TEDxBrussels
John Bohannon: Dance vs. powerpoint, a modest proposal
Džon Bohenon (John Bohannon): Ples naspram PowerPointa, jedan skroman predlog
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Služite se plesačima umesto PowerPointom. To je "skroman predlog" naučnika i pisca Džona Bohenona. U ovom opčinjavajućem izlaganju u pratnji koreografskog plesa on primerom objašnjava ono za šta se zalaže, u čemu mu pomažu plesači Black Label Movementa. (Snimljeno na TEDxBrussels.)
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
(Music)
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(Muzika)
00:41
Good afternoon.
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Dobar dan.
00:43
As you're all aware, we face difficult economic times.
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Kao što znate, pred nama su teška vremena,
u ekonomskom smislu.
u ekonomskom smislu.
00:47
I come to you with a modest proposal
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Imam za vas jedan skroman predlog
00:50
for easing the financial burden.
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kako biste olakšali sebi taj finansijski teret.
00:52
This idea came to me while talking to
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Došao sam na tu ideju prilikom razgovora
00:54
a physicist friend of mine at MIT.
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s jednim prijateljem, fizičarom
sa Tehnološkog instituta Masačusets.
sa Tehnološkog instituta Masačusets.
00:57
He was struggling to explain something to me:
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Pokušavao je, ne baš uspešno,
da mi objasni
da mi objasni
00:59
a beautiful experiment that uses lasers to cool down matter.
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jedan divan eksperiment u kome se služi
laserima kako bi ohladio materiju.
laserima kako bi ohladio materiju.
01:04
Now he confused me from the very start,
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Od samog početka sam bio zbunjen,
01:06
because light doesn't cool things down.
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jer svetlost ne hladi.
01:08
It makes it hotter. It's happening right now.
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Ona zagreva.
To se dešava i u ovom trenuntku.
To se dešava i u ovom trenuntku.
01:12
The reason that you can see me standing here is because
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Vi me vidite kako stojim ovde
01:14
this room is filled with more than 100 quintillion photons,
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jer se oko nas nalazi
preko 100 kvintiliona fotona,
preko 100 kvintiliona fotona,
01:18
and they're moving randomly through the space, near the speed of light.
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koji se nasumice kreću kroz prostor,
brzinom približnom brzini svetlosti.
brzinom približnom brzini svetlosti.
01:22
All of them are different colors,
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Različitih su boja,
01:23
they're rippling with different frequencies,
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kreću se poput talasa
sa različitim frekvencijama
sa različitim frekvencijama
01:25
and they're bouncing off every surface, including me,
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i odbijaju se o svaku površinu,
uključujući i mene.
uključujući i mene.
01:28
and some of those are flying directly into your eyes,
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Neki od njih vam idu pravo u oči
01:30
and that's why your brain is forming an image of me standing here.
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i zato vaš mozak stvara sliku
mene kako stojim ovde.
mene kako stojim ovde.
01:34
Now a laser is different.
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Međutim, laser se ponaša drugačije.
01:35
It also uses photons, but they're all synchronized,
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Takođe se služi fotonima,
ali oni su sinhronizovani
ali oni su sinhronizovani
01:39
and if you focus them into a beam,
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i ako ih usmerite u obliku zraka,
01:42
what you have is an incredibly useful tool.
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dobijete jednu izuzetno korisnu alatku.
01:44
The control of a laser is so precise
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Laser je toliko precizan
01:46
that you can perform surgery inside of an eye,
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da njime možete izvršiti
operaciju unutar oka,
operaciju unutar oka,
01:49
you can use it to store massive amounts of data,
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možete ga koristiti za čuvanje
ogromnih količina podataka,
ogromnih količina podataka,
01:52
and you can use it for this beautiful experiment
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a možete ga koristiti
i za ovaj divni eksperiment
i za ovaj divni eksperiment
01:54
that my friend was struggling to explain.
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koji je moj prijatelj pokušavao da mi objasni.
