Ed Boyden: A new way to study the brain's invisible secrets
에드 보이든(Ed Boyden): 아기 기저귀로부터 탄생한 뇌 연구
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
가지고 왔는데요.
when you add water to them,
아이들이 하는 실험이죠.
by millions of kids every day.
우수한 디자인에 있습니다.
in a very clever way.
called a swellable material.
when you add water,
엄청나게 부풀어오르는데요.
industrial kind of polymer.
in my group at MIT
적용 가능성을 연구하고 있습니다.
something similar to the brain.
can peer inside
the biomolecules,
알고자 하는 것입니다
structure of the brain, if you will?
이해할 수 있을 겁니다.
of how the brain is organized
the exact changes in the brain
파킨슨병과 같이
and epilepsy and Parkinson's,
treatments, much less cures,
we don't know the cause or the origins
진행되어 온 방식을
a different point of view
been done over the last hundred years.
기술을 고안하고자 합니다
how to build technologies
복잡하기 때문입니다.
incredibly complicated.
over the first century of neuroscience
거치며 알아낸 것은
complicated network,
구성되어 있고 복잡한 구조에
cells called neurons
흐른다는 사실입니다.
through these complexly shaped neurons.
연결되어 있는데요.
are connected in networks.
시냅스로 연결되어 있고
called synapses that exchange chemicals
to talk to each other.
뉴런이 약 10만 개가 존재하며
our artist's rendition of it.
생체 분자와 나노기계가
and thousands of kinds of biomolecules,
organized in complex, 3D patterns,
된 것을 볼 수 있습니다
those electrical pulses,
that allow neurons to work together
작용을 하게 합니다.
and feelings and so forth.
the neurons in the brain are organized
조직되어 있는지 모르고
the biomolecules are organized
만드는지 모르지만
새로운 기술이 필요할 것입니다.
of molecules and neurons
정보를 획득하고
how the brain conducts information
이해하게 될 겁니다.
of molecular changes that occur
those molecules have changed,
패턴 변화를 알아내고부터는
or changed in pattern,
as targets for new drugs,
energy into the brain
computations that are afflicted
from brain disorders.
technologies over the last century
기술들을 보아왔습니다.
that they are noninvasive,
쓰일 수 있기 때문입니다.
or voxels, as they're called,
담아낼 수 있습니다.
and millions of neurons.
연결 구조를 밝혀 내지는 못했기에
the molecular changes that occur
of these networks
사는 원리 또한 모릅니다.
to be conscious and powerful beings.
you have microscopes.
관찰하는 현미경은
to look at little tiny things.
관찰에 쓰였고
to look at things like bacteria.
were discovered in the first place,
발견하게 한 장본인입니다.
근본적인 한계가 있습니다.
개별 분자를 관찰할 수 없으며
with a regular old microscope.
더더욱 볼 수 없습니다.
to see the brain more powerful,
가까이 가기 위해서는
even better technologies.
started thinking:
to zoom in to the brain,
속한 두 대학원생
Fei Chen and Paul Tillberg.
도움을 받고 있습니다.
are helping with this process.
비슷한 중합체를
if we could take polymers,
심을 계획을 세웠습니다.
within the brain.
and you add water,
만들 수 있을 겁니다.
those tiny biomolecules from each other.
and get maps of the brain.
just to buy it off the Internet
that actually occur in these diapers.
of the baby diaper material
by about a thousandfold
잘 이해하신 것 같습니다.
very interesting molecule,
to really zoom in on the brain
with past technologies.
설명하겠습니다.
과연 무슨 일이 일어난 걸까요?
in the baby diaper polymer?
보실 수 있을 겁니다.
what you see on the screen.
arranged in long, thin lines.
거리를 두고 떨어져 있죠.
놓을 수 있기 때문입니다.
move everything apart in the brain.
is going to absorb the water,
apart from each other,
is going to become bigger.
these polymer chains inside the brain
어떻게 뇌에 삽입하여
뇌 지도를 만들고
ground truth maps of the brain.
