TEDxBoston
Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip
Džeraldin Hamilton (Geraldine Hamilton): Delovi tela na čipu
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1,644,547 views
Relativno je lako zamisliti novi lek, bolji lek za neku bolest. Težak deo je testiranje, a to može da odloži obećavajuće lekove i do nekoliko godina. U ovom dobro objašnjenom izlaganju, Džeraldin Hamilton pokazuje kako njena laboratorija stvara organe i delove tela na čipu, jednostavne strukture sa svim delovima koji su bitni za testiranje novih lekova - čak i jedinstvene lekove za jednu određenu osobu. (Snimljeno na TEDxBoston)
Geraldine Hamilton - Bio researcher
Geraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures. Full bio
Geraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We have a global health challenge
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Danas u svojim rukama
00:14
in our hands today,
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imamo globalni izazov zdravlja,
00:16
and that is that the way we currently
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a to znači da je
način na koji trenutno
način na koji trenutno
00:19
discover and develop new drugs
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otkrivamo i razvijamo nove lekove
00:22
is too costly, takes far too long,
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previše skup, traje predugo,
00:26
and it fails more often than it succeeds.
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i ne uspeva češće nego što uspe.
00:30
It really just isn't working, and that means
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Zaista nam ne uspeva, a to znači
00:33
that patients that badly need new therapies
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da pacijenti kojima je veoma
potrebna nova terapija
potrebna nova terapija
00:36
are not getting them,
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istu ne dobijaju,
00:38
and diseases are going untreated.
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a bolesti se ne leče.
00:41
We seem to be spending more and more money.
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Čini se kao da trošimo sve više para.
00:44
So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D,
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I tako za svaku milijardu dolara
potrošenih na istraživanje i razvoj
potrošenih na istraživanje i razvoj
00:48
we're getting less drugs approved into the market.
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sve je manje lekova
koji su odobreni za tržište.
koji su odobreni za tržište.
00:52
More money, less drugs. Hmm.
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Više novca, manje lekova. Hmm.
00:55
So what's going on here?
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Dakle, šta se dešava ovde?
00:57
Well, there's a multitude of factors at play,
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Pa, više faktora utiče,
01:00
but I think one of the key factors
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ali ja mislim da je jedan od ključnih
01:02
is that the tools that we currently have
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taj da alati koji su trenutno
01:04
available to test whether a drug is going to work,
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raspoloživi da testiraju
da li će lek imati efekta,
da li će lek imati efekta,
01:08
whether it has efficacy,
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da li je efikasan,
01:10
or whether it's going to be safe
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ili da li će biti siguran
01:12
before we get it into human clinical trials,
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pre nego što ga odnesemo
na klinička ispitivanja na ljudima,
na klinička ispitivanja na ljudima,
01:15
are failing us. They're not predicting
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nas dovode do neuspeha.
Ne predviđaju
Ne predviđaju
01:17
what's going to happen in humans.
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šta će da se dogodi u ljudima.
01:21
And we have two main tools available
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A imamo dva glavna alata
01:23
at our disposal.
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na raspolaganju.
01:25
They are cells in dishes and animal testing.
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To su ćelije u posudama
i testiranje na životinjama.
i testiranje na životinjama.
01:29
Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes.
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Hajde sada da pričamo o prvom,
o ćelijama u posudama.
o ćelijama u posudama.
01:33
So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies.
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Dakle, ćelije srećno funcionišu
u našim telima.
u našim telima.
01:36
We take them and rip them out
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Mi ih uzmemo i izvučemo ih
01:38
of their native environment,
throw them in one of these dishes,
throw them in one of these dishes,
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iz njihovog prirodnog okruženja,
bacimo ih u jednu od ovih posuda,
bacimo ih u jednu od ovih posuda,
01:41
and expect them to work.
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i očekujemo da će da rade.
01:42
Guess what. They don't.
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Pogodite šta. Ne rade.
01:45
They don't like that environment
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Ne sviđa im se to okruženje
01:46
because it's nothing like
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jer nije ni nalik
01:48
what they have in the body.
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onome što imaju u telu.
01:51
What about animal testing?
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Šta ćemo sa testiranjem na životinjama?
01:53
Well, animals do and can provide
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Pa, životinje nam mogu obezbediti
01:55
extremely useful information.
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veoma korisne informacije.
01:58
They teach us about what happens
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Uče nas šta se dešava
01:59
in the complex organism.
