TED2016
Prosanta Chakrabarty: Clues to prehistoric times, found in blind cavefish
Prosanta Chakrabarty: Sledi prazgodovinskih časov najdene v slepih jamskih ribah
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TED Fellow Prosanta Chakrabarty raziskuje skrite dele sveta v iskanju novih vrst rib, ki živijo v jamah. Te podzemne ribe so razvile neverjetne adaptacije in nam dajejo biološki uvid v slepoto in geološke sledi o premikanju kontinentov pred milijon leti. Premišljujte o davnih časih v tem kratkem govoru.
Prosanta Chakrabarty - Ichthyologist
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet. Full bio
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Ichthyology,
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Ihtiologija,
00:14
the study of fishes.
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veda o ribah.
00:16
It looks like a big, boring word,
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Izgleda kot velika, dolgočasna beseda,
00:18
but it's actually quite exciting,
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a je pravzaprav precej vznemirljiva,
00:21
because ichthyology is the only "ology"
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ker je ihtiologija edina "ologija",
00:24
with "YOLO" in it.
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ki ima v sebi YOLO.
00:25
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:27
Now, to the cool kids in the audience,
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Tisti v občinstvu, ki ste kul, že veste,
00:29
you already know, YOLO stands for
"you only live once,"
"you only live once,"
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da YOLO pomeni "samo enkrat se živi"
("you only live once")
("you only live once")
00:33
and because I only have one life,
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in ker imam samo eno življenje,
00:35
I'm going to spend it doing
what I always dreamt of doing:
what I always dreamt of doing:
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bom počel nekaj, o čemer sem vedno sanjal:
da bi videl skrita čudesa sveta
in odkrival nove vrste.
in odkrival nove vrste.
00:37
seeing the hidden wonders of the world
and discovering new species.
and discovering new species.
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In to tudi počnem.
00:41
And that's what I get to do.
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00:42
Now, in recent years, I really focused
on caves for finding new species.
on caves for finding new species.
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V zadnjih letih sem se osredotočil
na jame, da bi našel nove vrste.
na jame, da bi našel nove vrste.
00:47
And it turns out, there's lots of new
cavefish species out there.
cavefish species out there.
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In izkaže se, da je tam
veliko novih vrst jamskih rib.
veliko novih vrst jamskih rib.
00:50
You just have to know where to look,
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Samo vedeti moraš, kje iskati
00:52
and to maybe be a little thin.
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in biti morda malo suh.
00:54
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:55
Now, cavefishes can tell me
a lot about biology and geology.
a lot about biology and geology.
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Jamske ribe mi lahko veliko povedo
o biologiji in geologiji.
o biologiji in geologiji.
01:00
They can tell me how the landmasses
around them have changed and moved
around them have changed and moved
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Lahko mi povedo, kako so se zemeljske
mase okrog njih spreminjale in premikale,
mase okrog njih spreminjale in premikale,
01:04
by being stuck in these little holes,
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ker so obtičale v teh malih luknjah,
01:06
and they can tell me about
the evolution of sight, by being blind.
the evolution of sight, by being blind.
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in lahko mi nekaj povedo
o evoluciji vida, ker so slepe.
o evoluciji vida, ker so slepe.
01:11
Now, fish have eyes
that are essentially the same as ours.
that are essentially the same as ours.
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Ribe imajo oči,
ki so pravzaprav enake našim.
ki so pravzaprav enake našim.
01:14
All vertebrates do, and each time
a fish species starts to adapt
a fish species starts to adapt
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Vsi vretenčarji jih imajo in vsakič,
ko se vrsta ribe začne prilagajati
ko se vrsta ribe začne prilagajati
01:18
to this dark, cold, cave environment,
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na temno, mrzlo jamsko okolje,
01:20
over many, many generations,
they lose their eyes and their eyesight
they lose their eyes and their eyesight
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čez mnogo, mnogo generacij,
izgubijo oči in vid,
izgubijo oči in vid,
01:24
until the end up like an eyeless
cavefish like this one here.
cavefish like this one here.
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dokler ne končajo
kot tale brezoka riba tule.
kot tale brezoka riba tule.
01:27
Now, each cavefish species
has evolved in a slightly different way,
has evolved in a slightly different way,
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Vsaka vrsta jamske ribe se je razvila
na rahlo drugačen način
na rahlo drugačen način
01:31
and each one has a unique geological
and biological story to tell us,
and biological story to tell us,
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in vsaka nam lahko pove drugačno
ekološko in geološko zgodbo
ekološko in geološko zgodbo
01:35
and that's why it's so exciting
when we find a new species.
when we find a new species.
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in zato je tako vznemirljivo,
ko najdemo nove vrste.
ko najdemo nove vrste.
