Ed Boyden: A new way to study the brain's invisible secrets
Ed Boyden: Studium neviditelných tajemství mozku
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
when you add water to them,
ohromně nabobtnají,
by millions of kids every day.
in a very clever way.
called a swellable material.
bobtnavého materiálu.
when you add water,
zvětší svůj objem
industrial kind of polymer.
průmyslový druh polymeru.
in my group at MIT
something similar to the brain.
provést s mozkem.
abychom nakoukli dovnitř
can peer inside
the biomolecules,
biomolekuly,
structure of the brain, if you will?
of how the brain is organized
jak je mozek uspořádán,
the exact changes in the brain
přesné změny v mozku,
and epilepsy and Parkinson's,
epilepsie a Parkinson,
treatments, much less cures,
natož vyléčit,
we don't know the cause or the origins
a different point of view
been done over the last hundred years.
how to build technologies
a opravit jej.
incredibly complicated.
v prvním století neurovědy,
over the first century of neuroscience
complicated network,
cells called neurons
zvaných neurony,
through these complexly shaped neurons.
are connected in networks.
called synapses that exchange chemicals
zvaných synapse, které si vyměňují látky,
to talk to each other.
mezi sebou komunikovat.
our artist's rendition of it.
and thousands of kinds of biomolecules,
organized in complex, 3D patterns,
uspořádaných do komplexních 3D vzorů,
those electrical pulses,
zprostředkovávají elektrické impulzy,
that allow neurons to work together
neuronům pracovat společně,
and feelings and so forth.
the neurons in the brain are organized
v mozku uspořádány,
the biomolecules are organized
of molecules and neurons
na uspořádání molekul a neuronů
how the brain conducts information
ze senzorických oblastí,
of molecular changes that occur
přesné molekulární změny,
those molecules have changed,
jak se molekuly změnily,
or changed in pattern,
nebo konfigurace,
as targets for new drugs,
energy into the brain
computations that are afflicted
from brain disorders.
technologies over the last century
jsme viděli mnoho různých technologií,
that they are noninvasive,
or voxels, as they're called,
neboli takzvaný voxel,
and millions of neurons.
the molecular changes that occur
určit molekulární změny
of these networks
to be conscious and powerful beings.
you have microscopes.
to look at little tiny things.
malých věciček.
to look at things like bacteria.
k pozorování bakterií.
were discovered in the first place,
with a regular old microscope.
nemůžete vidět jednotlivé molekuly.
to see the brain more powerful,
even better technologies.
started thinking:
to zoom in to the brain,
postgraduálními studenty,
Fei Chen and Paul Tillberg.
are helping with this process.
if we could take polymers,
jestli můžeme vzít polymery,
within the brain.
a přidáme vodu,
and you add water,
those tiny biomolecules from each other.
jednotlivé biomolekuly.
and get maps of the brain.
a získali "mapu" mozku.
just to buy it off the Internet
that actually occur in these diapers.
ze skutečné plenky.
of the baby diaper material
by about a thousandfold
very interesting molecule,
to really zoom in on the brain
mohou nechat jen zdát.
with past technologies.
in the baby diaper polymer?
what you see on the screen.
arranged in long, thin lines.
move everything apart in the brain.
můžeme oddělit každý kousek mozku.
is going to absorb the water,
apart from each other,
is going to become bigger.
these polymer chains inside the brain
ground truth maps of the brain.
and see the molecules within.
a spatřit molekuly.
at, in these artist renderings,
like and how we might separate them.
a jak je můžeme oddělit.
to do, first of all,
shown in brown here,
tady jsou zobrazeny hnědě,
of the brain apart from each other,
to have a little handle
polymer and dump it on the brain,
a vysypali ho na mozek,
to make the polymers inside.
jak ho vyrobit uvnitř.
get the building blocks,
vzít "základní kameny",
those long chains,
around biomolecules
to pull apart the molecules
od sebe oddělit.