01:57
First you trap atoms in a special bottle.
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Najpre zarobite atome u jednoj posebnoj boci,
02:00
It uses electromagnetic fields to isolate the atoms
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koja koristi elekromagnetna polja da izoluje atome
02:03
from the noise of the environment.
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od smetnji iz okruženja.
02:05
And the atoms themselves are quite violent,
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Atomi su sami po sebi prilično divlji,
02:07
but if you fire lasers that are precisely tuned to the right frequency,
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ali ako u atom uperite laser koji je
precizno naštimovan na odgovarajuću fekvenciju,
precizno naštimovan na odgovarajuću fekvenciju,
02:11
an atom will briefly absorb those photons
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on će na trenutak apsorbovati fotone iz lasera
02:14
and tend to slow down.
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i usporiće se.
02:16
Little by little it gets colder
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Malo po malo, atom će se hladiti,
02:19
until eventually it approaches absolute zero.
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dok se konačno ne približi apsolutnoj nuli.
02:24
Now if you use the right kind of atoms and you get them cold enough,
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Ako koristite pravu vrstu atoma
i uspete da ih dovoljno ohladite,
i uspete da ih dovoljno ohladite,
02:27
something truly bizarre happens.
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nešto krajnje neobično će se dogoditi.
02:31
It's no longer a solid, a liquid or a gas.
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Oni neće više biti u čvrstom stanju,
niti tečnom ili gasovitom.
niti tečnom ili gasovitom.
02:34
It enters a new state of matter called a superfluid.
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Dostići će novo stanje materije,
zvano superfluid.
zvano superfluid.
02:38
The atoms lose their individual identity,
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Atomi će izgubiti svoj lični identitet
02:40
and the rules from the quantum world take over,
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i zavladaće pravila kvantnog sveta.
02:43
and that's what gives superfluids such spooky properties.
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Zbog toga superfluidi
imaju tako sablasna svojstva.
imaju tako sablasna svojstva.
02:47
For example, if you shine light through a superfluid,
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Na primer, ako propustite svetlost
kroz superfluid,
kroz superfluid,
02:50
it is able to slow photons down
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ona može usporiti fotone
02:53
to 60 kilometers per hour.
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do brzine od 60 kilometara na čas.
03:03
Another spooky property is that it flows
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Još jedno neobično svojstvo
superfluida je to što teče
superfluida je to što teče
03:06
with absolutely no viscosity or friction,
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bez imalo viskoziteta ili trenja,
03:09
so if you were to take the lid off that bottle,
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tako da ako otvorite bocu,
03:11
it won't stay inside.
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sluperfluid neće ostati unutra.
03:13
A thin film will creep up the inside wall,
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Tanak sloj superfluida će uspuzati
uz unutrašnji zid boce,
uz unutrašnji zid boce,
03:16
flow over the top and right out the outside.
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preliti se preko grlića i izaći napolje.
03:20
Now of course, the moment that it does hit the outside environment,
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Naravno, čim dospe u spoljašnju sredinu
03:23
and its temperature rises by even a fraction of a degree,
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i njegova temperatura poraste
makar i za delić stepena,
makar i za delić stepena,
03:27
it immediately turns back into normal matter.
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istog trenutka će se vratiti u svoje prirodno stanje.
03:29
Superfluids are one of the most fragile things we've ever discovered.
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Superfluidi su među najosetljivijim stvarima
koje je čovek otrkio.
koje je čovek otrkio.
03:32
And this is the great pleasure of science:
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Upravo u tome leži veliko zadovoljstvo
koje nauka pruža:
koje nauka pruža:
03:35
the defeat of our intuition through experimentation.
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u porazu naše intuicije
kroz vršenje eksperimenata.
kroz vršenje eksperimenata.
03:39
But the experiment is not the end of the story,
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Ali ovaj eksperiment nije kraj priče,
03:41
because you still have to transmit that knowledge to other people.
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jer sada stečeno znanje
morate preneti drugima.
morate preneti drugima.
