TED2010
Cheryl Hayashi: The magnificence of spider silk
Cheryl Hayashi: Măreția mătăsii de păianjen
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Cheryl Hayashi studiază mătasea de păianjen, unul dintre cele mai performante materiale din natură. Fiecare specie de păianjen poate să producă până la 7 genuri de mătase, foarte diferite între ele. Cum fac asta? Hayashi ne explică întâi la nivelul ADN-ului - apoi ne arată cum acest material foarte puternic și foarte flexibil poate să devină o sursă de inspirație.
Cheryl Hayashi - Spider silk scientist
Cheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use. Full bio
Cheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'm here to spread the word about the
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Ma aflu aici sa va dezvalui
00:18
magnificence of spiders
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maretia paianjenilor
00:20
and how much we can learn from them.
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si despre cat de multe lucuri putem invata de la acestia.
00:23
Spiders are truly global citizens.
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Paianjenii sunt cu adevarat cetateni ai intregului glob.
00:25
You can find spiders in nearly
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Putem descoperi paianjeni in aproape
00:27
every terrestrial habitat.
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orice habitat terestru.
00:29
This red dot marks
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Punctele acestea rosii marcheaza
00:31
the Great Basin of North America,
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Marele Bazin al Americii de Nord,
00:33
and I'm involved with an alpine biodiversity
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si sunt implicata acolo intr-un proiect despre biodiversitatea alpina
00:35
project there with some collaborators.
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impreuna cu alti colaboratori.
00:37
Here's one of our field sites,
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Iata unul dintre siturile noastre
00:39
and just to give you a sense of perspective,
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asta numai ca sa va dau o idee,
00:41
this little blue smudge here,
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pata asta mica si albastra,
00:43
that's one of my collaborators.
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reprezinta unul dintre colaboratorii mei.
00:45
This is a rugged and barren landscape,
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Acesta este un tinut aspru si steril,
00:48
yet there are quite a few spiders here.
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cu toate astea, cativa paianjeni tot se gasesc.
00:50
Turning rocks over revealed this crab spider
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Cautand sub stanci am gasit acest paianjen-crab
00:54
grappling with a beetle.
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luandu-se la tranta cu un gandac.
00:56
Spiders are not just everywhere,
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Paianjenii nu numai ca exista pretutindeni,
00:59
but they're extremely diverse.
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dar sunt si extrem de diversi.
01:01
There are over 40,000 described species
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Exista peste 40.000 de specii de paianjeni
01:04
of spiders.
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atestate.
01:05
To put that number into perspective,
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Pentru a privi acest număr dintr-o altă perspectivă
01:07
here's a graph comparing the 40,000
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iata un grafic care compara cele 40.000
01:09
species of spiders
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de specii de paianjeni
01:11
to the 400 species of primates.
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cu cele 400 de specii de primate.
01:13
There are two orders of magnitude more
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Sunt de o suta de ori mai multe specii
01:15
spiders than primates.
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de paianjeni decat de primate.
01:17
Spiders are also extremely old.
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Paianjenii sunt de asemenea foarte vechi.
01:21
On the bottom here,
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La baza aici,
01:23
this is the geologic timescale,
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avem scala erelor geologice,
01:25
and the numbers on it indicate millions
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iar numerele de deasupra indica milioanele
01:27
of years from the present, so the zero here,
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de ani plecand din prezent spre trecut, prin urmare acest zero
01:29
that would be today.
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reprezinta ziua de azi.
01:31
So what this figure shows is that spiders
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Deci, ceea ce acest tabel vrea sa arate este ca paianjenii
01:34
date back to almost 380 million years.
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dateaza de aproape 380 de milioane de ani.
01:38
To put that into perspective, this red
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Ca sa avem o imagine mai clara,
01:40
vertical bar here marks the divergence time
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aceasta bara verticala de aici arata evolutia
01:43
of humans from chimpanzees,
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oamenilor plecand de la cimpanzei,
01:46
a mere seven million years ago.
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abia acum sapte milioane de ani.
