orang tua merekalah yang membawa mereka ke dokter,
01:05
the parents threw them out on the street.
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orang tua mereka melemparkan mereka ke jalanan.
01:07
And hence they ended up in an orphanage.
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Sehingga mereka akhirnya berada di panti asuhan.
01:10
And it comes from situations like this where
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Ini berasal dari situasi di mana
01:12
you have either skilled or unskilled practitioners,
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adanya para dokter/perawat, baik yang terlatih maupun tidak,
01:15
blindly giving an injection to someone.
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dengan mudah memberi suntikan kepada seseorang.
01:18
And the injection is so valuable,
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Dan suntikan tersebut sangatlah penting,
01:21
that the people basically trust
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sehingga orang-orang langsung percaya
01:23
the doctor, being second to God, which I've heard many times,
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bahwa sang dokter, orang ke-dua setelah Tuhan, panggilan yang sering saya dengar,
01:26
to do the right thing. But in fact they're not.
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akan melakukan hal yang benar. Namun tidak.
01:29
And you can understand, obviously, the transmission problem
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Dan Anda bisa memahami masalah penularan
01:31
between people in high-virus areas.
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di antara orang-orang di daerah yang rawan virus.
01:35
This video we took undercover,
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Video ini kami ambil dengan sembunyi-sembunyi
01:37
which shows you, over a half an hour period,
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yang menunjukkan selama lebih dari 30 menit,
01:39
a tray of medicines of 42 vials,
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sebuah nampan obat dengan 42 botol.
01:43
which are being delivered with only 2 syringes in a public hospital in India.
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Diberikan hanya dengan 2 jarum suntik, di rumah sakit umum di India.
01:48
And over the course of half an hour, not one syringe
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Selama setengah jam, tidak terlihat jarum
01:50
was filmed being unwrapped.
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yang dibuka segelnya.
01:52
They started with two and they ended with two.
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Mereka mulai dengan dua jarum dan selesai dengan dua juga.
01:55
And you'll see, just now, a nurse coming back to the tray,
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Terlihat seorang perawat berjalan ke nampan itu,
01:58
which is their sort of modular station,
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yang dipakai sebagai pos modular mereka,
02:01
and dropping the syringe she's just used
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dan meletakkan jarum yang baru saja dia pakai
02:04
back in the tray for it to be picked up and used again.
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untuk diambil dan digunakan lagi.
02:07
So you can imagine the scale of this problem.
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Jadi Anda bisa bayangkan skala permasalahan ini.
02:10
And in fact in India alone, 62 percent
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Di India saja, 62 persen
02:12
of all injections given
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dari semua suntikan yang diberikan
02:14
are unsafe.
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dianggap tidak aman.
02:16
These kids in Pakistan don't go to school.
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Anak-anak Pakistan ini tidak pergi ke sekolah.
02:18
They are lucky. They already have a job.
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Mereka beruntung. Mereka telah mempunyai pekerjaan.
02:20
And that job is that they go around and pick up syringes
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Mereka pergi berkeliling, mengumpulkan jarum suntik
02:22
from the back of hospitals,
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dari belakang rumah sakit,
02:24
wash them, and in the course of this,
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mencuci jarum-jarum itu, dan tentu saja
02:26
obviously picking them up they injure themselves.
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melukai diri mereka sendiri ketika memungut jarum-jarum itu.
02:29
And then they repackage them and sell them out on markets
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Kemudian jarum-jarum itu dibungkus ulang dan dijual di pasar
02:32
for literally more money
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dengan harga yang lebih tinggi
02:34
than a sterile syringe in the first place, which is quite bizarre.
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daripada harga jarum suntik steril. Hal yang cukup aneh.
02:37
In an interesting photo, their father, while we were talking to him,
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Di foto ini, ayah mereka
02:40
picked up a syringe and pricked his finger --
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memungut sebuah jarum suntik, dan kemudian jarinya tertusuk -
02:42
I don't know whether you can see the drop of blood on the end --
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Saya tidak tahu apakah Anda dapat melihat tetesan darah di ujungnya -
02:45
and immediately whipped out a box of matches,
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dan dia segera mengeluarkan sebuah kotak korek api,
02:48
lit one, and burned the blood off the end of his finger,
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menyalakan satu, dan membakar darah dari ujung jarinya,
02:51
giving me full assurance
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memberi saya jaminan penuh
02:53
that that was the way that you stopped the transmission of HIV.
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bahwa itulah cara menghentikan penularan HIV.
02:57
In China, recycling is a major issue.
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Di Cina, daur ulang merupakan masalah besar.