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u kompleksnom organizmu.
02:02
We learn more about the biology itself.
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Učimo više o samoj biologiji.
02:05
However, more often than not,
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Međutim, češće se dešava
02:08
animal models fail to predict
what will happen in humans
what will happen in humans
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da životinjski modeli ne uspeju da predvide
šta će se desiti u ljudima
šta će se desiti u ljudima
02:12
when they're treated with a particular drug.
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kada ih lečimo određenim lekom.
02:15
So we need better tools.
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Zato nam trebaju bolji alati.
02:17
We need human cells,
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Trebaju nam ljudske ćelije,
02:19
but we need to find a way to keep them happy
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ali moramo da nađemo način
da ih održavamo srećnima
da ih održavamo srećnima
02:22
outside the body.
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van tela.
02:24
Our bodies are dynamic environments.
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Naša tela su dinamična okruženja.
02:26
We're in constant motion.
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U stalnom smo pokretu.
02:28
Our cells experience that.
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Naše ćelije to znaju.
02:31
They're in dynamic environments in our body.
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One su u dinamičnom okruženju
u našim telima.
u našim telima.
02:33
They're under constant mechanical forces.
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I uvek su pod mehaničkim silama.
02:36
So if we want to make cells happy
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Tako da ako želimo
da učinimo ćelije srećnima,
da učinimo ćelije srećnima,
02:39
outside our bodies,
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van naših tela,
02:40
we need to become cell architects.
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moramo da postanemo ćelijske arhitekte.
02:42
We need to design, build and engineer
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Moramo da dizajniramo,
napravimo i isplaniramo
napravimo i isplaniramo
02:47
a home away from home for the cells.
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drugi dom za ćelije.
02:50
And at the Wyss Institute,
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Na institutu Vis
02:52
we've done just that.
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upravo smo to i uradili.
02:54
We call it an organ-on-a-chip.
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To zovemo organom na čipu.
02:57
And I have one right here.
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I ja imam jedan upravo ovde.
02:58
It's beautiful, isn't it?
But it's pretty incredible.
But it's pretty incredible.
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Predivno je, zar ne?
Ali i prilično neverovatno.
Ali i prilično neverovatno.
03:01
Right here in my hand is a breathing, living
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Baš ovde u mojoj ruci je živo
03:06
human lung on a chip.
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plućno krilo na čipu koje diše.
03:08
And it's not just beautiful.
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I nije samo prelepo.
03:11
It can do a tremendous amount of things.
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Može da uradi ogromnu količinu stvari.
03:13
We have living cells in that little chip,
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Imamo žive ćelije na tom malom čipu,
03:17
cells that are in a dynamic environment
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ćelije koje su u dinamičkom okruženju
03:19
interacting with different cell types.
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u interakciji sa različitim tipovima ćelija.
03:22
There's been many people
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Bilo je mnogo ljudi
03:24
trying to grow cells in the lab.
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koji su pokušali da uzgajaju
ćelije u laboratorijama.
ćelije u laboratorijama.
03:26
They've tried many different approaches.
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Probali su sa različitim prilazima.
03:29
They've even tried to grow
little mini-organs in the lab.
little mini-organs in the lab.
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Čak su pokušali da uzgoje
mini-organe u laboratoriji.
mini-organe u laboratoriji.
03:32
We're not trying to do that here.
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Mi ne pokušavamo to da uradimo.
03:33
We're simply trying to recreate
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Samo pokušavamo
da ponovo stvorimo,
da ponovo stvorimo,
03:35
in this tiny chip
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na ovom malenom čipu,
03:37
the smallest functional unit
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najmanju funkcionalnu jedinicu
03:40
that represents the biochemistry,
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koja predstavlja biohemiju,
03:43
the function and the mechanical strain
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funkciju i mehaničko naprezanje
03:46
that the cells experience in our bodies.
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koje ćelije iskuse u našim telima.
03:49
So how does it work? Let me show you.
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Kako to radi?
Da vam pokažem.
Da vam pokažem.
03:52
We use techniques from the computer chip
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Mi koristimo tehnike
iz industrije za proizvodnju
iz industrije za proizvodnju
03:55
manufacturing industry
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kompjuterskih čipova
03:56
to make these structures at a scale
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kako bismo napravili
te strukture u veličini
te strukture u veličini
03:59
relevant to both the cells and their environment.
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bitnoj i za ćelije i za okolinu.
