TED2010
Cheryl Hayashi: The magnificence of spider silk
Cheryl Hayashi: Čudo paukove svile
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Cheril Hayashi proučava paukovu svilu, jedan od najboljih prirodnih materijala. Svaki pojedini pauk pravi do 7 različitih vrsta svile. Kako to rade? Hayashi objašnjava na razini DNK -- onda pokazuje kako taj super-snažan, super-rastezljiv materijal može inspirirati.
Cheryl Hayashi - Spider silk scientist
Cheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use. Full bio
Cheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'm here to spread the word about the
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Ovdje sam kako bih vas upoznala
00:18
magnificence of spiders
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sa veličanstvenim paucima,
00:20
and how much we can learn from them.
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i s time koliko od njih možemo naučiti.
00:23
Spiders are truly global citizens.
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Pauci su istinski stanovnici čitave zemlje.
00:25
You can find spiders in nearly
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Možete ih pronaći
00:27
every terrestrial habitat.
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gotovo svugdje.
00:29
This red dot marks
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Ova zelena točka označava
00:31
the Great Basin of North America,
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pustinju Great Basin - Sjeverna Amerika,
00:33
and I'm involved with an alpine biodiversity
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povezana sam s tom biološkom raznolikošću
00:35
project there with some collaborators.
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u projektu koji dijelim sa suradnicima.
00:37
Here's one of our field sites,
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Ovdje je jedna od naših točaka
00:39
and just to give you a sense of perspective,
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i samo kako bih vam to dočarala,
00:41
this little blue smudge here,
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ova mala točkica ovdje
00:43
that's one of my collaborators.
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to je jedan od mojih suradnika.
00:45
This is a rugged and barren landscape,
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To je grub i jalov kraj
00:48
yet there are quite a few spiders here.
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ali unatoč tome, tu opstaje podosta paukova.
00:50
Turning rocks over revealed this crab spider
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Preokretanje kamenja otkriva pauka rakovicu
00:54
grappling with a beetle.
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kako se hrva s bubom.
00:56
Spiders are not just everywhere,
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Pauci nisu baš svugdje,
00:59
but they're extremely diverse.
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ali su vrlo rasprostranjeni.
01:01
There are over 40,000 described species
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Postoji više od 40.000 opisanih vrsta
01:04
of spiders.
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pauka.
01:05
To put that number into perspective,
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Kako bi to vidjeli s drugog kuta,
01:07
here's a graph comparing the 40,000
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ovdje graf uspoređuje 40.000
01:09
species of spiders
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vrsta pauka
01:11
to the 400 species of primates.
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sa 400 vrsta primata.
01:13
There are two orders of magnitude more
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Postoji dva vrijednosna reda više
01:15
spiders than primates.
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paukova nego primata.
01:17
Spiders are also extremely old.
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Pauci su ujedno i veoma stari.
01:21
On the bottom here,
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Ovdje pri dnu,
01:23
this is the geologic timescale,
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ovo je geološka vremenska skala,
01:25
and the numbers on it indicate millions
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a brojevi na njoj prikazuju milijune
01:27
of years from the present, so the zero here,
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godina od sadašnjosti, tako ova nula ovdje
01:29
that would be today.
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označava danas.
01:31
So what this figure shows is that spiders
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Možemo vidjeti da pauci
01:34
date back to almost 380 million years.
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datiraju skoro 380 milijuna godina u prošlost.
01:38
To put that into perspective, this red
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Kako bi to pojasnili, ova crvena
01:40
vertical bar here marks the divergence time
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vertikala označava vremensku razliku
01:43
of humans from chimpanzees,
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razvoja čovjeka iz čimpanze
01:46
a mere seven million years ago.
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prije približno sedam milijuna godina.
01:49
All spiders make silk
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Svi pauci prave svilu
01:51
at some point in their life.
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u nekom trenutku svog života.
01:53
Most spiders use copious amounts of silk,
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Većina pauka koristi obilne količine svile,
01:56
and silk is essential to their survival
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i ta je svila važna za njihovo preživljavanje
01:58
and reproduction.
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i reprodukciju.
02:00
Even fossil spiders can make silk,
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Čak i fosilizirani pauci prave svilu,
02:02
as we can see from this impression of
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kako to i prikazuje ova fotografija
02:04
a spinneret on this fossil spider.