01:49
All spiders make silk
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Toti paianjenii produc matase
01:51
at some point in their life.
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de-a lungul vietii lor.
01:53
Most spiders use copious amounts of silk,
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Cei mai multi dintre paianjeni utilizeaza o mare cantitate de matase,
01:56
and silk is essential to their survival
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iar matasea este esentiala pentru supravietuirea acestora
01:58
and reproduction.
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si pentru reproducere.
02:00
Even fossil spiders can make silk,
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Pana si un paianjen fosila putea produce matase,
02:02
as we can see from this impression of
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dupa cum se vede din amprenta
02:04
a spinneret on this fossil spider.
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organelor filiere acestui paianjen fosila.
02:07
So this means that both spiders
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Deci asta inseamna ca atat paianjenii
02:09
and spider silk have been around
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cat si matasea lor exista
02:11
for 380 million years.
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de 380 de milioane de ani incoace.
02:16
It doesn't take long from working with spiders
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Nu e nevoie sa lucrezi mult timp cu paianjenii
02:19
to start noticing how essential silk is
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ca sa realizezi cat de esential este firul de matase
02:22
to just about every aspect of their life.
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in aproape fiecare dintre aspectele vietii lor.
02:25
Spiders use silk for many purposes, including
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Paianjenii utilizeaza firul in multe scopuri, acestea incluzand
02:28
the trailing safety dragline,
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firul de deplasare - ca și coardă de siguranță,
02:30
wrapping eggs for reproduction,
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impachetarea coconilor pentru reproducere,
02:33
protective retreats
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costructia refugiilor de protectie
02:35
and catching prey.
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si prinderea prazii.
02:37
There are many kinds of spider silk.
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Exista multe tipuri de matase de paianjen.
02:39
For example, this garden spider can make
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De exemplu, acest paianjen de gradina poate sa produca
02:42
seven different kinds of silks.
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sapte tipuri de matase diferite.
02:44
When you look at this orb web, you're actually
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Cand va uitati la aceasta panza de paianjen circulara, de fapt
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seeing many types of silk fibers.
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vedeti mai multe tipuri de fibre de matase.
02:49
The frame and radii of this web
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Scheletul si razele panzei de paianjen
02:51
is made up of one type of silk,
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sunt realizate dintr-un anumit tip de matase,
02:54
while the capture spiral is a composite
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pe cand spiralele sunt realizate dintr-o compozitie
02:56
of two different silks:
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a doua tipuri diferite de matase:
02:58
the filament and the sticky droplet.
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filamentul si un mic strop de lipici.
03:01
How does an individual spider
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Cum poate un singur paianjen
03:04
make so many kinds of silk?
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sa produca atat de multe tipuri de matase?
03:07
To answer that, you have to look a lot closer
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Ca sa putem raspunde, trebuie sa privim mult mai indeaproape
03:09
at the spinneret region of a spider.
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la regiunea organelor filiere a paianjenului.
03:11
So silk comes out of the spinnerets, and for
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Prin urmare, matasea iese din organul filier
03:13
those of us spider silk biologists, this is what
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si pentru noi biologii, acesta este
03:15
we call the "business end" of the spider. (Laughter)
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ceea ce noi numim partea dorsala a paianjenului. (Rasete)
03:17
We spend long days ...
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Asteptam zile intregi...
03:19
Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life.
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Hei! Nu radeti! Asta mi-e viata.
03:21
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
03:23
We spend long days and nights
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Stam zile si nopti intregi
03:25
staring at this part of the spider.
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uitandu-ne la partea dorsala a paianjenului.
03:28
And this is what we see.
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Si asta e ceea ce vedem.
03:30
You can see multiple fibers
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Putem vedea fibre multiple
03:32
coming out of the spinnerets, because
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iesind din oganul filiere, pentru ca
03:35
each spinneret has many spigots on it.
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fiecare organ filier contine mai mule supape .