03:44
I have a Ph.D in molecular biology.
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Ja sam doktor molekularne biologije,
03:47
I still barely understand what most scientists are talking about.
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i i dalje mi nije baš jasno
o čemu većina naučnika govori.
o čemu većina naučnika govori.
03:50
So as my friend was trying to explain that experiment,
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Tako, dok je moj prijatelj pokušavao
da mi objasni eksperiment,
da mi objasni eksperiment,
03:53
it seemed like the more he said,
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činilo mi se da što je više pričao,
03:56
the less I understood.
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sve sam ga manje razumeo.
03:59
Because if you're trying to give someone the big picture
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Jer, ako hoćete
da u opštim crtama objasnite
da u opštim crtama objasnite
04:01
of a complex idea, to really capture its essence,
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složenu ideju,
tako da zaista pogodite suštinu,
tako da zaista pogodite suštinu,
04:05
the fewer words you use, the better.
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što manje reči koristite, to bolje.
04:09
In fact, the ideal may be to use no words at all.
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Zapravo, možda bi bilo idealno
da se uopšte ne služite rečima.
da se uopšte ne služite rečima.
04:12
I remember thinking, my friend could have explained
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Sećam se kako sam pomislio
da je moj prijatelj
da je moj prijatelj
04:14
that entire experiment with a dance.
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mogao objasniti čitav eksperiment
putem plesa.
putem plesa.
04:17
Of course, there never seem to be any dancers around when you need them.
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Naravno, plesači vam nikada nisu pri ruci
kada su vam potrebni.
kada su vam potrebni.
04:21
Now, the idea is not as crazy as it sounds.
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Međutim, ideja nije tako suluda
kao što se čini.
kao što se čini.
04:23
I started a contest four years ago called Dance Your Ph.D.
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Pre četiri godine otvorio sam takmičenje
pod nazivom "Odigraj svoj doktorski rad".
pod nazivom "Odigraj svoj doktorski rad".
04:27
Instead of explaining their research with words,
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Umesto da predstave
svoj istraživački rad rečima,
svoj istraživački rad rečima,
04:29
scientists have to explain it with dance.
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naučnici moraju da ga objasne kroz ples.
04:32
Now surprisingly, it seems to work.
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Začuđujuće, ali izgleda da funkcioniše.
04:35
Dance really can make science easier to understand.
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Ples zaista može učiniti nauku razumljivijom.
04:38
But don't take my word for it.
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Ali nemojte mi isključivo verovati na reč.
04:40
Go on the Internet and search for "Dance Your Ph.D."
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Idite na internet i potražite
"Dance Your Ph.D.".
"Dance Your Ph.D.".
04:43
There are hundreds of dancing scientists waiting for you.
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Čeka vas na stotine razigranih naučnika.
04:46
The most surprising thing that I've learned while running this contest
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Ono što me je najviše iznenadilo
04:48
is that some scientists are now working directly with dancers on their research.
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je to da sada neki naučnici sarađuju
direktno sa plesačima za potrebe svog istraživačkog rada.
direktno sa plesačima za potrebe svog istraživačkog rada.
04:53
For example, at the University of Minnesota,
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Na primer, na Univerzitetu u Minesoti
04:55
there's a biomedical engineer named David Odde,
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radi inženjer biomedicine Dejvid Od,
04:58
and he works with dancers to study how cells move.
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koji sarađuje sa plesačima kako bi izučavao
kako se ćelije kreću.
kako se ćelije kreću.
05:01
They do it by changing their shape.
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One to čine menjajući svoj oblik.
05:03
When a chemical signal washes up on one side,
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Kada je hemijski signal dotakne s jedne strane,
05:06
it triggers the cell to expand its shape on that side,
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ćelija se proširi u tom pravcu
05:09
because the cell is constantly touching and tugging at the environment.
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jer je u stalnom kontaktu
sa sredinom u kojoj se nalazi.
sa sredinom u kojoj se nalazi.