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bradavice fosiliziranog pauka.
02:07
So this means that both spiders
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To znači da su i pauci
02:09
and spider silk have been around
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i njihova svila svuda okolo nas
02:11
for 380 million years.
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već otprilike 380 milijuna godina.
02:16
It doesn't take long from working with spiders
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Nije potrebno puno raditi s paucima
02:19
to start noticing how essential silk is
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da bi se uvidjela koliko je svila važna
02:22
to just about every aspect of their life.
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u svakom aspektu njihovog života.
02:25
Spiders use silk for many purposes, including
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Koriste je za mnoge svrhe, ukljućujući
02:28
the trailing safety dragline,
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postavljanje sigurnosne linije,
02:30
wrapping eggs for reproduction,
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zamatanje jajašaca za reprodukciju,
02:33
protective retreats
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zaštitu
02:35
and catching prey.
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i lov.
02:37
There are many kinds of spider silk.
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Postoji mnogo vrsta svile.
02:39
For example, this garden spider can make
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Na primjer, ovaj vrtni pauk izrađuje
02:42
seven different kinds of silks.
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sedam različitih vrsta.
02:44
When you look at this orb web, you're actually
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Kada pogledate ovu kuglastu mrežu, gledate u
02:46
seeing many types of silk fibers.
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mnogo tipova svilenih niti.
02:49
The frame and radii of this web
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Okvir i polumjer ove mreže
02:51
is made up of one type of silk,
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izrađeni su od jednog tipa svile,
02:54
while the capture spiral is a composite
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dok je spirala nastala spajanjem
02:56
of two different silks:
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dva različita tipa svile:
02:58
the filament and the sticky droplet.
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niti i ljepljive kapljice.
03:01
How does an individual spider
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Kako jedan jedini pauk
03:04
make so many kinds of silk?
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može napraviti toliko vrsta svile?
03:07
To answer that, you have to look a lot closer
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Da bismo odgovorili na to potrebno je pobliže pogledati
03:09
at the spinneret region of a spider.
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područje bradavice.
03:11
So silk comes out of the spinnerets, and for
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Tako svila izlazi iz bradavice, i za nas
03:13
those of us spider silk biologists, this is what
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biologe paukove svile, to je ono što nazivamo
03:15
we call the "business end" of the spider. (Laughter)
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paukov "kraj poslovanja". (Smijeh)
03:17
We spend long days ...
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Provodimo duge dane ...
03:19
Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life.
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EJ! Nemojte se smijati. To je moj život.
03:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:23
We spend long days and nights
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Provodimo duge dane i noći
03:25
staring at this part of the spider.
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na ovom dijelu pauka.
03:28
And this is what we see.
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I ovo je što mi vidimo.
03:30
You can see multiple fibers
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Možete vidjeti mnoštvo niti
03:32
coming out of the spinnerets, because
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koje izlaze iz bradavice jer
03:35
each spinneret has many spigots on it.
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svaka bradavica na sebi ima mnoštvo kanalića.
03:38
Each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot,
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Svako vlakno svile izlazi iz tih kanalića,
03:41
and if you were to trace the fiber back
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i kada bismo mogli slijediti niti
03:43
into the spider, what you would find is that
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u unutrašnjost pauka, ono što bi tamo pronašli je da
03:46
each spigot connects to its own individual
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svaki kanalić ima svoju vlastitu
03:48
silk gland. A silk gland kind of looks like a sac
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žlijezdu. Žlijezdu koja podsjeća na vreću
03:51
with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside.
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s mnoštvom proteina svile.
03:54
So if you ever have the opportunity to dissect
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Ako ste ikada imali priliku secirati
03:56
an orb-web-weaving spider,
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paukovu kuglastu mrežu,
03:58
and I hope you do,
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a nadam se da jeste,
04:00
what you would find is a bounty
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našli ste izdašnost
04:03
of beautiful, translucent silk glands.
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ljepote, prozračne žlijezde svile.
04:06
Inside each spider, there are hundreds
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U svakom pauku su stotine
04:08
of silk glands, sometimes thousands.
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pa i tisuće tih žlijezda.
04:11
These can be grouped into seven categories.
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Mogu se svrstati u sedam kategorija.
04:14
They differ by size, shape,
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Razlikuju se veličinom, oblikom,
04:16
and sometimes even color.
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a katkada čak i bojom.