03:38
Each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot,
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Fiecare dintre aceste fibre de matase ies prin supape,
03:41
and if you were to trace the fiber back
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si daca ar fi sa mergeti pe urma firului inauntru
03:43
into the spider, what you would find is that
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in corpul paianjenului, veti observa ca
03:46
each spigot connects to its own individual
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fiecare supapa este conectata la propria sa glanda
03:48
silk gland. A silk gland kind of looks like a sac
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Glanda arata ca un saculet
03:51
with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside.
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plin cu proteine indesate inauntru.
03:54
So if you ever have the opportunity to dissect
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Deci, daca veti avea vreodata posibilitatea sa disecati
03:56
an orb-web-weaving spider,
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un paianjen tesator de panza sferica
03:58
and I hope you do,
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si sper ca veti avea posibilitatea,
04:00
what you would find is a bounty
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ceea ce veti gasi inauntru, in mod recompensator, sunt glandele
04:03
of beautiful, translucent silk glands.
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de matase frumoase si translucide.
04:06
Inside each spider, there are hundreds
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In fiecare paianjen, exista sute
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of silk glands, sometimes thousands.
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de glande de matase, uneori mii.
04:11
These can be grouped into seven categories.
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Acestea pot fi grupate in sapte categorii.
04:14
They differ by size, shape,
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Ele se deosebesc prin marime, forma
04:16
and sometimes even color.
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si uneori chiar culoare.
04:18
In an orb-web-weaving spider,
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Intr-un paianjen de panza circulara,
04:20
you can find seven types of silk glands,
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putem gasi sapte tipuri de glande de matase
04:22
and what I have depicted here in this picture,
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si este ceea ce vreau sa va arat in aceasta imagine,
04:24
let's start at the one o'clock position,
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sa incepem cu pozitia 1,
04:27
there's tubuliform silk glands, which are used
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gasim aici matasea gladulei tubiliformes care sintetizeaza matasea
04:29
to make the outer silk of an egg sac.
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pentru fabricarea matasii exterioare a coconilor pentru oua.
04:31
There's the aggregate and flagelliform silk
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Exista matasea gladulei aggregata si matasea glandulei flageliform
04:33
glands which combine to make the sticky
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care se combina in scopul de a aplica
04:35
capture spiral of an orb web.
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prin lipire spiralele pe scheletul panzei.
04:38
Pyriform silk glands make the attachment
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Matasea glandulei pyriformes sintetizeaza fire pentru fixarea
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cement -- that's the silk that's used to adhere
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panzei- aceasta e matasea care e utilizata pentru aderarea
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silk lines to a substrate.
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firelor de matase la o reactie chimica.
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There's also aciniform silk,
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Gasim, de asemenea, gladula matasei aciniformes
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which is used to wrap prey.
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care este utilizata pentru a infasura prada.
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Minor ampullate silk is used in web construction.
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Matasea ampulei minore este folosita in contructia panzei.
04:52
And the most studied silk line
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Dar cel mai studiat fir de matase
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of them all: major ampullate silk.
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dintre toate este ampula majora de matase
04:56
This is the silk that's used to make the frame
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Aceasta reprezinta matasea din care e realizat scheletul
04:58
and radii of an orb web, and also
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si radiile unei panze circulare, si de asemenea
05:01
the safety trailing dragline.
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firul de deplasare.
05:04
But what, exactly, is spider silk?
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Dar ce anume inseamna matasea paianjenului?
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Spider silk is almost entirely protein.
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Matasea paianjenului este proteina aproape in intregime.
05:11
Nearly all of these proteins can be explained
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Aproape toate aceste proteine pot fi explicate
05:13
by a single gene family,
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printr-o singura gena familiala,
05:16
so this means that the diversity of silk types
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deci asta inseamna ca diversitatea tipurilor de matase
05:18
we see today is encoded by one gene family,
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pe care o observam azi este criptata intr-o singura gena familiala
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so presumably the original spider ancestor
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deci in mod prezumtiv, paianjenul ancestral
05:26
made one kind of silk,
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producea un singur tip de matase
05:28
and over the last 380 million years,
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si de-a lungul a peste 380 de milioane de ani
05:31
that one silk gene has duplicated
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aceasta unica gena de matase s-a divizat,
05:34
and then diverged, specialized,
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apoi a creat divergente, apoi s-a specializat,
05:37
over and over and over again, to get
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iarasi si iarasi si iarasi pana a ajuns
05:40
the large variety of flavors of spider silks
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la aceasta varietate a matasei de paianjen
05:42
that we have today.