05:12
So that allows cells to ooze along in the right directions.
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To, dakle, omogućava ćeliji da klizi
u odgovarajućem pravcu.
u odgovarajućem pravcu.
05:16
But what seems so slow and graceful from the outside
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Ali ono što se spolja čini
tako sporim i gracioznim,
tako sporim i gracioznim,
05:20
is really more like chaos inside,
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iznutra je više nalik na haos.
05:23
because cells control their shape with a skeleton of rigid protein fibers,
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Ćelije kontrolišu svoj oblik uz pomoć skeleta
sačinjenog od čvrstih proteinskih vlakana
sačinjenog od čvrstih proteinskih vlakana
05:27
and those fibers are constantly falling apart.
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koja se neprekidno kidaju.
05:30
But just as quickly as they explode,
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Ali čim se ova vlakna pokidaju,
05:33
more proteins attach to the ends and grow them longer,
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novi proteini se nakače i produžavaju ih.
05:35
so it's constantly changing
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Ćelija se, dakle, neprekidno menja,
05:37
just to remain exactly the same.
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a da pritom ostaje sasvim ista.
05:40
Now, David builds mathematical models of this and then he tests those in the lab,
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Dejvid pravi matematičke modele ovih vlakana
i testira ih u svojoj laboratoriji,
i testira ih u svojoj laboratoriji,
05:43
but before he does that, he works with dancers
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ali pre toga, radi sa plesačima
05:46
to figure out what kinds of models to build in the first place.
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kako bi se odlučio
kakav model uopšte da sačini.
kakav model uopšte da sačini.
05:50
It's basically efficient brainstorming,
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To je u stvari jedan način
grupnog pretresanja ideja, veoma efikasan.
grupnog pretresanja ideja, veoma efikasan.
05:53
and when I visited David to learn about his research,
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Kada sam otišao u posetu Dejvidu
da mi ispriča o svom istraživačkom radu,
da mi ispriča o svom istraživačkom radu,
05:55
he used dancers to explain it to me
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umesto uobičajene metode,
PowerPointa,
PowerPointa,
05:59
rather than the usual method: PowerPoint.
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poslužio se plesačima.
06:03
And this brings me to my modest proposal.
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I sada dolazimo do mog
skromnog predloga.
skromnog predloga.
06:05
I think that bad PowerPoint presentations
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Smatram da loše prezentacije
u PowerPointu
u PowerPointu
06:08
are a serious threat to the global economy.
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predstavljaju ozbiljnu pretnju
svetskoj privredi.
svetskoj privredi.
06:11
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smeh) (Aplauz)
06:19
Now it does depend on how you measure it, of course,
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Naravno, zavisi od toga kako računate,
06:24
but one estimate has put the drain at 250 million dollars per day.
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ali po jednoj proceni, 250 miliona dolara dnevno
se baca na ove prezentacije.
se baca na ove prezentacije.
06:29
Now that assumes half-hour presentations
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To je ako računamo polučasovne prezentacije
06:31
for an average audience of four people
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namenjene publici od četiri osobe u proseku,
06:33
with salaries of 35,000 dollars,
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koje zarađuju 35.000 dolara,
06:35
and it conservatively assumes that
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i ako pretpostavimo
da je otprilike četvrtina tih prezentacija
da je otprilike četvrtina tih prezentacija
06:37
about a quarter of the presentations are a complete waste of time,
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potpuno gubljenje vremena.
06:41
and given that there are some apparently
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Budući da svakog dana
06:44
30 million PowerPoint presentations created every day,
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nikne oko 30 miliona
novih PowerPoint prezentacija,
novih PowerPoint prezentacija,
06:47
that would indeed add up to an annual waste
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gubitak na godišnjem nivou bi zapravo bio
06:50
of 100 billion dollars.
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blizu 100 milijardi dolara.
06:53
Of course, that's just the time we're losing
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Naravno, to se odnosi
samo na vreme izgubljeno
samo na vreme izgubljeno
06:55
sitting through presentations.
