Ed Boyden: A new way to study the brain's invisible secrets
Ed Bojden (Ed Boyden): Pelene za bebe su inspirisale ovaj novi način izučavanja mozga
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
kada im dodate vode,
when you add water to them,
by millions of kids every day.
milioni dece svakoga dana.
in a very clever way.
na vrlo pametan način.
called a swellable material.
što se zove upijajući materijal.
when you add water,
kada mu dodate vodu, znatno naduje,
industrial kind of polymer.
industrijska vrsta polimera.
in my group at MIT
u mojoj grupi na MIT-u
something similar to the brain.
da nešto slično uradimo sa mozgom,
can peer inside
sastavne delove, biomolekule,
the biomolecules,
structure of the brain, if you will?
u strukturu mozga, ako hoćete.
kako je mozak organizovan
of how the brain is organized
the exact changes in the brain
upravo one promene u mozgu
and epilepsy and Parkinson's,
epilepsija i Parkinsonova bolest,
treatments, much less cures,
a još manje lekova,
we don't know the cause or the origins
ne znamo uzrok, poreklo,
a different point of view
drugačiju tačku gledišta
been done over the last hundred years.
radile poslednjih sto godina.
kako da izgradimo tehnologije
how to build technologies
da posmatramo mozak i popravimo ga.
neverovatno komplikovan.
incredibly complicated.
over the first century of neuroscience
tokom prvog veka neuronauka
complicated network,
cells called neurons
sa vrlo složenom geometrijom,
through these complexly shaped neurons.
kroz te neurone složenog oblika.
are connected in networks.
called synapses that exchange chemicals
zvanim sinapse koje razmenjuju hemikalije
da međusobno razgovaraju.
to talk to each other.
our artist's rendition of it.
jesu hiljade vrsta biomolekula,
and thousands of kinds of biomolecules,
organized in complex, 3D patterns,
organizovane u složene 3D obrasce,
those electrical pulses,
između tih električnih impulsa,
that allow neurons to work together
koje omogućavaju neuronima da sarađuju
and feelings and so forth.
osećanja i tako dalje.
the neurons in the brain are organized
organizovani u mozgu
the biomolecules are organized
organizovane mašine.
of molecules and neurons
organizaciju molekula i neurona,
how the brain conducts information
kako mozak upravlja informacijama
of molecular changes that occur
skup molekularnih promena koje se dešavaju
those molecules have changed,
kako su se ti molekuli promenili,
or changed in pattern,
ili im se promenio obrazac,
as targets for new drugs,
kao mete za nove lekove,
energy into the brain
computations that are afflicted
koji boluju od poremećaja mozga.
from brain disorders.
videli mnogo različitih tehnologija
technologies over the last century
that they are noninvasive,
u tome što su neinvazivne,
na živim ljudskim subjektima.
or voxels, as they're called,
ili voksela, kako se zovu,
and millions of neurons.
molekularne promene koje se javljaju
the molecular changes that occur
of these networks
to be conscious and powerful beings.
da budemo svesna i moćna bića.
you have microscopes.
za posmatranje sićušnih stvari.
to look at little tiny things.
za posmatranje stvari poput bakterija.
to look at things like bacteria.
zapravo prvobitno otkriveni
were discovered in the first place,
with a regular old microscope.
običnim starim mikroskopom.
to see the brain more powerful,
našu sposobnost da vidimo mozak,
even better technologies.
počela da razmišlja:
started thinking:
to zoom in to the brain,
uveličati sliku mozga,
Fei Chen and Paul Tillberg.
Feijem Čenom i Polom Tilbergom.
pomažu u ovom procesu.
are helping with this process.
da li možemo da uzmemo polimere,
if we could take polymers,
within the brain.
baš kako treba i dodate vode,
and you add water,
međusobno razlikovati te male biomolekule.
those tiny biomolecules from each other.
and get maps of the brain.
prilično dramatično.
za pelene za bebe.
samo ga kupiti preko interneta
just to buy it off the Internet
koja zapravo postoje u pelenama.
that actually occur in these diapers.
of the baby diaper material
materijala pelene za bebe
by about a thousandfold
oko hiljadu puta
very interesting molecule,
to really zoom in on the brain
pomoću prethodnih tehnologija.
with past technologies.
in the baby diaper polymer?
u pelenama za bebe?
poput onoga što vidite na ekranu.
what you see on the screen.
arranged in long, thin lines.
poređani u duge, tanke linije.
move everything apart in the brain.
da razdvojimo sve u mozgu.
apsorbovati vodu,
is going to absorb the water,
apart from each other,
is going to become bigger.
these polymer chains inside the brain
te lance polimera u mozgu
sve biomolekule?
mape direktnog uvida u mozak.
ground truth maps of the brain.
and see the molecules within.
i vidimo molekule.
napravili smo animacije
at, in these artist renderings,
na umetničkim prikazima
like and how we might separate them.
i kako bismo ih mogli razdvojiti.