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pe care o observam azi.
05:45
There are several features that all these silks
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Exista o serie de trasaturi pe care aceste tipuri de matase
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have in common. They all have a common
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le au in comun. Toate au un aspect
05:49
design, such as they're all very long --
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comun, in sensul ca toate sunt foarte lungi-
05:51
they're sort of outlandishly long
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adica sunt neobisnuit de lungi
05:54
compared to other proteins.
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in comparatie cu alte proteine.
05:56
They're very repetitive, and they're very rich
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Sunt foarte repetitive si foarte bogate
05:59
in the amino acids glycine and alanine.
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in aminoacizi, glicine si alanine.
06:02
To give you an idea of what
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Ca sa va dau o idee despre
06:04
a spider silk protein looks like,
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cum arata proteina din matasea paianjenului,
06:06
this is a dragline silk protein,
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acesta este un fir de deplasare
06:08
it's just a portion of it,
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si e doar o bucatica preluata
06:10
from the black widow spider.
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de la o vaduva neagra.
06:12
This is the kind of sequence that I love
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Asta este genul de secventa la care-mi place
06:14
looking at day and night. (Laughter)
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sa ma uit zi si noapte. (Rasete)
06:17
So what you're seeing here is the one letter
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Deci ceea ce vedeti aici este
06:19
abbreviation for amino acids, and I've colored
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o abreviere pentru aminoacizi si am colorat
06:21
in the glycines with green,
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glicinele in verde,
06:23
and the alanines in red, and so
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si alaninele in rosu, astfel
06:25
you can see it's just a lot of G's and A's.
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puteti vedea ca exista o multime de G-uri si A-uri
06:28
You can also see that there's a lot of short
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Puteti de-asemenea sa observati ca exista
06:31
sequence motifs that repeat over and over
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si secvente mai scurte care se repeta mereu
06:34
and over again, so for example there's a lot of
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de exemplu exista o multime de
06:36
what we call polyalanines, or iterated A's,
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ceea ce noi numim poli alanine, sau notate cu
06:39
AAAAA. There's GGQ. There's GGY.
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AAAAA. Exista GGQ. Exista GGY.
06:43
You can think of these short motifs
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Luati aminte la aceste modele
06:45
that repeat over and over again as words,
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care se repeta iar si iar ca si cuvinte,
06:48
and these words occur in sentences.
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iar aceste cuvinte apar in propozitii.
06:51
So for example this would be one sentence,
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De exemplu, aceasta ar putea fi considerata o propozitie
06:54
and you would get this sort of green region
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si atunci vom avea acest tip de zona verde
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and the red polyalanine, that repeats
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iar polianinele rosii, care se repeta
06:58
over and over and over again,
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iar si iar si iar din nou.
07:00
and you can have that hundreds and
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apoi putem avea acest lucru de sute si
07:02
hundreds and hundreds of times within
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sute si sute de ori in interiorul
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an individual silk molecule.
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unei singure molecule de matase.
07:06
Silks made by the same spider can have
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Matasea produsa de acelasi paianjen poate avea
07:08
dramatically different repeat sequences.
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in mod remarcabil, diferite secvente repetitive.
07:11
At the top of the screen, you're seeing
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In partea de sus a ecranului, puteti vedea
07:14
the repeat unit from the dragline silk
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unitatea repetitiva a firului de matase pentru deplasare
07:17
of a garden argiope spider.
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a unui paianjen de gradina.