03:01
And they are collected en mass -- you can see the scale of it here --
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Dan jarum-jarum itu dikumpulkan secara besar-besaran - Anda dapat melihatnya di sini -
03:04
and sorted out, by hand, back into the right sizes,
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dan disortir, dengan tangan, berdasarkan ukurannya,
03:08
and then put back out on the street.
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dan digunakan kembali.
03:10
So recycling and reuse
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Jadi daur ulang dan penggunaan ulang
03:13
are the major issues here.
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adalah isu utama di sini.
03:15
But there was one interesting anecdote that I found in Indonesia.
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Tapi ada satu cerita menarik yang saya temukan di Indonesia.
03:18
In all schools in Indonesia,
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Di semua sekolah di Indonesia,
03:20
there is usually a toy seller in the playground.
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biasanya ada penjual mainan
03:22
The toy seller, in this case,
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Si penjual mainan, dalam cerita ini,
03:24
had syringes, which they usually do,
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menjual jarum suntik, biasanya
03:26
next door to the diggers, which is obviously
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di samping traktor, hal yang sudah jelas
03:28
what you would expect.
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akan Anda duga.
03:30
And they use them, in the breaks, for water pistols.
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Dan mereka menggunakannya, pada waktu istirahat, sebagai pistol air.
03:32
They squirt them at each other, which is lovely and innocent.
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Mereka saling menyemprot satu sama lain. Indah dan lugu.
03:34
And they are having great fun.
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Dan mereka bersenang-senang.
03:36
But they also drink from them
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Tapi mereka juga minum dari jarum itu
03:38
while they're in their breaks, because it's hot.
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ketika istirahat, karena panas.
03:40
And they squirt the water into their mouths.
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Dan mereka menyemprotkan air ke dalam mulut.
03:43
And these are used with traces of blood visible.
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Dan masih terlihat bekas-bekas darah.
03:48
So we need a better product. And we need better information.
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Jadi kita butuh produk yang lebih baik. Dan informasi yang lebih baik.
03:50
And I think, if I can just borrow this camera,
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Dan saya pikir, jika Anda bisa mengarahkan kamera ini kemari.
03:55
I was going to show you my invention,
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Saya akan menunjukkan kepada Anda.
03:57
which I came up with.
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penemuan saya.
04:00
So, it's a normal-looking syringe.
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Jadi, ini seperti jarum suntik biasa.
04:02
You load it up in the normal way. This is made
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Diisi seperti biasa. Ini dibuat
04:04
on existing equipment in 14 factories that we license.
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dengan peralatan yang sudah ada di 14 pabrik kami yang berlisensi.
04:08
You give the injection and then put it down.
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Anda memberi suntikan dan kemudian meletakkannya.
04:11
If someone then tries to reuse it,
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Jika ada yang mencoba memakai ulang
04:13
it locks and breaks afterwards.
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jarum ini terkunci dan kemudian patah.
04:15
It's very, very simple. Thank you.
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Ini sangat, sangat sederhana. Terima kasih.
04:17
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
04:20
And it costs the same as a normal syringe.
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Dan harganya sama dengan jarum suntik biasa.
04:22
And in comparison, a Coca-Cola
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Untuk perbandingan, harga Coca-Cola
04:24
is 10 times the price.
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10 kali harga jarum ini.
04:26
And that will stop reusing a syringe 20 or 30 times.
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Dan ini akan mencegah penggunaan ulang jarum suntik 20 atau 30 kali.
04:29
And I have an information charity
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Dan saya mempunyai yayasan informasi
04:31
which has done huge scale amount of work in India.
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yang telah melakukan beberapa proyek besar di India.
04:35
And we're very proud of giving information to people,
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Dan kami sangat bangga untuk menginformasikan orang-orang
04:38
so that little kids like this don't do stupid things.
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Sehingga anak-anak kecil seperti ini tidak melakukan hal-hal bodoh.
04:40
Thank you very much.
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Terima kasih banyak.
04:42
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marc Koska - InventorMarc Koska wants to improve health care in the developing world by re-designing dangerous medical tools -- and offering education to practitioners in under-funded clinics.
Why you should listen
In 1984, Marc Koska read an article that predicted HIV would spread widely through unsafe injections. He writes, "Appalled at the prospect of such an avoidable catastrophe, I decided there and then to try and do something about it." The prediction, sadly, turned out to be true: syringe reuse now accounts for 1.3 million deaths -- more than malaria. In the next years, Koska undertook the study of public health to find out what could be done. He determined that the design of syringes was the critical issue.
Today, Koska's solution to the problem, the K1 syringe -- it locks down after a single injection, preventing reuse -- is in use by millions. But he hasn't stopped there: In 2005, he founded a nonprofit, SafePoint, which aims to educate people in the developing world about the dangers of reusing any instruments that come into contact with blood.
Marc Koska | Speaker | TED.com