볼 수 있을 것입니다.
and see the molecules within.
at, in these artist renderings,
like and how we might separate them.
to do, first of all,
shown in brown here,
of the brain apart from each other,
결합하고 힘을 발휘하게 할
to have a little handle
polymer and dump it on the brain,
침투하게 해야하는데요.
to make the polymers inside.
즉 단위체를 모아
get the building blocks,
those long chains,
around biomolecules
떨어뜨려 놓습니다.
to pull apart the molecules
of those little handles is around,
and that's exactly what we need
apart from each other.
all the molecules from each other,
to start absorbing the water,
will come along for the ride.
a picture on a balloon,
away from each other.
단계에서 해낸 일입니다.
to do now, but in three dimensions.
all the biomolecules brown.
생겼기 때문인데요.
kind of look the same.
out of the same atoms,
that will distinguish them.
might get a blue color.
might get a red color.
far apart enough from each other
않는 것을 보이게 하는 겁니다.
we can make the invisible visible.
small and obscure
되게 하는 것입니다.
of information about life.
of what it might look like.
right before your eyes --
보실 수 있을 것입니다.
is going to grow.
or even more in volume.
those polymers are so tiny,
떨어지게 된다는 점입니다.
evenly from each other.
of the information.
actual brain circuitry --
뇌 조직이 있다면
involved with, for example, memory --
구성을 알 수 있습니다.
how circuits are configured.
읽을 수 있는 날도 오겠죠.
at how circuits are configured
of our brain is organized
짚어내는 것입니다.
at a molecular level.
들여다 본다면 어떨까요.
look into cells in the brain
뇌조직의 부정적 변화
molecules that have altered
undergoing epilepsy
알아낼 수 있다면요.
of things that are going wrong,
at different parts of the brain
with Parkinson's or epilepsy
over a billion people
일들이 일어나고 있습니다.
has been happening.
that expansion might help with.
생체검사 결과로부터 도출된 것인데요.
from a human breast cancer patient.
if you look at development --
large-scale biological systems.
작동하고 있음에도
with those little nanoscale molecules,
소기계들로부터 시작되는 것입니다.
and the organs in our body tick.
to do now is to figure out
단위체를 지도화하여
to map the building blocks of life
분자 변화를 짚어내어
the molecular changes in a tumor
go after it in a smart way
약을 만들어 낼 수 있을까요?
exactly the cells that we want to?
is very high risk.
what might be a high-risk moon shot
만드는 것입니다.
통제 범위에 있었던 것이죠.
feat of engineering.
necessarily have all the laws.
that are analogous to gravity,
정보가 없습니다.
유도해내리라 믿습니다
that occur in living systems,
the diseases that plague us.
have two young kids,
is to make life better for them
turn biology and medicine
좌지우지되는 분야가 아닌
that are governed by chance and luck,
이뤄내는 분야로 만들고 싶습니다.
that we win by skill and hard work,
되리라고 믿습니다.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Boyden - NeuroengineerEd Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute.
Why you should listen
Ed Boyden leads the Synthetic Neurobiology Group, which develops tools for analyzing and repairing complex biological systems such as the brain. His group applies these tools in a systematic way in order to reveal ground truth scientific understandings of biological systems, which in turn reveal radical new approaches for curing diseases and repairing disabilities. These technologies include expansion microscopy, which enables complex biological systems to be imaged with nanoscale precision, and optogenetic tools, which enable the activation and silencing of neural activity with light (TED Talk: A light switch for neurons). Boyden also co-directs the MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, which aims to develop new tools to accelerate neuroscience progress.
Amongst other recognitions, Boyden has received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015), the Carnegie Prize in Mind and Brain Sciences (2015), the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award (2013), the Grete Lundbeck Brain Prize (2013) and the NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2013). He was also named to the World Economic Forum Young Scientist list (2013) and the Technology Review World's "Top 35 Innovators under Age 35" list (2006). His group has hosted hundreds of visitors to learn how to use new biotechnologies and spun out several companies to bring inventions out of his lab and into the world. Boyden received his Ph.D. in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before that, he received three degrees in electrical engineering, computer science and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 300 peer-reviewed papers, current or pending patents and articles, and he has given over 300 invited talks on his group's work.
Ed Boyden | Speaker | TED.com