07:20
It's short. And on the bottom,
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E scurt. Iar in partea de jos
07:22
this is the repeat sequence for the
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aceasta reprezinta secventa repetitiva pentru
07:24
egg case, or tubuliform silk protein,
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matasea folosita in fabricarea coconilor pentru oua
07:26
for the exact same spider. And you can see
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a aceluiasi paianjen. Si atunci puteti observa
07:29
how dramatically different
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cat de diferite sunt
07:31
these silk proteins are -- so this is
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aceste proteine de matase - deci asta reprezinta
07:34
sort of the beauty of the diversification
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un fel de frumusete a diversitatii
07:36
of the spider silk gene family.
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familiei genelor de matase a paianjenilor.
07:38
You can see that the repeat units differ
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Puteti observa ca unitatile repetitive difera
07:40
in length. They also differ in sequence.
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ca lungime. Ele difera si ca secvente.
07:42
So I've colored in the glycines again
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Deci am colorat glicinele din nou
07:44
in green, alanine in red, and the serines,
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in verde, alaninele in rosu, iar sericinele,
07:47
the letter S, in purple. And you can see
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litera S, in mov. Puteti observa ca
07:50
that the top repeat unit can be explained
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unitatea repetitiva din partea de sus poate fi explicata
07:52
almost entirely by green and red,
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aproape in intregime prin verde si rosu,
07:55
and the bottom repeat unit has
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iar unitatea repetitiva din partea de jos are
07:57
a substantial amount of purple.
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o substantiala cantitate de mov.
07:59
What silk biologists do is we try to relate
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Ceea noi biologii matasii facem este ca incercam
08:02
these sequences, these amino acid
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sa asociem aceste secvente
08:04
sequences, to the mechanical properties
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de aminoacizi cu proprietatile mecanice
08:06
of the silk fibers.
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ale fibrelor de matase.
08:08
Now, it's really convenient that spiders use their silk
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Deci este foarte convenabil ca paianjenii isi utilizeaza matasea
08:11
completely outside their body.
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complet in afara corpului.
08:13
This makes testing spider silk really, really
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Acest lucru face ca testarea matasii paianjenului sa fie
08:15
easy to do in the laboratory, because
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foarte usor de realizat in laborator, pentru ca
08:17
we're actually, you know, testing it in air
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de fapt, stiti, noi o testam in aer
08:20
that's exactly the environment that
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care este exact mediul in care
08:22
spiders are using their silk proteins.
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paianjenii isi utilizeaza proteinele matasei.
08:24
So this makes quantifying silk properties by
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Așadar așa se pot cuantifica proprietățile mătăsii
08:26
methods such as tensile testing, which is
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prin metode precum testarea elasticitatii, care inseamna
08:28
basically, you know, tugging on one end
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de fapt, dupa cum stiti, tragerea firului de la unul dintre capete,
08:30
of the fiber, very amenable.
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extrem de maleabilă.
08:33
Here are stress-strain curves
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Aici avem graficul curbelor de efort
08:36
generated by tensile testing
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generate de testarea elasticitatii
08:38
five fibers made by the same spider.
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a cinci fibre produse de acelasi paianjen.
08:41
So what you can see here is that
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Deci ceea ce puteti vedea aici este ca
08:44
the five fibers have different behaviors.
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aceste 5 fibre se comporta diferit.
08:47
Specifically, if you look on the vertical axis,
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Mai ales, daca va uitati pe axa verticala,
08:49
that's stress. If you look at the maximum
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legata de efort. Daca va uitati la valoarea
08:52
stress value for each of these fibers,
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maxima a efortului pentru fiecare dintre aceste fibre,
08:54
you can see that there's a lot of variation,
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veti observa ca exista multe oscilatii,
08:57
and in fact dragline, or major ampullate silk,
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ca de fapt firul de deplasare, ori firul de matase principal,
09:00
is the strongest of these fibers.
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este cel mai puternic dintre toate aceste fibre.
09:02
We think that's because the dragline silk,
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Cosideram acest lucru fiindca firul de deplasare
09:05
which is used to make the frame and radii
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care este utilizat pentru a construi scheletul si radiile
09:08
for a web, needs to be very strong.
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unei panze, trebuie sa fie foarte puternic.