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dok sedimo i slušamo prezentacije.
06:57
There are other costs, because PowerPoint is a tool,
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Tu su i drugi troškovi,
jer PowerPoint je alatka,
jer PowerPoint je alatka,
07:02
and like any tool, it can and will be abused.
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i kao i svaka druga,
često je zloupotrebljena.
često je zloupotrebljena.
07:05
To borrow a concept from my country's CIA,
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Ona vam pomaže
07:08
it helps you to soften up your audience.
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da zadobijete publiku.
07:11
It distracts them with pretty pictures, irrelevant data.
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Odvraća joj pažnju lepim slikama
i nebitnim podacima.
i nebitnim podacima.
07:15
It allows you to create the illusion of competence,
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Omogućava vam da stvorite lažnu sliku
osobe koja poznaje svoj posao,
osobe koja poznaje svoj posao,
07:19
the illusion of simplicity,
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iluziju jednostavnosti,
07:21
and most destructively, the illusion of understanding.
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i što je najgore, iluziju da razumete
to o čemu pričate.
to o čemu pričate.
07:26
So now my country is 15 trillion dollars in debt.
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I zato Amerika sada ima dug
od 15 biliona dolara.
od 15 biliona dolara.
07:30
Our leaders are working tirelessly to try and find ways to save money.
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Čelnici naših država neumorno
pokušavaju da uštede novac.
pokušavaju da uštede novac.
07:35
One idea is to drastically reduce public support for the arts.
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Jedan od predloga je da se drastično smanji
državna novčana podrška umetnosti.
državna novčana podrška umetnosti.
07:40
For example, our National Endowment for the Arts,
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Na primer, kada bismo skresali budžet
od 150 miliona dolara
od 150 miliona dolara
07:42
with its $150 million budget,
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američkog Nacionalnog fonda za umetnost,
07:45
slashing that program would immediately reduce the national debt
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javni dug bi automatski bio smanjen
07:48
by about one one-thousandth of a percent.
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za stoti deo procenta.
07:51
One certainly can't argue with those numbers.
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To je zaista ubedljiva brojka.
07:53
However, once we eliminate public funding for the arts,
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Međutim, ukidanje javnih sredstava za umetnost
07:58
there will be some drawbacks.
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imalo bi i negativnih posledica.
08:01
The artists on the street will swell the ranks of the unemployed.
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Nezaposleni umetnici bi preplavili biro rada.
08:05
Many will turn to drug abuse and prostitution,
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Mnogi od njih bi se odali drogi i prostituciji,
08:07
and that will inevitably lower property values in urban neighborhoods.
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što bi smanjilo vrednost nekretnina
u urbanim sredinama.
u urbanim sredinama.
08:11
All of this could wipe out the savings we're hoping to make in the first place.
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Tako nikada ne bismo ostvarili uštedu
koja i jeste cilj svega toga.
koja i jeste cilj svega toga.
08:15
I shall now, therefore, humbly propose my own thoughts,
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Ja ću, stoga, sada izneti svoj skroman predlog,
08:19
which I hope will not be liable to the least objection.
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s kojim ćete se svi, nadam se, složiti.
08:23
Once we eliminate public funding for the artists,
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Nakon što ukinemo
javna sredstva umetnicima,
javna sredstva umetnicima,
08:24
let's put them back to work
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hajde da ih ponovo zaposlimo
08:26
by using them instead of PowerPoint.
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tako što ćemo se poslužiti njima
umesto PowerPointom.
umesto PowerPointom.
08:29
As a test case, I propose we start with American dancers.
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Za početak, predlažem da najpre probamo
sa američkim plesačima.
sa američkim plesačima.
08:33
After all, they are the most perishable of their kind,
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Na kraju krajeva, zahvaljujući
našem zdravstvenom sistemu
našem zdravstvenom sistemu
08:35
prone to injury and very slow to heal
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oni i jesu najugroženja vrsta.