04:02
We have three fluidic channels.
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Imamo tri fluidna kanala.
04:04
In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane
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U sredini, imamo poroznu,
fleksibilnu membranu
fleksibilnu membranu
04:07
on which we can add human cells
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na koju dodajemo ljudske ćelije
04:09
from, say, our lungs,
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iz, na primer, pluća,
04:11
and then underneath, they had capillary cells,
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a onda ispod, imamo kapilarne ćelije,
04:13
the cells in our blood vessels.
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ćelije naših krvnih sudova.
04:15
And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip
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Onda možemo da primenimo
mehaničke sile na čip
mehaničke sile na čip
04:19
that stretch and contract the membrane,
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koje razvlače i skupljaju membrane,
04:22
so the cells experience the same mechanical forces
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tako da ćelije iskuse iste mehaničke sile,
04:25
that they did when we breathe.
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kao kada dišemo.
04:28
And they experience them how they did in the body.
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I one ih iskuse kao da su u telu.
04:31
There's air flowing through the top channel,
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Tu je vazduh koji ide
kroz gornji kanal,
kroz gornji kanal,
04:34
and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients
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zatim tečnost koja sadrži
hranljive materije
hranljive materije
04:37
through the blood channel.
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kroz krv.
04:40
Now the chip is really beautiful,
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Čip je veoma lep,
04:42
but what can we do with it?
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ali šta mi možemo da uradimo s njim?
04:44
We can get incredible functionality
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Možemo da dobijemo
neverovatnu funkcionalnost
neverovatnu funkcionalnost
04:47
inside these little chips.
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unutar ovih malih čipova.
04:49
Let me show you.
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Da vam pokažem.
04:50
We could, for example, mimic infection,
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Možemo, na primer,
da imitiramo infekciju,
da imitiramo infekciju,
04:53
where we add bacterial cells into the lung.
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gde dodajemo bakterijske ćelije
u plućno krilo.
u plućno krilo.
04:56
then we can add human white blood cells.
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Onda možemo da dodamo
ljudska bela krvna zrnca.
ljudska bela krvna zrnca.
04:59
White blood cells are our body's defense
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Bela krvna zrnca su
odbrana našeg tela
odbrana našeg tela
05:02
against bacterial invaders,
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protiv bakterijskih napada,
05:03
and when they sense this
inflammation due to infection,
inflammation due to infection,
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i kada osete zapaljenje zbog infekcije,
05:06
they will enter from the blood into the lung
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ući će iz krvi u plućno krilo
05:09
and engulf the bacteria.
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i progutati bakteriju.
05:11
Well now you're going to see this happening
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Sada ćete da vidite
kako se to događa
kako se to događa
05:13
live in an actual human lung on a chip.
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uživo u ljudskom plućnom krilu na čipu.
05:17
We've labeled the white blood cells
so you can see them flowing through,
so you can see them flowing through,
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Obeležili smo bela krvna zrnca kako biste
mogli da vidite kako plutaju,
mogli da vidite kako plutaju,
05:20
and when they detect that infection,
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i kada primete infekciju,
05:22
they begin to stick.
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počinju da se lepe.
05:24
They stick, and then they try to go into the lung
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Lepe se i pokušavaju
da uđu u pluća
da uđu u pluća
05:28
side from blood channel.
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iz krvi.
05:29
And you can see here, we can actually visualize
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I možete da vidite,
možemo da prikažemo
možemo da prikažemo
05:33
a single white blood cell.
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jedno belo krvo zrnce.
05:37
It sticks, it wiggles its way through
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Lepi se i migolji se
05:39
between the cell layers, through the pore,
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između slojeva ćelija, kroz pore,
05:41
comes out on the other side of the membrane,
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izlazi na drugu stranu membrane,
05:44
and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria
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i upravo tu će progutati bakteriju
05:47
labeled in green.
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koja je obeležena zelenim.
05:49
In that tiny chip, you just witnessed
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U toj maloj posudi,
upravo ste bili svedoci
upravo ste bili svedoci
05:52
one of the most fundamental responses
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jednog od najosnovnijih odgovora
05:55
our body has to an infection.
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našeg tela na infekciju.
05:57
It's the way we respond to -- an immune response.
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To je način na koji reagujemo
- imuna reakcija.
- imuna reakcija.
06:01
It's pretty exciting.
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Veoma uzbudljivo.