to do, first of all,
shown in brown here,
prikazan braon bojom ovde,
of the brain apart from each other,
odvojimo jedne od drugih,
to have a little handle
potrebna nam je mala drška
polymer and dump it on the brain,
i bacite ga na mozak,
da smestimo polimere unutra.
to make the polymers inside.
da uzmete sastavne delove,
get the building blocks,
those long chains,
da formiraju duge lance,
around biomolecules
to pull apart the molecules
razdvojite molekule
of those little handles is around,
jedna od tih malih drški,
and that's exactly what we need
a to je upravo ono što nam treba
apart from each other.
all the molecules from each other,
molekule jedne od drugih,
to start absorbing the water,
da apsorbuje vodu,
will come along for the ride.
a picture on a balloon,
away from each other.
međusobno razdvojile.
to do now, but in three dimensions.
da uradimo sada, ali u tri dimenzije.
all the biomolecules brown.
kind of look the same.
out of the same atoms,
da bismo ih učinili vidljivim.
that will distinguish them.
po kojima će se raspoznavati.
might get a blue color.
može dobiti plavu boju,
might get a red color.
može dobiti crvenu boju
nešto kao što je mozak
far apart enough from each other
we can make the invisible visible.
nevidljivo učiniti vidljivim.
koje mogu delovati malo i nejasno
small and obscure
of information about life.
poput sazvežđa informacija o životu.
of what it might look like.
toga kako to može izgledati.
right before your eyes --
is going to grow.
or even more in volume.
ili više u obimu.
those polymers are so tiny,
zato što su ti polimeri tako mali,
evenly from each other.
of the information.
actual brain circuitry --
involved with, for example, memory --
na primer, u pamćenje -
how circuits are configured.
kako su putevi konfigurisani.
moći da čitamo sećanja.
at how circuits are configured
kako su putevi podešeni
of our brain is organized
ta umreženost našeg mozga
at a molecular level.
na molekularnom nivou.
u ćelije mozga i otkrijemo -
look into cells in the brain
molecules that have altered
undergoing epilepsy
koje prolazi kroz epilepsiju
ili su na neki drugi način izmenjeni?
of things that are going wrong,
stvari koje idu po zlu,
da se vežu za njih.
na različite delove mozga
at different parts of the brain
sa Parkinsonovom bolešću, epilepsijom
with Parkinson's or epilepsy
over a billion people
više od milijardu ljudi širom sveta.
has been happening.
u vezi sa kojima širenje može pomoći.
that expansion might help with.
from a human breast cancer patient.
od pacijenta sa rakom dojke.
if you look at development --
large-scale biological systems.
biološke sisteme velikih razmera.
with those little nanoscale molecules,
sa tim malim molekulima na nano nivou,
and the organs in our body tick.
i organi u našem telu funkcionišu.
to do now is to figure out
ovu tehnologiju
to map the building blocks of life
u širokom spektru oboljenja.
the molecular changes in a tumor
molekularne promene kod tumora
go after it in a smart way
na pametan način
exactly the cells that we want to?
upravo one ćelije koje želimo?
is very high risk.
je veoma rizičan.
what might be a high-risk moon shot
visoko rizičan poduhvat na Mesec
kada su zapravo sleteli na Mesec,
feat of engineering.
necessarily have all the laws.
nemamo nužno sve zakone.
that are analogous to gravity,
koji su analogni gravitaciji,
koji se javljaju u živim sistemima
that occur in living systems,
the diseases that plague us.
bolesti koje nas muče.
have two young kids,
je da učinim život boljim za njih
is to make life better for them
turn biology and medicine
da preokrenemo biologiju i medicinu
that are governed by chance and luck,
kojima rukovode slučaj i sreća
that we win by skill and hard work,
veštinama i napornim radom,
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Boyden - NeuroengineerEd Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute.
Why you should listen
Ed Boyden leads the Synthetic Neurobiology Group, which develops tools for analyzing and repairing complex biological systems such as the brain. His group applies these tools in a systematic way in order to reveal ground truth scientific understandings of biological systems, which in turn reveal radical new approaches for curing diseases and repairing disabilities. These technologies include expansion microscopy, which enables complex biological systems to be imaged with nanoscale precision, and optogenetic tools, which enable the activation and silencing of neural activity with light (TED Talk: A light switch for neurons). Boyden also co-directs the MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, which aims to develop new tools to accelerate neuroscience progress.
Amongst other recognitions, Boyden has received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015), the Carnegie Prize in Mind and Brain Sciences (2015), the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award (2013), the Grete Lundbeck Brain Prize (2013) and the NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2013). He was also named to the World Economic Forum Young Scientist list (2013) and the Technology Review World's "Top 35 Innovators under Age 35" list (2006). His group has hosted hundreds of visitors to learn how to use new biotechnologies and spun out several companies to bring inventions out of his lab and into the world. Boyden received his Ph.D. in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before that, he received three degrees in electrical engineering, computer science and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 300 peer-reviewed papers, current or pending patents and articles, and he has given over 300 invited talks on his group's work.
Ed Boyden | Speaker | TED.com