04:18
In an orb-web-weaving spider,
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Unutar Kuglasto-mrežnog pauka,
04:20
you can find seven types of silk glands,
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možete pronaći sedam vrsta žlijezda za svilu,
04:22
and what I have depicted here in this picture,
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i ono što sam primijetila na ovoj fotografiji,
04:24
let's start at the one o'clock position,
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počnimo s pozicijom "jedan sat",
04:27
there's tubuliform silk glands, which are used
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tu su žlijezde u obliku tube koje proizvode
04:29
to make the outer silk of an egg sac.
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vanjski dio svile na jajašcima.
04:31
There's the aggregate and flagelliform silk
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Tu je agregat i (flageliform) svilne žlijezde
04:33
glands which combine to make the sticky
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koje u kombinaciji daju ljepljivu
04:35
capture spiral of an orb web.
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spiralu kuglaste mreže.
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Pyriform silk glands make the attachment
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Pyriformne žlijezde svile stvaraju neku vrstu cementa --
04:40
cement -- that's the silk that's used to adhere
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to je vrsta svile koja služi pridržavanju
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silk lines to a substrate.
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svile za podlogu.
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There's also aciniform silk,
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Postoji i acinformna svila,
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which is used to wrap prey.
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koja služi za omatanje plijena.
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Minor ampullate silk is used in web construction.
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Manja (ampulate) svila koristi se u konstrukciji mreže.
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And the most studied silk line
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I najproučavanija nit svile
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of them all: major ampullate silk.
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od svih drugih: velika (ampulate) svila.
04:56
This is the silk that's used to make the frame
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To je svila za izradu okvira
04:58
and radii of an orb web, and also
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i polumjera kuglaste mreže, kao i za
05:01
the safety trailing dragline.
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povlačenje sigurnosne linije.
05:04
But what, exactly, is spider silk?
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Ali što je zapravo paukova svila?
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Spider silk is almost entirely protein.
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Ona je skoro u potpunosti protein.
05:11
Nearly all of these proteins can be explained
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Gotovo svi ti proteini mogu se objasniti
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by a single gene family,
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jednom genskom linijom,
05:16
so this means that the diversity of silk types
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što znači da raznolikost vrsta svile
05:18
we see today is encoded by one gene family,
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koju smo vidjeli dekodira jedna grupa gena,
05:23
so presumably the original spider ancestor
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pa je vjerojatno paukov predak
05:26
made one kind of silk,
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stvarao samo jednu vrstu svile,
05:28
and over the last 380 million years,
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i tijekom posljednjih 380 milijuna godina,
05:31
that one silk gene has duplicated
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taj jedan gen se umnožio
05:34
and then diverged, specialized,
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razdijelio, specijalizirao,
05:37
over and over and over again, to get
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opet i opet iznova, ne bi li se naposlijetku
05:40
the large variety of flavors of spider silks
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dobila ogromna raznolikost nijansi paukove svile
05:42
that we have today.
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koje poznajemo danas.
05:45
There are several features that all these silks
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Nekoliko je značajki zajedničko
05:47
have in common. They all have a common
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svakoj svili. Svima je zajednički
05:49
design, such as they're all very long --
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dizajn, sve su veoma duge --
05:51
they're sort of outlandishly long
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tako su izvanzemaljski duge
05:54
compared to other proteins.
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usporedivši ih s drugim proteinima.
05:56
They're very repetitive, and they're very rich
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Ponavljaju se i bogate su
05:59
in the amino acids glycine and alanine.
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aminokiselinama glicina i alanina.
06:02
To give you an idea of what
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Kako bih vam dočarala
06:04
a spider silk protein looks like,
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kako izgleda protein paukove svile
06:06
this is a dragline silk protein,
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ovo je protein svile koja se povlači,
06:08
it's just a portion of it,
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samo mali dio,
06:10
from the black widow spider.
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pripada crnoj udovici.
06:12
This is the kind of sequence that I love
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To je ono što volim promatrati
06:14
looking at day and night. (Laughter)
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cijele dane i noći. (Smijeh)
06:17
So what you're seeing here is the one letter
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Ovo u što gledamo je skraćeno pismo
06:19
abbreviation for amino acids, and I've colored
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aminokiselina, a ja sam obojila
06:21
in the glycines with green,
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glicerine zelenom,
06:23
and the alanines in red, and so
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a alanine crvenom, i sada
06:25
you can see it's just a lot of G's and A's.