09:10
On the other hand, if you were to look at
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Pe de alta parte, daca e sa ne uitam la
09:12
strain -- this is how much a fiber can be
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capacitatea de intindere,
09:14
extended -- if you look at the maximum value
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daca ne uitam la valoarea maxima
09:16
here, again, there's a lot of variation
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de aici, din noi, gasim multe oscilatii
09:19
and the clear winner is flagelliform,
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iar pe deplin castigator este gladula flageliform
09:21
or the capture spiral filament.
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sau captura filamentului spiralei.
09:23
In fact, this flagelliform fiber can
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De fapt, fibra flageliforma poate
09:25
actually stretch over twice its original length.
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sa se intinda de fapt de doua ori decat lungimea sa originala
09:29
So silk fibers vary in their strength
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Deci fibrele de matase variaza in functie de taria
09:32
and also their extensibility.
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dar si de extensibilitatea lor.
09:34
In the case of the capture spiral,
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In cazul captarii spiralei
09:36
it needs to be so stretchy to absorb
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trebuie sa fie elastica pentru a absorbi
09:38
the impact of flying prey.
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impactul cu prada zburatoare.
09:40
If it wasn't able to stretch so much, then
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Daca nu ar fi capabila sa se intinda atat de mult, atunci
09:42
basically when an insect hit the web,
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de fapt, cand o insecta se izbeste de panza
09:44
it would just trampoline right off of it.
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aceasta ar proiecta-o imediat inapoi.
09:46
So if the web was made entirely out of
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Deci, daca panza ar fi facuta in intregime din
09:48
dragline silk, an insect is very likely to just
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din fire pentru deplasare, ar fi foarte probabil ca o insecta
09:51
bounce right off. But by having really, really
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sa ricoseze de pe ea. Dar avand matase foarte, foarte elastica
09:53
stretchy capture spiral silk, the web is actually
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pentru captura spiralei, panza este de fapt
09:55
able to absorb the impact
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capabila sa absoarba impactul
09:57
of that intercepted prey.
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prazii interceptate.
10:00
There's quite a bit of variation within
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Exista o anumita variatie in ceea ce priveste
10:02
the fibers that an individual spider can make.
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fibrele pe care un paianjen e in stare sa le produca.
10:05
We call that the tool kit of a spider.
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Noi numim asta trusa de unelte a paianjenului.
10:08
That's what the spider has
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Asta este ceea ce paianjenul detine
10:10
to interact with their environment.
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pentru a interactiona cu mediul sau.
10:12
But how about variation among spider
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Ce-ar fi sa vorbim despre variatia dintre speciile
10:14
species, so looking at one type of silk
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de paianjen, adica analizand un anumit timp de matase,
10:16
and looking at different species of spiders?
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de la diferite specii de paianjeni?
10:19
This is an area that's largely unexplored
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Aceasta este o zona care e inca neexplorata
10:21
but here's a little bit of data I can show you.
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dar exista cateva informatii pe care vi le pot arata.
10:25
This is the comparison of the toughness
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Aceasta este o comparare a rezistentei
10:27
of the dragline spilk spun
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firului de deplasare obtinut
10:29
by 21 species of spiders.
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de la 21 de specii de paianjeni.
10:31
Some of them are orb-weaving spiders and
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Unii dintre ei isi tes panza circular
10:33
some of them are non-orb-weaving spiders.
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iar altii isi tes panza haotic.
10:36
It's been hypothesized that
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Există unele ipoteze cum că
10:38
orb-weaving spiders, like this argiope here,
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paianjenii tesatori de panza circulara, precum cei din specia Argiope de aici,
10:41
should have the toughest dragline silks
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ar trebui sa aiba cel mai puternic fir de deplasare
10:43
because they must intercept flying prey.
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pentru ca ei trebuie sa intercepteze prada zburatoare.
10:46
What you see here on this toughness graph
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Ceea ce vedeti in acest grafic al rezistentei
10:49
is the higher the black dot is on the graph,
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este aceea ca cu cat punctul negru este mai sus,
10:51
the higher the toughness.
