Ed Boyden: A new way to study the brain's invisible secrets
Ed Boyden: Jak pieluchy zainspirowały nowy sposób badań nad mózgiem
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute. Full bio
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when you add water to them,
kiedy poleje się je wodą,
by millions of kids every day.
przez miliony dzieciaków każdego dnia.
in a very clever way.
called a swellable material.
z pęczniejącego materiału.
when you add water,
który po dodaniu wody
industrial kind of polymer.
in my group at MIT
something similar to the brain.
coś podobnego z mózgiem.
can peer inside
the biomolecules,
biocząsteczki,
structure of the brain, if you will?
of how the brain is organized
jak mózg jest zorganizowany,
the exact changes in the brain
dokładne zmiany w mózgu,
and epilepsy and Parkinson's,
treatments, much less cures,
w dodatku nieskutecznych.
we don't know the cause or the origins
ich przyczyn i pochodzenia,
a different point of view
been done over the last hundred years.
przez ostatnie sto lat.
how to build technologies
incredibly complicated.
over the first century of neuroscience
complicated network,
cells called neurons
komórek - neuronów,
through these complexly shaped neurons.
are connected in networks.
called synapses that exchange chemicals
synapsami, które wymieniają substancje,
to talk to each other.
our artist's rendition of it.
artystyczna interpretacja,
and thousands of kinds of biomolecules,
rodzajów biocząsteczek,
organized in complex, 3D patterns,
w skomplikowane, trójwymiarowe wzory.
those electrical pulses,
w elektrycznych impulsach,
that allow neurons to work together
które pozwalają neuronom wspólnie działać,
and feelings and so forth.
the neurons in the brain are organized
the biomolecules are organized
są zorganizowane
of molecules and neurons
cząsteczek i neuronów
how the brain conducts information
jak mózg przekazuje informacje
of molecular changes that occur
dokładny zespół molekularnych zmian
those molecules have changed,
or changed in pattern,
lub zmieniły wzór,
as targets for new drugs,
jako celów dla nowych leków,
energy into the brain
dostarczania energii do mózgu,
computations that are afflicted
from brain disorders.
na choroby mózgu.
technologies over the last century
wiele różnych technik,
that they are noninvasive,
or voxels, as they're called,
and millions of neurons.
the molecular changes that occur
położenie molekularnych zmian
of these networks
to be conscious and powerful beings.
świadomymi i silnymi istotami.
you have microscopes.
to look at little tiny things.
by patrzeć na małe rzeczy.
to look at things like bacteria.
by oglądać na przykład bakterie.
were discovered in the first place,
odkryto pierwsze neurony
with a regular old microscope.
zwykłym, starym mikroskopem.
to see the brain more powerful,
even better technologies.
started thinking:
to zoom in to the brain,
Fei Chen and Paul Tillberg.
Fei Chen oraz Paul Tillberg.
are helping with this process.
pomaga w tym procesie.
if we could take polymers,
na wzięcie polimerów,
within the brain.
and you add water,
those tiny biomolecules from each other.
małe biocząsteczki od siebie.
and get maps of the brain.
otrzymalibyście mapy mózgu.
just to buy it off the Internet
that actually occur in these diapers.
które znajdują się w pieluchach.
of the baby diaper material
by about a thousandfold
very interesting molecule,
to really zoom in on the brain
with past technologies.
dla poprzednich technologii.
in the baby diaper polymer?
what you see on the screen.
arranged in long, thin lines.
ustawione w długie, wąskie rzędy.
move everything apart in the brain.
wszystko w mózgu porozdzielać.
is going to absorb the water,
apart from each other,
is going to become bigger.
these polymer chains inside the brain
ground truth maps of the brain.
and see the molecules within.
oglądać cząsteczki od wewnątrz.
at, in these artist renderings,
like and how we might separate them.
to do, first of all,
shown in brown here,
of the brain apart from each other,
to have a little handle
polymer and dump it on the brain,
to make the polymers inside.