01:39
So this is a new species
we described, from southern Indiana.
we described, from southern Indiana.
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Nova vrsta, ki smo jo opisali,
je iz južne Indiane.
je iz južne Indiane.
01:43
We named it Amblyopsis hoosieri,
the Hoosier cavefish.
the Hoosier cavefish.
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Poimenovali smo jo Amblyopsis hoosieri,
Hoosier jamska riba.
Hoosier jamska riba.
01:46
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
01:48
Its closest relatives
are cavefishes in Kentucky,
are cavefishes in Kentucky,
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Njeni najbližji sorodniki
so jamske ribe iz Kentuckyja,
so jamske ribe iz Kentuckyja,
01:51
in the Mammoth Cave system.
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v Mamutovi jami.
01:52
And they start to diverge
when the Ohio River split them
when the Ohio River split them
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In začeli sta se razlikovati,
ko ju je reka Ohio razdelila
ko ju je reka Ohio razdelila
01:55
a few million years ago.
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pred nekaj milijoni let.
01:57
And in that time they developed
these subtle differences
these subtle differences
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V tem času so se razvile
te subtilne razlike
te subtilne razlike
02:00
in the genetic architecture
behind their blindness.
behind their blindness.
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in genetska arhitektura za njuno slepoto.
02:03
There's this gene called rhodopsin
that's super-critical for sight.
that's super-critical for sight.
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Gen, imenovan rodopsin,
je zelo pomemben za vid.
je zelo pomemben za vid.
02:06
We have it, and these species have it too,
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Mi ga imamo in vse te vrste tudi,
02:09
except one species has lost
all function in that gene,
all function in that gene,
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razen ene, ki je izgubila
vso funkcijo tega gena,
vso funkcijo tega gena,
02:12
and the other one maintains it.
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in druge, ki jo je ohranila.
02:14
So this sets up this beautiful
natural experiment
natural experiment
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Tako to nastavi čudovit
naravni eksperiment,
naravni eksperiment,
02:18
where we can look at the genes
behind our vision,
behind our vision,
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kjer lahko pogledamo gene,
odgovorne za naš vid,
odgovorne za naš vid,
02:21
and at the very roots of how we can see.
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in korenine izvora našega vida.
02:25
But the genes in these cavefishes
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A geni v teh jamskih ribah
02:26
can also tell us
about deep geological time,
about deep geological time,
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nam lahko povedo tudi
nekaj o geoloških dobah
nekaj o geoloških dobah
02:29
maybe no more so
than in this species here.
than in this species here.
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in nobena tako kot tale vrsta tu.
02:32
This is a new species
we described from Madagascar
we described from Madagascar
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To je nova vrsta, ki smo jo
opisali v Madagaskarju
opisali v Madagaskarju
02:34
that we named Typhleotris mararybe.
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in jo poimenovali Typhleotris mararybe.
02:38
That means "big sickness" in Malagasy,
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V malgaškem jeziku to pomeni
"velika bolezen",
"velika bolezen",
02:41
for how sick we got trying
to collect this species.
to collect this species.
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ker smo skoraj zboleli
med iskanjem te vrste.
med iskanjem te vrste.
02:44
Now, believe it or not,
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Verjemite ali ne,
02:46
swimming around sinkholes
full of dead things
full of dead things
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plavanje v luknjah polnih mrtvih stvari
02:48
and cave full of bat poop
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in jami polni iztrebkov netopirjev
02:50
isn't the smartest thing you could
be doing with your life,
be doing with your life,
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ni najpametnejša stvar, ki jo
narediš s svojim življenjem,
narediš s svojim življenjem,
02:53
but YOLO.
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ampak YOLO.
02:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:58
Now, I love this species despite the fact
that it tried to kill us,
that it tried to kill us,
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Rad imam to vrsto kljub temu,
da nas je poskušala ubiti,
da nas je poskušala ubiti,
03:03
and that's because
this species in Madagascar,
this species in Madagascar,
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zato ker so najbližji sorodniki
te vrste iz Madagaskarja
te vrste iz Madagaskarja
03:05
its closest relatives
are 6,000 kilometers away,
are 6,000 kilometers away,
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6.000 kilometrov oddaljene
03:08
cavefishes in Australia.
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jamske ribe iz Avstralije.
03:10
Now, there's no way a three-inch-long
freshwater cavefish
freshwater cavefish
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Ni možno, da bi 7,5 centimetrska
sladkovodna jamska ribica
sladkovodna jamska ribica
03:14
can swim across the Indian Ocean,
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preplavala Indijski ocean,
03:16
so what we found when we compared
the DNA of these species
the DNA of these species
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in ko smo primerjali DNK
teh dveh vrst, smo ugotovili,
teh dveh vrst, smo ugotovili,
03:19
is that they've been separated
for more than 100 million years,
for more than 100 million years,
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da sta bili ločeni več kot
100 milijonov let,
100 milijonov let,
03:22
or about the time that the southern
continents were last together.
continents were last together.