06:03
Now I want to share this picture with you,
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Želim da podelim
ovu sliku sa vama,
ovu sliku sa vama,
06:06
not just because it's so beautiful,
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ne samo zato što je toliko lepa
06:08
but because it tells us an enormous
amount of information
amount of information
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već zato što nam pruža
neverovatnu količinu informacija
neverovatnu količinu informacija
06:11
about what the cells are doing within the chips.
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o tome šta ćelije rade u čipu.
06:14
It tells us that these cells
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Govori nam da te ćelije
06:16
from the small airways in our lungs,
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iz malih prolaza u našim plućima,
06:19
actually have these hairlike structures
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zapravo imaju strukturu nalik kosi
06:20
that you would expect to see in the lung.
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koju biste očekivali da vidite u plućima.
06:22
These structures are called cilia,
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Ove strukture se zovu treplje,
06:24
and they actually move the mucus out of the lung.
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i one zapravo teraju sluz van pluća.
06:27
Yeah. Mucus. Yuck.
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Da. Sluz. Bljak.
06:28
But mucus is actually very important.
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Ali sluz je veoma važna.
06:31
Mucus traps particulates, viruses,
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Sluz hvata čestice, viruse,
06:33
potential allergens,
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potencijalne alergene
06:35
and these little cilia move
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i ove sitne treplje se pomeraju
06:36
and clear the mucus out.
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i oslobađaju nas sluzi.
06:39
When they get damaged, say,
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Kada se oštete, recimo,
06:41
by cigarette smoke for example,
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zbog dima cigarete, na primer,
06:43
they don't work properly,
and they can't clear that mucus out.
and they can't clear that mucus out.
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one ne funkcionišu kako treba
i ne mogu da nas očiste od sluzi.
i ne mogu da nas očiste od sluzi.
06:46
And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis.
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I to dovodi do bolesti
kao što je bronhitis.
kao što je bronhitis.
06:50
Cilia and the clearance of mucus
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Treplje i oslobađanje od sluzi
06:52
are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis.
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su takođe uključene u odvratnim bolestima
kao što je cistična fibroza.
kao što je cistična fibroza.
06:57
But now, with the functionality
that we get in these chips,
that we get in these chips,
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Ali sada, sa funkcionalnošću
koju imamo u ovim čipovima,
koju imamo u ovim čipovima,
07:00
we can begin to look
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možemo da počnemo da tragamo
07:02
for potential new treatments.
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za potencijalnim novim lečenjima.
07:05
We didn't stop with the lung on a chip.
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Nismo stali sa plućima na čipu.
07:07
We have a gut on a chip.
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Imamo i stomak na čipu.
07:08
You can see one right here.
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Možete da ga vidite ovde.
07:10
And we've put intestinal human cells
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I stavili smo ljudske crevne ćelije
07:14
in a gut on a chip,
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u stomak na čipu,
07:16
and they're under constant peristaltic motion,
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i one su pod stalnim
peristaltičkim pokretima,
peristaltičkim pokretima,
07:18
this trickling flow through the cells,
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ovaj protok nalik kapljanju kroz ćelije,
07:22
and we can mimic many of the functions
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i možemo da imitiramo
mnoge od funckija
mnoge od funckija
07:24
that you actually would expect to see
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koje biste očekivali da vidite
07:26
in the human intestine.
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u ljudskim crevima.
07:28
Now we can begin to create models of diseases
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Sada možemo da počnemo
da pravimo modele bolesti
da pravimo modele bolesti
07:32
such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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kao što je sindrom razdražljivih creva.
07:34
This is a disease that affects
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Ovo je bolest koja pogađa
07:36
a large number of individuals.
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veliki broj ljudi.
07:38
It's really debilitating,
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To je veoma iznurujuće,
07:40
and there aren't really many good treatments for it.
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i ne postoji puno dobrih tretmana za to.
07:44
Now we have a whole pipeline
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Sada imamo čitav cevovod
07:46
of different organ chips
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različitih organskih čipova
07:49
that we are currently working on in our labs.
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na kojima trenutno radimo
u našim laboratorijama.
u našim laboratorijama.
07:52
Now, the true power of this technology, however,
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Ali, istinska moć ove tehnologije,
07:56
really comes from the fact
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zapravo dolazi iz činjenice
07:58
that we can fluidically link them.
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da možemo da ih povežemo
pomoću tečnosti.
pomoću tečnosti.