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možete vidjeti samo mnoštvo G i A oblika.
06:28
You can also see that there's a lot of short
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Također možete vidjeti mnoštvo kratkih
06:31
sequence motifs that repeat over and over
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ponavljajućih sekvenci koje se ponavljaju
06:34
and over again, so for example there's a lot of
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u nedogled, na primjer tu ima mnogo
06:36
what we call polyalanines, or iterated A's,
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kako ih mi zovemo polialanina, ili iritirajućih A,
06:39
AAAAA. There's GGQ. There's GGY.
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AAAAA. Tu je GGQ. Ovdje GGY.
06:43
You can think of these short motifs
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Možete misliti na ove motive
06:45
that repeat over and over again as words,
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koji se neprestano ponavljaju poput riječi,
06:48
and these words occur in sentences.
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a te riječi tvore rečenice.
06:51
So for example this would be one sentence,
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Na primjer ovo bi bila jedna rečenica,
06:54
and you would get this sort of green region
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i dobili bi ovakvu vrstu zelenog područja
06:56
and the red polyalanine, that repeats
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i crvenih polialanina, to se ponavlja
06:58
over and over and over again,
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u nedogled,
07:00
and you can have that hundreds and
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i to možete dobiti tisuće i
07:02
hundreds and hundreds of times within
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tisuće i tisuće puta
07:04
an individual silk molecule.
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iz jedne jedine molekule svile.
07:06
Silks made by the same spider can have
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Svila koju je napravio isti pauk može imati
07:08
dramatically different repeat sequences.
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vrlo različite sekvence ponavljanja.
07:11
At the top of the screen, you're seeing
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Na vrhu ekrana možete vidjeti
07:14
the repeat unit from the dragline silk
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ponavljajuću jedinicu svile koju povlači
07:17
of a garden argiope spider.
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vrtni pauk.
07:20
It's short. And on the bottom,
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Kratka je. A na dnu je
07:22
this is the repeat sequence for the
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ponavljajuća sekvenca za vrećicu
07:24
egg case, or tubuliform silk protein,
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jajašaca, ili tubuliformni protein svile,
07:26
for the exact same spider. And you can see
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za jednog te istog pauka. Možete vidjeti
07:29
how dramatically different
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kako su strašno različiti
07:31
these silk proteins are -- so this is
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ovi proteini svile -- to je
07:34
sort of the beauty of the diversification
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ljepota raznolikosti
07:36
of the spider silk gene family.
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genske grupe pauka.
07:38
You can see that the repeat units differ
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Ponavljajuće jedinice, kao što vidimo, razlikuju se
07:40
in length. They also differ in sequence.
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u dužini. Ali i u ponavljanju.
07:42
So I've colored in the glycines again
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Ponovno sam glicine obojala
07:44
in green, alanine in red, and the serines,
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u zeleno, alanine u crveno i serine,
07:47
the letter S, in purple. And you can see
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slova S, u ljubičasto. Sada možete vidjeti
07:50
that the top repeat unit can be explained
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da se ponavljajuća jedinica može gotovo
07:52
almost entirely by green and red,
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u potpunosti objasniti zelenom i crvenom,
07:55
and the bottom repeat unit has
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dok donja ponavljajuća jedinica sadrži
07:57
a substantial amount of purple.
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znatnu količinu ljubičaste.
07:59
What silk biologists do is we try to relate
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Biolozi svile pokušavaju povezati
08:02
these sequences, these amino acid
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te sekvence, sekvence te aminokiseline
08:04
sequences, to the mechanical properties
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s mehaničkim svojstvima
08:06
of the silk fibers.
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svilenih niti.
08:08
Now, it's really convenient that spiders use their silk
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Uvjerljivo je da pauci koriste svoju svilu
08:11
completely outside their body.
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u potpunosti izvan svog tijela.
08:13
This makes testing spider silk really, really
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To ispitivanje svile čini vrlo, vrlo
08:15
easy to do in the laboratory, because
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laganim u laboratoriju, a to je zbog toga što
08:17
we're actually, you know, testing it in air
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je mi testiramo u zraku
08:20
that's exactly the environment that
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što je zapravo i okolina
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spiders are using their silk proteins.