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cu atat rezistenta este mai mare.
10:53
The 21 species are indicated here by this
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Cele 21 de specii sunt indicate aici de catre
10:56
phylogeny, this evolutionary tree, that shows
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filogenie, acest copac evolutionist, care arata
10:59
their genetic relationships, and I've colored
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relatiile lor genetice, si am colorat
11:01
in yellow the orb-web-weaving spiders.
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in galben paianjenii cu panza circulara.
11:04
If you look right here at the two red arrows,
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Daca aruncati o privire aici la cele doua sageti rosii,
11:07
they point to the toughness values
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ele arata valorile rezistentei
11:10
for the draglines of nephila clavipes and
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pentru firul de deplasare al paianjenului auriu
11:12
araneus diadematus.
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si al paianjenului european de gradina.
11:14
These are the two species of spiders
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Acestea sunt cele doua specii de paianjen
11:16
for which the vast majority of time and money
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in care se investesc timp si bani,
11:19
on synthetic spider silk research has been
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investitii in cercetarea matasii sintetice
11:22
to replicate their dragline silk proteins.
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si in copierea proteinelor firului de deplasare.
11:25
Yet, their draglines are not the toughest.
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Totusi, firul lor de deplasare nu este cel mai rezistent.
11:29
In fact, the toughest dragline in this survey
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De fapt, cel mai rezistent fir de deplasare din acest studiu
11:32
is this one right here in this white region,
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este acesta de aici din aceasta regiune alba,
11:35
a non orb-web-weaving spider.
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a unui paiajen tesator de panza haotica.
11:37
This is the dragline spun by scytodes,
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Acesta este firul de deplasare produs de cei din familia Scytodidelor,
11:39
the spitting spider.
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al păianjenului scuipător.
11:41
Scytodes doesn't use a web at all
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Scytodidele nu utilizeaza deloc panza
11:44
to catch prey. Instead, scytodes
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ca sa prinda prada. In schimb, Scytodidele
11:46
sort of lurks around and waits for prey
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mai degraba pandesc inprejurimile asteptand ca prada
11:49
to get close to it, and then immobilizes prey
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sa fie suficient de aproape, si apoi o imobilizeaza
11:52
by spraying a silk-like venom onto that insect.
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prin pulverizarea unei matase veninoase deasupra insectei.
11:56
Think of hunting with silly string.
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Ganditi-va ca vanati cu o funie neindemanatica.
11:59
That's how scytodes forages.
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In acest mod se hranesc scytodidele.
12:02
We don't really know why scytodes
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Realmente nu stim de ce scytodidele
12:04
needs such a tough dragline,
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au nevoie de un astfel de fir de deplasare
12:07
but it's unexpected results like this that make
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dar tocmai aceste rezultate neasteptate ca acestea fac
12:10
bio-prospecting so exciting and worthwhile.
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fac bioprospectarea atat de interesanta si merituoasa.
12:14
It frees us from the constraints
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Ne elibereaza de sub constrangerile
12:16
of our imagination.
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imaginatiei noastre.
12:18
Now I'm going to mark on
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Acum voi puncta asupra
12:20
the toughness values for nylon fiber,
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valorilor rezistentei fibrei de nailon,
12:23
bombyx -- or domesticated silkworm silk --
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matasea Bombyx - sau viermii domestici de matase -
12:26
wool, Kevlar, and carbon fibers.
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fibra sintetica Kevlar, si fibrele de carbon.
12:29
And what you can see is that nearly
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Si ceea ce puteti observa este ca aproape
12:31
all the spider draglines surpass them.
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toate firele de deplasare ale paianjenilor le depaseste in valoare.
12:33
It's the combination of strength, extensibility
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Tocmai combinatia dintre putere, elasticitate
12:37
and toughness that makes spider silk so
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si rezistenta face ca matasea paianjenilor sa fie
12:40
special, and that has attracted the attention
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atat de speciala, si asta e ceee ce atrage atentia
12:43
of biomimeticists, so people that turn
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biomimeticilor, oamenilor care analizeaza
12:46
to nature to try to find new solutions.
