TED2012
Carl Schoonover: How to look inside the brain
Karl Skunover (Carl Schoonover): Kako pogledati unutar mozga
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U razumevanju mozga desio se neverovatan napredak, ali kako zapravo proučavati neurone unutar mozga? Koristeći predivne slike, neuroistraživač i učesnik TED Fellows programa Karl Skunover pokazuje alate uz pomoć kojih vidimo unutar naših mozgova.
Carl Schoonover - Neuroscience PhD student + writer
Carl Schoonover is a neuroscientist and one of the founders of NeuWrite, a collaboration between writers and neuroscientist. Full bio
Carl Schoonover is a neuroscientist and one of the founders of NeuWrite, a collaboration between writers and neuroscientist. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
This is a thousand-year-old drawing of the brain.
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Ovo je skica mozga stara hiljadu godina.
00:20
It's a diagram of the visual system.
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To je šema vizuelnog sistema.
00:22
And some things look very familiar today.
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Neke stvari danas izgledaju poznato.
00:24
Two eyes at the bottom, optic nerve flowing out from the back.
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Dva oka pri dnu, optički živac
koji se proteže od nazad.
koji se proteže od nazad.
00:29
There's a very large nose
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Tu je i veoma velik nos
00:31
that doesn't seem to be connected to anything in particular.
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koji naizgled nije ni sa čim
posebno povezan.
posebno povezan.
00:34
And if we compare this
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Ako uporedimo ovo
00:36
to more recent representations of the visual system,
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sa novijim prikazima vizuelnog sistema,
00:38
you'll see that things have gotten substantially more complicated
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videćete da su se stvari
suštinski zakomplikovale
suštinski zakomplikovale
00:41
over the intervening thousand years.
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tokom pomenutih hiljadu godina.
00:43
And that's because today we can see what's inside of the brain,
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To je zbog toga što danas možemo videti
ono što je unutar mozga,
ono što je unutar mozga,
00:45
rather than just looking at its overall shape.
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umesto da samo gledamo njegov oblik.
00:48
Imagine you wanted to understand how a computer works
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Zamislite da želite da razumete
kako računar radi
kako računar radi
00:52
and all you could see was a keyboard, a mouse, a screen.
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i sve što možete da vidite
jesu tastatura, miš i ekran.
jesu tastatura, miš i ekran.
00:55
You really would be kind of out of luck.
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Ne biste imali sreće.
00:58
You want to be able to open it up, crack it open,
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Želite da ga otvorite, rasklopite,
01:00
look at the wiring inside.
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pogledate žice koje su unutra.
01:01
And up until a little more than a century ago,
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Sve do pre manje od jednog veka,
01:03
nobody was able to do that with the brain.
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niko nije mogao to da uradi sa mozgom.
01:05
Nobody had had a glimpse of the brain's wiring.
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NIko nije bacio pogled na veze u mozgu.
01:07
And that's because if you take a brain out of the skull
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To je zbog toga što,
ako izvadite mozak iz lobanje,
ako izvadite mozak iz lobanje,
01:10
and you cut a thin slice of it,
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i ako isečete tanko parče,
01:12
put it under even a very powerful microscope,
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stavite ga pod i najmoćniji mikroskop,
01:14
there's nothing there.
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ništa nećete videti.
01:15
It's gray, formless.
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Sivo je, bez oblika.
01:17
There's no structure. It won't tell you anything.
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Ne postoji struktura.
Ništa vam neće otkriti.
Ništa vam neće otkriti.
01:20
And this all changed in the late 19th century.
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Ovo se sve promenilo krajem 19-og veka.
01:23
Suddenly, new chemical stains for brain tissue were developed
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Iznenada, razvijene su nove hemijske boje
za moždano tkivo
za moždano tkivo
01:26
and they gave us our first glimpses at brain wiring.
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i one su nam dale prve uvide
u veze unutar mozga.
u veze unutar mozga.
01:29
The computer was cracked open.
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Računar je bio rasklopljen.
01:31
So what really launched modern neuroscience
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Ono što je zaista pokrenulo
modenu neuronauku
modenu neuronauku
01:34
was a stain called the Golgi stain.
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jeste boja, takozvana Goldžijeva boja.
01:36
And it works in a very particular way.
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Ona funkcioniše
na veoma specifičan način.
na veoma specifičan način.
01:38
Instead of staining all of the cells inside of a tissue,
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Umesto da oboji sve ćelije unutar tkiva,
01:41
it somehow only stains about one percent of them.