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oziroma od takrat, ko so se
južni kontinenti nazadnje stikali.
južni kontinenti nazadnje stikali.
03:27
So in fact, these species
didn't move at all.
didn't move at all.
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Torej se ti dve vrsti
sploh nista premaknili.
sploh nista premaknili.
03:30
It's the continents that moved them.
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Kontinenti so ju premaknili.
03:31
And so they give us, through their DNA,
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Tako nam skozi svojo DNK dajo
03:33
this precise model and measure
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natančni model in mere,
03:36
of how to date and time
these ancient geological events.
these ancient geological events.
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kako določiti čas geoloških dogodkov.
03:41
Now, this species here is so new
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Ta vrsta tu je tako nova,
03:43
I'm not even allowed
to tell you its name yet,
to tell you its name yet,
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da vam ne smem še povedati njenega imena,
03:45
but I can tell you
it's a new species from Mexico,
it's a new species from Mexico,
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lahko pa vam povem,
da je to nova vrsta iz Mehike
da je to nova vrsta iz Mehike
03:48
and it's probably already extinct.
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in je najbrž že izumrla.
03:50
It's probably extinct because
the only known cave system it's from
the only known cave system it's from
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Najbrž je izumrla, ker se je
edini jamski sistem, kjer živi,
edini jamski sistem, kjer živi,
03:54
was destroyed when a dam was built nearby.
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uničil, ko so v bližini zgradili jez.
03:56
Unfortunately for cavefishes,
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Na njihovo smolo,
03:58
their groundwater habitat
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je podvodno okolje jamskih rib
04:00
is also our main source of drinking water.
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prav tako glavni vir naše pitne vode.
04:03
Now, we actually don't know
this species' closest relative, yet.
this species' closest relative, yet.
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Sedaj še ne poznamo
najbližjega sorodnika te vrste.
najbližjega sorodnika te vrste.
04:07
It doesn't appear to be
anything else in Mexico,
anything else in Mexico,
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Zdi se, da ni ničesar v Mehiki,
04:10
so maybe it's something in Cuba,
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tako da je najbrž nekje na Kubi
04:12
or Florida, or India.
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ali na Floridi ali v Indiji.
04:14
But whatever it is, it might tell us
something new about the geology
something new about the geology
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A karkoli je, nam bo morda povedalo
nekaj novega o geologiji Karibov,
nekaj novega o geologiji Karibov,
04:19
of the Caribbean, or the biology
of how to better diagnose
of how to better diagnose
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ali o biologiji tega,
kako bolje diagnosticirati
kako bolje diagnosticirati
04:22
certain types of blindness.
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določene vrste slepote.
04:24
But I hope we discover this species
before it goes extinct too.
before it goes extinct too.
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A upam, da odkrijemo to vrsto,
preden še ta izumre.
preden še ta izumre.
04:28
And I'm going to spend my one life
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In svoje življenje bom preživel
04:30
as an ichthyologist
trying to discover and save
trying to discover and save
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kot ihtiolog, poskušal
bom odkriti in rešiti
bom odkriti in rešiti
04:34
these humble little blind cavefishes
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te skromne male jamske ribe,
04:36
that can tell us so much
about the geology of the planet
about the geology of the planet
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ki nam lahko toliko povejo
o geologiji planeta
o geologiji planeta
04:40
and the biology of how we see.
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in biologiji našega vida.
04:42
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:43
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Prosanta Chakrabarty - IchthyologistProsanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet.
Why you should listen
Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty is an Associate Professor and Curator of Fishes at the Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Science at Louisiana State University.
Chakrabarty is a systematist and an ichthyologist studying the evolution and biogeography of both freshwater and marine fishes. His work includes studies of Neotropical (Central and South America, Caribbean) and Indo-West Pacific (Indian and Western Pacific Ocean) fishes. His natural history collecting efforts include trips to Japan, Australia, Taiwan, Madagascar, Panama, Kuwait and many other countries. He has discovered over a dozen new species including new anglerfishes and cavefishes.
The LSU Museum of Natural Science fish collection that Chakrabarty oversees includes nearly half a million fish specimens and nearly 10,000 DNA samples covering most major groups of fishes. He earned his PhD at the University of Michigan and his undergraduate degree is from McGill University in Montreal. He has written two books including A Guide to Academia: Getting into and Surviving Grad School, Postdocs and a Research Job. He is also a former Program Director at the National Science Foundation. He was named a TED Fellow in 2016 and a TED Senior Fellow in 2018.
Prosanta Chakrabarty | Speaker | TED.com