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natura pentru a incerca sa gaseasca noi solutii.
12:49
And the strength, extensibility and toughness
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Iar puterea, elasticitatea si rezistenta
12:52
of spider silks combined with the fact that
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matasii de paianjen combinata cu faptul ca
12:55
silks do not elicit an immune response,
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matasea nu obtine un raspuns imun.
12:58
have attracted a lot of interest in the use
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atrage un mare interes in utilizarea
13:01
of spider silks in biomedical applications,
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matasii paianjenilor in aplicatiile biomedicale
13:03
for example, as a component of
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de exemplu, ca si component
13:05
artificial tendons, for serving as
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al tendoanelor artificiale, pentu a servi
13:08
guides to regrow nerves, and for
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ca indiciu in refacerea nervurilor
13:12
scaffolds for tissue growth.
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si pentru schele in cresterea de tesut.
13:15
Spider silks also have a lot of potential
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Matasea paianjenilor dispune de mult potential
13:18
for their anti-ballistic capabilities.
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in capacitatile ei anti-balistice.
13:20
Silks could be incorporated into body
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Matasea poate fi incorporata in corpul
13:22
and equipment armor that would be more
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si echipamentul armurilor, pe care le-ar face mult
13:25
lightweight and flexible
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mai usoare si mai flexibile
13:27
than any armor available today.
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decat orice alta armura existenta in zilele noastre.
13:30
In addition to these biomimetic
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Pe langa aceste aplicatii biomimetice
13:33
applications of spider silks,
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ale mătăsii de păianjen,
13:35
personally, I find studying spider silks
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personal, găsesc studierea mătăsii păianjenilor
13:39
just fascinating in and of itself.
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fascinanta prin ea insasi.
13:42
I love when I'm in the laboratory,
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Imi place cand in laborator fiind,
13:46
a new spider silk sequence comes in.
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o noua secventa de matase de paianjen soseste.
13:49
That's just the best. (Laughter)
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Asta e cel mai grozav lucru. (Rasete)
13:52
It's like the spiders are sharing
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E ca si cum paianjenii imi destainuie
13:55
an ancient secret with me, and that's why
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un secret ancestral, si de aceea
13:57
I'm going to spend the rest of my life
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imi voi dedica restul vietii
13:59
studying spider silk.
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in studiul matasii de paianjen
14:01
The next time you see a spider web,
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Data viitoare cand veti observa o panza de paianjen,
14:04
please, pause and look a little closer.
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va rog sa faceti o pauza si sa va uitati mai indeaproape.
14:07
You'll be seeing one of the most
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Veti vedea una dintre
14:09
high-performance materials known to man.
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cele mai performante materiale cunoscute omului.
14:12
To borrow from the writings
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In acord cu scrierile
14:14
of a spider named Charlotte,
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unui paianjen numit Charlotte,
14:17
silk is terrific.
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matasea este nemaipomenita.
14:19
Thank you. (Applause)
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Multumesc (Aplauze)
14:22
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Cheryl Hayashi - Spider silk scientistCheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use.
Why you should listen
Biologist Cheryl Hayashi is fascinated with spiders and their silks, and for good reason. Made of a mix of proteins, spider silks come in thousands of variations; there are over 40,000 species of spiders, with many spiders capable of producing half a dozen types. Some silks have the tensile strength of steel -- and often are much tougher -- while remaining light as air and extremely supple. And spiders use their silk in diverse ways: to make their homes and trap their food, to travel, to court and to protect their eggs.
In her lab at UC Riverside, Hayashi explores spider silk’s genetic makeup, evolution and unique biomechanics (winning a MacArthur “genius" grant for it in 2007). Her work blurs the boundary between biology and materials science, looking for the molecular basis of this wondrous material and exploring how humans might learn from it. Hayashi's work may inspire new biomimetic materials for a huge variety of uses, from biodegradable fishing lines and sutures to superstrong ropes and armor cloth.
Cheryl Hayashi | Speaker | TED.com