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u kojoj i pauci koriste svoje proteine.
08:24
So this makes quantifying silk properties by
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To umnožava svojstva svile
08:26
methods such as tensile testing, which is
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metodama poput ispitivanja rastezljivosti, koja se
08:28
basically, you know, tugging on one end
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temelji na potezanju za kraj
08:30
of the fiber, very amenable.
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niti, i vrlo je pouzdana.
08:33
Here are stress-strain curves
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Ovo su stresom-deformirane krivulje
08:36
generated by tensile testing
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uzrokovane ispitom rastezljivosti
08:38
five fibers made by the same spider.
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petero niti napravljenih od strane jednog pauka.
08:41
So what you can see here is that
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Ono što se ovdje može vidjeti je
08:44
the five fibers have different behaviors.
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različito ponašanje petero niti.
08:47
Specifically, if you look on the vertical axis,
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Ako pogledate ovu vertikalnu os,
08:49
that's stress. If you look at the maximum
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to je stres. Ako pogledate gornju granicu
08:52
stress value for each of these fibers,
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stresa za svaku od ovih niti,
08:54
you can see that there's a lot of variation,
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vidjet ćete mnoštvo varijacija,
08:57
and in fact dragline, or major ampullate silk,
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i čini se da je linijska nit, iliti glavna nit,
09:00
is the strongest of these fibers.
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najjača među ovim nitima.
09:02
We think that's because the dragline silk,
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Mislimo da je to zbog toga što linijska nit,
09:05
which is used to make the frame and radii
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koja se koristi za izradu okvira
09:08
for a web, needs to be very strong.
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i polumjera mreže, mora biti vrlo snažna.
09:10
On the other hand, if you were to look at
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Naprotiv, ako pogledate naprezanje
09:12
strain -- this is how much a fiber can be
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-- ovo je koliko nit može biti
09:14
extended -- if you look at the maximum value
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rastegnuta -- ako pogledate maksimalnu vrijednost
09:16
here, again, there's a lot of variation
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ovdje, ponovno postoji mnoštvo varijacija
09:19
and the clear winner is flagelliform,
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i čisti je pobjednik flagelliform,
09:21
or the capture spiral filament.
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iliti spiralna nit za lov.
09:23
In fact, this flagelliform fiber can
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U stvari, ova se nit zapravo
09:25
actually stretch over twice its original length.
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može rastegnuti dva puta više od svoje dužine.
09:29
So silk fibers vary in their strength
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Tako svilene niti variraju i u snazi
09:32
and also their extensibility.
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i rastezljivosti.
09:34
In the case of the capture spiral,
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U slučaju spirale za lov,
09:36
it needs to be so stretchy to absorb
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ona treba biti rastezljiva kako bi upila
09:38
the impact of flying prey.
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udarac letećeg plijena.
09:40
If it wasn't able to stretch so much, then
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Kada ne bi bila toliko rastezljiva, tada bi
09:42
basically when an insect hit the web,
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u trenutku kada se kukac s njom sudari,
09:44
it would just trampoline right off of it.
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jednostavno zbacila kukca sa sebe.
09:46
So if the web was made entirely out of
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Dakle, kada bi mreža bila u potpunosti napravljena
09:48
dragline silk, an insect is very likely to just
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od linijske svile, kukac bi se vjerojatno od nje
09:51
bounce right off. But by having really, really
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odbio. Ali dok postoji vrlo, vrlo
09:53
stretchy capture spiral silk, the web is actually
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rastezljiva spiralna svila, mreža je sposobna
09:55
able to absorb the impact
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apsorbirati udarac
09:57
of that intercepted prey.
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tog čekanog plijena.
10:00
There's quite a bit of variation within
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Postoje mnoge varijacije između
10:02
the fibers that an individual spider can make.
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niti koje stvara jedan pauk.
10:05
We call that the tool kit of a spider.
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To možemo nazvati paukovim radnim setom.
10:08
That's what the spider has
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To je ono što posjeduje pauk
10:10
to interact with their environment.
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za interakciju s okolišem.
10:12
But how about variation among spider
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Ali što je s razlikama među vrstama pauka
10:14
species, so looking at one type of silk
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kada promatramo istu vrstu svile
10:16
and looking at different species of spiders?
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ali među različitim vrstama?