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ona nekako boji otprilike
jedan procenat ćelija.
jedan procenat ćelija.
01:44
It clears the forest, reveals the trees inside.
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Krči šumu, otkriva drveće.
01:47
If everything had been labeled, nothing would have been visible.
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Da je sve bilo obeleženo,
ništa ne bi bilo vidljivo.
ništa ne bi bilo vidljivo.
01:50
So somehow it shows what's there.
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Stoga, nekako, pokazuje šta je tamo.
01:52
Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ramon y Cajal,
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Španski stručnjak za neuroanatomiju
Santjago Ramon i Kahal,
Santjago Ramon i Kahal,
01:55
who's widely considered the father of modern neuroscience,
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koji se smatra ocem moderne neuronauke,
01:58
applied this Golgi stain, which yields data which looks like this,
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primenio je Goldžijev metod
i dobio podatke koji izgledaju ovako,
i dobio podatke koji izgledaju ovako,
02:02
and really gave us the modern notion of the nerve cell, the neuron.
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i zaista nam dao moderno viđenje
moždane ćelije, neurona.
moždane ćelije, neurona.
02:05
And if you're thinking of the brain as a computer,
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Ako zamišljate mozak kao računar,
02:08
this is the transistor.
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ovo je tranzistor.
02:10
And very quickly Cajal realized
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Kahal je ubrzo shvatio
02:12
that neurons don't operate alone,
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da neuroni ne funkcionišu sami,
02:14
but rather make connections with others
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već se povezuju sa ostalima
02:16
that form circuits just like in a computer.
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i formiraju kolo kao i u računaru.
02:19
Today, a century later, when researchers want to visualize neurons,
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Danas, jedan vek kasnije,
kada istraživači žele da prikažu neurone,
kada istraživači žele da prikažu neurone,
02:22
they light them up from the inside rather than darkening them.
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oni ih osvetle iznutra
umesto da ih zatamnjuju.
umesto da ih zatamnjuju.
Postoji nekoliko načina da se ovo uradi.
02:25
And there's several ways of doing this.
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02:26
But one of the most popular ones
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Jedan od najpopularnijih
02:28
involves green fluorescent protein.
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uključuje zeleni fluorescentni protein.
02:30
Now green fluorescent protein,
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Zeleni fluorescentni protein,
02:31
which oddly enough comes from a bioluminescent jellyfish,
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koji potiče od bioluminiscentne meduze,
od svih stvari,
od svih stvari,
02:35
is very useful.
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veoma je koristan.
02:36
Because if you can get the gene for green fluorescent protein
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Ako možete iz zelenog fluorescentnog
proteina da dobijete gen
proteina da dobijete gen
02:39
and deliver it to a cell,
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i sprovedete ga u ćeliju,
02:40
that cell will glow green --
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ta ćelija će svetleti zeleno -
02:42
or any of the many variants now of green fluorescent protein,
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ili u nekoj od mnogih varijanata
zelenog fluorescentnog proteina,
zelenog fluorescentnog proteina,
ćelija može da svetli u raznim bojama.
02:46
you get a cell to glow many different colors.
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02:47
And so coming back to the brain,
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Vraćamo se na mozak,
02:49
this is from a genetically engineered mouse called "Brainbow."
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ovo je sa genetski modifikovanog miša
koji se zove Mozduga.
koji se zove Mozduga.
02:53
And it's so called, of course,
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Naravno, tako se zove
02:54
because all of these neurons are glowing different colors.
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zato što svi ovi neuroni
svetle različitim bojama.
svetle različitim bojama.
02:58
Now sometimes neuroscientists need to identify
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Ponekad neuroistraživači
moraju da identifikuju
moraju da identifikuju
03:01
individual molecular components of neurons, molecules,
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pojedinačne molekularne
komponente neurona, molekule,
komponente neurona, molekule,
03:04
rather than the entire cell.
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umesto celih ćelija.
Postoji nekoliko načina da se ovo uradi,
03:06
And there's several ways of doing this,
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03:08
but one of the most popular ones
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ali jedan od najpopularnijih
03:09
involves using antibodies.
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uključuje antitela.
03:11
And you're familiar, of course,
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Naravno, poznata su vam antitela
03:13
with antibodies as the henchmen of the immune system.
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kao telohranitelji imunog sistema.
03:16
But it turns out that they're so useful to the immune system
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Ispostavlja se
da su tako korisna imunom sistemu
da su tako korisna imunom sistemu
03:18
because they can recognize specific molecules,
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zato što mogu da prepoznaju
određene molekule,
određene molekule,
03:21
like, for example, the code protein
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na primer, kodni protein
03:23
of a virus that's invading the body.