żeby wprowadzić polimery do środka.
get the building blocks,
those long chains,
around biomolecules
to pull apart the molecules
of those little handles is around,
and that's exactly what we need
czego właśnie potrzeba,
apart from each other.
ten okaz chemikaliami tak,
all the molecules from each other,
to start absorbing the water,
zaczął chłonąć wodę,
will come along for the ride.
a picture on a balloon,
away from each other.
to do now, but in three dimensions.
all the biomolecules brown.
kind of look the same.
out of the same atoms,
z tych samych atomów,
świecącymi kolorami,
that will distinguish them.
might get a blue color.
można zaznaczyć na niebiesko.
might get a red color.
far apart enough from each other
we can make the invisible visible.
small and obscure
of information about life.
informacji o życiu.
of what it might look like.
jak mogłoby to wyglądać.
right before your eyes --
is going to grow.
tkanki mózgowej zaczyna rosnąć.
or even more in volume.
100 razy, a nawet więcej.
those polymers are so tiny,
evenly from each other.
of the information.
actual brain circuitry --
involved with, for example, memory --
zaangażowany, na przykład, w pamięć,
how circuits are configured.
at how circuits are configured
of our brain is organized
można by sprecyzować
at a molecular level.
na poziomie cząsteczkowym.
look into cells in the brain
molecules that have altered
undergoing epilepsy
of things that are going wrong,
at different parts of the brain
w różne części mózgu,
with Parkinson's or epilepsy
z Parkinsonem lub epilepsją,
over a billion people
które dotykają ponad miliarda ludzi
has been happening.
problemom w biomedycynie
that expansion might help with.
from a human breast cancer patient.
if you look at development --
large-scale biological systems.
całe układy biologiczne.
with those little nanoscale molecules,
od nanocząsteczek,
and the organs in our body tick.
komórki i organy ciała.
to do now is to figure out
to map the building blocks of life
podstawowych elementów życia
the molecular changes in a tumor
molekularne zmiany w guzie,
go after it in a smart way
exactly the cells that we want to?
wybrane komórki?
is very high risk.
bardzo ryzykowna.
what might be a high-risk moon shot
ryzykowny lot na Księżyc
feat of engineering.
necessarily have all the laws.
nie mamy wszystkich praw.
that are analogous to gravity,
that occur in living systems,
wzory żywych organizmów
the diseases that plague us.
choroby, które nas nękają.
have two young kids,
is to make life better for them
jest to, żeby miały lepsze życie
turn biology and medicine
biologii i medycyny
that are governed by chance and luck,
rządzonych przez przypadek i szczęście,
that we win by skill and hard work,
umiejętnościami i ciężką pracą,
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Boyden - NeuroengineerEd Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute.
Why you should listen
Ed Boyden leads the Synthetic Neurobiology Group, which develops tools for analyzing and repairing complex biological systems such as the brain. His group applies these tools in a systematic way in order to reveal ground truth scientific understandings of biological systems, which in turn reveal radical new approaches for curing diseases and repairing disabilities. These technologies include expansion microscopy, which enables complex biological systems to be imaged with nanoscale precision, and optogenetic tools, which enable the activation and silencing of neural activity with light (TED Talk: A light switch for neurons). Boyden also co-directs the MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, which aims to develop new tools to accelerate neuroscience progress.
Amongst other recognitions, Boyden has received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015), the Carnegie Prize in Mind and Brain Sciences (2015), the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award (2013), the Grete Lundbeck Brain Prize (2013) and the NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2013). He was also named to the World Economic Forum Young Scientist list (2013) and the Technology Review World's "Top 35 Innovators under Age 35" list (2006). His group has hosted hundreds of visitors to learn how to use new biotechnologies and spun out several companies to bring inventions out of his lab and into the world. Boyden received his Ph.D. in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before that, he received three degrees in electrical engineering, computer science and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 300 peer-reviewed papers, current or pending patents and articles, and he has given over 300 invited talks on his group's work.
Ed Boyden | Speaker | TED.com