10:19
This is an area that's largely unexplored
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To je veoma neistraženo područje
10:21
but here's a little bit of data I can show you.
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ali postoje neki djelovi koje vam mogu pokazati.
10:25
This is the comparison of the toughness
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Ovo je usporedba čvrstoće
10:27
of the dragline spilk spun
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linijske niti ispredenih
10:29
by 21 species of spiders.
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od strane 21 vrste paukova.
10:31
Some of them are orb-weaving spiders and
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Neki od njih su kuglastomrežni pauci,
10:33
some of them are non-orb-weaving spiders.
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a neki ne.
10:36
It's been hypothesized that
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Pretpostavlja se da
10:38
orb-weaving spiders, like this argiope here,
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kuglastomrežni pauk, poput ove agriope,
10:41
should have the toughest dragline silks
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imaju najjaču linijsku svilu
10:43
because they must intercept flying prey.
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jer moraju savladati leteći plijen.
10:46
What you see here on this toughness graph
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To što vidite na ovom grafu
10:49
is the higher the black dot is on the graph,
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je to da što je više ova crna točka
10:51
the higher the toughness.
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to je veća i snaga.
10:53
The 21 species are indicated here by this
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21 vrsta prikazana je ovdje
10:56
phylogeny, this evolutionary tree, that shows
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na ovom evolucijskom stablu koje prikazuje
10:59
their genetic relationships, and I've colored
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gensku povezanost, a ja sam obojala
11:01
in yellow the orb-web-weaving spiders.
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u žuto orbitasto-mrežne pauke.
11:04
If you look right here at the two red arrows,
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Ako pogledate ovdje tu su dvije crvene strelice,
11:07
they point to the toughness values
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pokazuju vrijednosti snage
11:10
for the draglines of nephila clavipes and
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linijske niti nephile clavipes i
11:12
araneus diadematus.
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araneusa diadematus.
11:14
These are the two species of spiders
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To su dvije vrste pauka
11:16
for which the vast majority of time and money
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za koje se potrošilo puno vremena i novca
11:19
on synthetic spider silk research has been
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na istraživanje sintetičke svile
11:22
to replicate their dragline silk proteins.
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ne bi li se replicirali proteini te linijske niti.
11:25
Yet, their draglines are not the toughest.
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Da, njihove linijske niti nisu najsnažnije.
11:29
In fact, the toughest dragline in this survey
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Zapravo, najčvršća linijska nit je
11:32
is this one right here in this white region,
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ova ovdje u ovom bijelom području,
11:35
a non orb-web-weaving spider.
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pauka s mrežom koja nije u obliku orbite.
11:37
This is the dragline spun by scytodes,
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To je linijska nit scitodesa,
11:39
the spitting spider.
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pljuvajućeg pauka.
11:41
Scytodes doesn't use a web at all
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Scitodes ne koristi mrežu
11:44
to catch prey. Instead, scytodes
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za lov. Umjesto toga, scitodes
11:46
sort of lurks around and waits for prey
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vreba okolo i čeka da mu se plijen
11:49
to get close to it, and then immobilizes prey
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sam približi, te ga zatim onesposobi
11:52
by spraying a silk-like venom onto that insect.
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prskajući na njega svilenkasti otrov.
11:56
Think of hunting with silly string.
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Zamislite lov s ludom špagom.
11:59
That's how scytodes forages.
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Tako scitodes traži hranu.
12:02
We don't really know why scytodes
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Ne znamo zapravo zašto on
12:04
needs such a tough dragline,
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treba toliko jaku linijsku nit,
12:07
but it's unexpected results like this that make
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ali ovakvi zapanjujući rezultati čine naš rad
12:10
bio-prospecting so exciting and worthwhile.
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tako zahvalnim i vrijednim.
12:14
It frees us from the constraints
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Oslobađa nas ograničenja
12:16
of our imagination.
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u maštanju.
12:18
Now I'm going to mark on
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Sada ću obilježiti
12:20
the toughness values for nylon fiber,
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najveću snagu najlonske niti,
12:23
bombyx -- or domesticated silkworm silk --
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bombaž -- ili svila svilene bube --
12:26
wool, Kevlar, and carbon fibers.
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vuna, kevlar i karbonska vlakna.
12:29
And what you can see is that nearly
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I kao što vidimo
12:31
all the spider draglines surpass them.
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paukove linijske niti sve ih nadmašuju.