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virusa koji napada telo.
03:25
And researchers have used this fact
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Istraživači su koristili ovu činjenicu
03:27
in order to recognize specific molecules inside of the brain,
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kako bi prepoznali pojedinačne molekule
unutar mozga,
unutar mozga,
03:32
recognize specific substructures of the cell
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pojedinačne supstrukture ćelije
03:34
and identify them individually.
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i identifikovali ih pojedinačno.
03:37
And a lot of the images I've been showing you here are very beautiful,
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Dosta slika koje vam pokazujem su prelepe,
03:40
but they're also very powerful.
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ali su i veoma moćne.
03:41
They have great explanatory power.
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Imaju veliku moć objašnjavanja.
03:43
This, for example, is an antibody staining
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Ovo je na primer, bojenje antitelima
03:45
against serotonin transporters in a slice of mouse brain.
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nasuprot prenosioca serotonina
u delu mozga miša.
u delu mozga miša.
03:49
And you've heard of serotonin, of course,
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Naravno, čuli ste za serotonin
03:50
in the context of diseases like depression and anxiety.
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u kontekstu bolesti
poput depresije ili anskioznosti.
poput depresije ili anskioznosti.
Čuli ste za selektivne inhibitore
preuzimanja serotonina,
preuzimanja serotonina,
03:53
You've heard of SSRIs,
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which are drugs that are used to treat these diseases.
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što su lekovi koji se koriste
protiv ovih bolesti.
protiv ovih bolesti.
03:57
And in order to understand how serotonin works,
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Kako bismo razumeli
kako funkcioniše serotonin,
kako funkcioniše serotonin,
04:00
it's critical to understand where the serontonin machinery is.
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ključno je da razumemo gde se nalazi
ono što ga pokreće.
ono što ga pokreće.
04:03
And antibody stainings like this one
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Bojenje antitelima nalik na ovo
04:05
can be used to understand that sort of question.
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može se koristiti da bi se razumela
pitanja poput ovog.
pitanja poput ovog.
04:09
I'd like to leave you with the following thought:
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Želeo bih da vas ostavim sa ovom idejom:
04:11
Green fluorescent protein and antibodies
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zeleni fluorescentni protein i antitela
04:14
are both totally natural products at the get-go.
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su potpuno prirodni proizvodi u osnovi.
04:17
They were evolved by nature
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Razvila ih je priroda
04:20
in order to get a jellyfish to glow green for whatever reason,
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kako bi meduza bila zelena
iz kog god razloga,
iz kog god razloga,
04:22
or in order to detect the code protein of an invading virus, for example.
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ili da bi se otkrio kodni protein virusa
koji napada, na primer.
koji napada, na primer.
04:27
And only much later did scientists come onto the scene
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Tek kasnije su stupili naučnici i rekli:
04:30
and say, "Hey, these are tools,
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"Hej, ovo su alati,
04:32
these are functions that we could use
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ovo su funkcije koje bismo mogli koristiti
04:34
in our own research tool palette."
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u našoj paleti alata za istraživanje."
04:36
And instead of applying feeble human minds
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Umesto da primene
svoje slabašne ljudske umove
svoje slabašne ljudske umove
04:39
to designing these tools from scratch,
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da izmisle ove alate iz osnova,
04:41
there were these ready-made solutions right out there in nature
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ovo su gotova rešenja iz prirode,
04:44
developed and refined steadily for millions of years
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koja je milionima godina
razvijao i usavršavao
najbolji inženjer na svetu.
najbolji inženjer na svetu.
04:47
by the greatest engineer of all.
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04:49
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
04:50
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carl Schoonover - Neuroscience PhD student + writerCarl Schoonover is a neuroscientist and one of the founders of NeuWrite, a collaboration between writers and neuroscientist.
Why you should listen
Carl is a neuroscience PhD candidate at Columbia University, where he works on microanatomy and electrophysiology of rodent somatosensory cortex. He the author of Portraits of the Mind: Visualizing the Brain from Antiquity to the 21st Century, and has written for the New York Times, Le Figaro, the Huffington Post, Science, Scientific American, Design Observer, and Boing Boing. In 2008 he cofounded NeuWrite, a collaborative working group for scientists, writers, and those in between. He hosts a radio show on WkCR 89.9FM, which focuses on opera and classical music, and their relationship to the brain.
Carl Schoonover | Speaker | TED.com