of those little handles is around,
and that's exactly what we need
abychom mohli molekuly od sebe oddělit.
apart from each other.
all the molecules from each other,
to start absorbing the water,
will come along for the ride.
i biomolekuly.
a picture on a balloon,
away from each other.
to do now, but in three dimensions.
ve třech dimenzích.
all the biomolecules brown.
biomolekuly na hnědo.
kind of look the same.
vypadají v podstatě stejně.
out of the same atoms,
that will distinguish them.
might get a blue color.
might get a red color.
far apart enough from each other
vzdálili natolik,
we can make the invisible visible.
že neviditelné zviditelníme.
small and obscure
of information about life.
of what it might look like.
jak by to mohlo vypadat.
right before your eyes --
is going to grow.
or even more in volume.
those polymers are so tiny,
že polymery jsou tak malé,
evenly from each other.
od sebe rovnoměrně.
of the information.
actual brain circuitry --
reálný mozkový obvod --
involved with, for example, memory --
how circuits are configured.
jak obvody vypadají ve skutečnosti.
at how circuits are configured
of our brain is organized
at a molecular level.
na molekulární úrovni.
look into cells in the brain
skutečně podívat do buněk mozku
molecules that have altered
17 molekul tkáně,
undergoing epilepsy
of things that are going wrong,
které jsou špatně,
at different parts of the brain
do různých částí mozku,
with Parkinson's or epilepsy
s Parkinsonem nebo epilepsií
over a billion people
které postihují miliardy lidí
has been happening.
that expansion might help with.
s dalšími problémy.
from a human breast cancer patient.
lidského nádoru prsu.
if you look at development --
na vývoj --
large-scale biological systems.
biologické systémy ve velkém měřítku.
with those little nanoscale molecules,
v nano velikosti,
and the organs in our body tick.
to do now is to figure out
to map the building blocks of life
mapování stavebních kamenů života
the molecular changes in a tumor
molekulární změny v nádoru,
go after it in a smart way
exactly the cells that we want to?
přesně ty buňky, které chceme?
is very high risk.
what might be a high-risk moon shot
feat of engineering.
necessarily have all the laws.
nemáme všechny zákony.
that are analogous to gravity,
that occur in living systems,
v živých systémech,
the diseases that plague us.
které nás trápí.
have two young kids,
is to make life better for them
než jaký ho máme my.
turn biology and medicine
that are governed by chance and luck,
které záleží na štěstí
that we win by skill and hard work,
které vítězí umem a tvrdou prací;
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Boyden - NeuroengineerEd Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute.
Why you should listen
Ed Boyden leads the Synthetic Neurobiology Group, which develops tools for analyzing and repairing complex biological systems such as the brain. His group applies these tools in a systematic way in order to reveal ground truth scientific understandings of biological systems, which in turn reveal radical new approaches for curing diseases and repairing disabilities. These technologies include expansion microscopy, which enables complex biological systems to be imaged with nanoscale precision, and optogenetic tools, which enable the activation and silencing of neural activity with light (TED Talk: A light switch for neurons). Boyden also co-directs the MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, which aims to develop new tools to accelerate neuroscience progress.
Amongst other recognitions, Boyden has received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015), the Carnegie Prize in Mind and Brain Sciences (2015), the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award (2013), the Grete Lundbeck Brain Prize (2013) and the NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2013). He was also named to the World Economic Forum Young Scientist list (2013) and the Technology Review World's "Top 35 Innovators under Age 35" list (2006). His group has hosted hundreds of visitors to learn how to use new biotechnologies and spun out several companies to bring inventions out of his lab and into the world. Boyden received his Ph.D. in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before that, he received three degrees in electrical engineering, computer science and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 300 peer-reviewed papers, current or pending patents and articles, and he has given over 300 invited talks on his group's work.
Ed Boyden | Speaker | TED.com