12:33
It's the combination of strength, extensibility
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To je kombinacija snage, rastezljivosti
12:37
and toughness that makes spider silk so
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i čvrstoće koja paukovu mrežu čini
12:40
special, and that has attracted the attention
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tako posebnom, i to privlači pozornost
12:43
of biomimeticists, so people that turn
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biomimetičara, tako da se ljudi
12:46
to nature to try to find new solutions.
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okrenu prirodi u traženju novih mogućnosti.
12:49
And the strength, extensibility and toughness
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Snaga, rastezljivost i čvrstoća
12:52
of spider silks combined with the fact that
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paukove svile u kombinaciji sa činjenicom da
12:55
silks do not elicit an immune response,
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svila ne izaziva nikakvu imunološku reakciju
12:58
have attracted a lot of interest in the use
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potiče zanimanje i za korištenje
13:01
of spider silks in biomedical applications,
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paukove svile u biomedičkim aplikacijama,
13:03
for example, as a component of
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na primjer, kao dio
13:05
artificial tendons, for serving as
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umjetne tetive, da služe kao
13:08
guides to regrow nerves, and for
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vodići za ponovni uzgoj živaca, i kao
13:12
scaffolds for tissue growth.
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pomoć za rast tkiva.
13:15
Spider silks also have a lot of potential
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Paukova svila ima i ogromni potencijal
13:18
for their anti-ballistic capabilities.
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zbog njihove antibalističke prirode.
13:20
Silks could be incorporated into body
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Svila bi mogla biti ostvarena kao tijelo
13:22
and equipment armor that would be more
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pa bi tako oprema i štitnici bili
13:25
lightweight and flexible
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mnogo lakši i fleksibilniji
13:27
than any armor available today.
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nego što je to slučaj s današnjim oklopom.
13:30
In addition to these biomimetic
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U izdanju ovih biometričkih
13:33
applications of spider silks,
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novotarija od svile,
13:35
personally, I find studying spider silks
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osobno, paukovu svilu smatram
13:39
just fascinating in and of itself.
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zanimljivom za proučavanje i isključivo zbog nje same.
13:42
I love when I'm in the laboratory,
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Obožavam kada u laboratorij
13:46
a new spider silk sequence comes in.
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dolazi nova paukova svila.
13:49
That's just the best. (Laughter)
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To je jednostavno najbolje. (Smijeh)
13:52
It's like the spiders are sharing
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Volim kada pauci dijele
13:55
an ancient secret with me, and that's why
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svoje drevno znanje sa mnom, i to je ono
13:57
I'm going to spend the rest of my life
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zbog čega ću cijeli život provesti
13:59
studying spider silk.
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proučavajući paukovu svilu.
14:01
The next time you see a spider web,
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Kada sljedeći put ugledate paukovu mrežu,
14:04
please, pause and look a little closer.
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molim vas, smirite se i pogledajte pobliže.
14:07
You'll be seeing one of the most
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Vidjet ćete najbolju
14:09
high-performance materials known to man.
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izvedbu materijala ikada poznatih čovjeku.
14:12
To borrow from the writings
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Posudivši to iz djela jednog
14:14
of a spider named Charlotte,
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pauka zvanog Charlotte,
14:17
silk is terrific.
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svila je nevjerojatna.
14:19
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala. (Pljesak)
14:22
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Cheryl Hayashi - Spider silk scientistCheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use.
Why you should listen
Biologist Cheryl Hayashi is fascinated with spiders and their silks, and for good reason. Made of a mix of proteins, spider silks come in thousands of variations; there are over 40,000 species of spiders, with many spiders capable of producing half a dozen types. Some silks have the tensile strength of steel -- and often are much tougher -- while remaining light as air and extremely supple. And spiders use their silk in diverse ways: to make their homes and trap their food, to travel, to court and to protect their eggs.
In her lab at UC Riverside, Hayashi explores spider silk’s genetic makeup, evolution and unique biomechanics (winning a MacArthur “genius" grant for it in 2007). Her work blurs the boundary between biology and materials science, looking for the molecular basis of this wondrous material and exploring how humans might learn from it. Hayashi's work may inspire new biomimetic materials for a huge variety of uses, from biodegradable fishing lines and sutures to superstrong ropes and armor cloth.
Cheryl Hayashi | Speaker | TED.com