08:37
due to our health care system.
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Skloni su povredama i dugo se oporavljaju.
08:40
Rather than dancing our Ph.Ds,
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Osim što ćemo otplesati
naš doktorski rad,
naš doktorski rad,
08:43
we should use dance to explain all of our complex problems.
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trebalo bi da se služimo plesom
da razjasnimo sve složene probleme.
da razjasnimo sve složene probleme.
08:46
Imagine our politicians using dance
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Zamislite naše političare kako plesom
08:49
to explain why we must invade a foreign country
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objašnjavaju zašto je neophodno
izvršiti napad na neku drugu državu
izvršiti napad na neku drugu državu
08:53
or bail out an investment bank.
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ili pružiti novčanu pomoć investicionoj banci.
08:56
It's sure to help.
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Sigurno bi pomoglo.
08:58
Of course someday, in the deep future,
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Naravno, jednog dana,
u dalekoj budućnosti,
u dalekoj budućnosti,
09:02
a technology of persuasion
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izumećemo neko novo sredstvo ubeđivanja,
09:04
even more powerful than PowerPoint may be invented,
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moćnije čak i od PowerPointa,
09:07
rendering dancers unnecessary as tools of rhetoric.
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čime će plesači kao retoričko sredstvo
postati nepotrebni.
postati nepotrebni.
09:11
However, I trust that by that day,
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Ipak, verujem da ćemo do tada
09:14
we shall have passed this present financial calamity.
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prevazići trenuntnu finansijsku katastrofu.
09:17
Perhaps by then we will be able to afford the luxury
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Možda ćemo do tada biti u prilici
da sebi dozvolimo luksuz
da sebi dozvolimo luksuz
09:20
of just sitting in an audience
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da sedimo u publici
09:23
with no other purpose
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sa jedinim ciljem
09:25
than to witness the human form in motion.
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da posmatramo ljudsko telo u pokretu.
09:30
(Music)
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(Muzika)
10:41
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
John Bohannon - Science writerJohn Bohannon is a scientist and writer who runs the annual Dance Your Ph.D. contest.
Why you should listen
John Bohannon is a biologist and journalist. After embedding in southern Afghanistan in 2010, he engineered the first voluntary release of civilian casualty data by the US-led military coalition. He studies the evolution of fame using data provided by Google, and writes for Science and WIRED. His research on the blurring line between the cuisine of man and pet caused Stephen Colbert to eat cat food on television.
Using an alter ego known as the Gonzo Scientist, he runs the "Dance Your Ph.D." contest. It's an international competition for scientists to explain their research with interpretive dance.
John Bohannon | Speaker | TED.com
Black Label Movement - Dance troupe
Black Label Movement is an explosively physical Minneapolis dance company.
Why you should listen
Black Label Movement is a Twin Cities-based dance theater dedicated to creating wildly physical, naturally virtuosic, intellectually and emotionally engaging art. Led by Carl Flink, this collective of dance artists seeks to push the mind, body, and heart to the edge of what is possible and beyond.
A one-time company member and soloist with the New York City-based Limón Dance Company, Flink is known for choreography with intense athleticism, daring risk taking and humanistic themes that address diverse social, scientific, political and working class subjects in addition to more abstract dance approaches. He is also the endowed Nadine Jette Sween Professor of Dance and Chair of the Department of Theatre Arts and Dance at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. Beyond the dance world, he graduated from Stanford Law School in 2001 and worked as a staff attorney with Farmers' Legal Action Group, Inc. protecting the legal rights of low-income family farmers and promoting sustainable agriculture until 2004.
Credits for the TEDxBrussels performance:
BLM Movers: Jessica Ehlert, Brian Godbout, Stephanie Laager, Edward Oroyan, Nelle Hens, Camille Prieux, Mariel Blaise, Gapson Nenaks, David Zagari & Marcio Canabarro
Music: Greg Brosofske (and you can download the music)
Black Label Movement | Speaker | TED.com