08:00
There's fluid flowing across these cells,
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Tu je tečnost koja prolazi
preko tih ćelija,
preko tih ćelija,
08:02
so we can begin to interconnect
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tako da možemo da počnemo
da povezujemo
da povezujemo
08:04
multiple different chips together
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veliki broj različitih čipova zajedno
08:07
to form what we call a virtual human on a chip.
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da napravimo ono što zovemo
virtualni čovek na čipu.
virtualni čovek na čipu.
08:12
Now we're really getting excited.
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Sada postajemo veoma uzbuđeni.
08:15
We're not going to ever recreate
a whole human in these chips,
a whole human in these chips,
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Nikada nećemo moći da stvorimo
celog čoveka na ovim čipovima,
celog čoveka na ovim čipovima,
08:19
but what our goal is is to be able to recreate
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ali naš cilj je da možemo
da stvorimo
da stvorimo
08:23
sufficient functionality
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dovoljno funkcionalnosti
08:25
so that we can make better predictions
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da možemo da pravimo
bolja predviđanja
bolja predviđanja
08:27
of what's going to happen in humans.
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šta će da se dogodi u ljudima.
08:29
For example, now we can begin to explore
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Na primer, sada možemo
da počnemo da istražujemo
da počnemo da istražujemo
08:32
what happens when we put
a drug like an aerosol drug.
a drug like an aerosol drug.
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šta se desi kada stavimo lek
kao što je aerosol.
kao što je aerosol.
08:36
Those of you like me who have asthma,
when you take your inhaler,
when you take your inhaler,
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Oni koji, kao ja, imaju astmu,
kada uzmete vašu pumpicu,
kada uzmete vašu pumpicu,
08:39
we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs,
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možemo da istražimo kako
taj lek dopire do vaših pluća,
taj lek dopire do vaših pluća,
08:42
how it enters the body,
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kako ulazi u telo,
08:43
how it might affect, say, your heart.
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kako može da utiče
na, recimo, vaše srce.
na, recimo, vaše srce.
08:45
Does it change the beating of your heart?
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Da li menja otkucaje srca?
08:47
Does it have a toxicity?
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Da li je otrovan?
08:49
Does it get cleared by the liver?
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Da li jetra može da ga prečisti?
08:51
Is it metabolized in the liver?
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Ili je metabolizovan u jetri?
08:53
Is it excreted in your kidneys?
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Da li se izlučuje u bubrezima?
08:55
We can begin to study the dynamic
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Možemo da počnemo
da gledamo dinamičan
da gledamo dinamičan
08:57
response of the body to a drug.
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odgovor tela na lek.
09:00
This could really revolutionize
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Ovo bi moglo da napravi revoluciju
09:01
and be a game changer
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i izmeni
09:03
for not only the pharmaceutical industry,
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ne samo farmaceutsku industriju
09:06
but a whole host of different industries,
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već dosta različitih industrija,
09:08
including the cosmetics industry.
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uključujući i kozmetičku.
09:11
We can potentially use the skin on a chip
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Možemo da iskoristimo
kožu na čipu
kožu na čipu
09:14
that we're currently developing in the lab
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koju trenutno razvijamo
u laboratoriji
u laboratoriji
09:16
to test whether the ingredients in those products
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da testiramo da li su
sastojci u preparatima
sastojci u preparatima
09:18
that you're using are actually
safe to put on your skin
safe to put on your skin
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koje koristite zapravo bezbedni
da ih stavljate na kožu
da ih stavljate na kožu
09:21
without the need for animal testing.
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bez potrebe testiranja na životinjama.
09:24
We could test the safety
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Mogli bismo da testiramo bezbednost
09:26
of chemicals that we are exposed to
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hemikalija kojima smo izloženi
09:28
on a daily basis in our environment,
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svakodnevno u našem okruženju,
09:30
such as chemicals in regular household cleaners.
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kao što su hemikalije
u običnim sredstvima za čišćenje.
u običnim sredstvima za čišćenje.
09:34
We could also use the organs on chips
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Mogli bismo takođe da koristimo
organe na čipovima
organe na čipovima
09:37
for applications in bioterrorism
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za primenu u bioterorizmu
09:40
or radiation exposure.
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ili izloženost radijaciji.
09:43
We could use them to learn more about
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Možemo da ih koristimo
da naučimo više
da naučimo više
09:46
diseases such as ebola
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o bolestima kao što je ebola
09:49
or other deadly diseases such as SARS.
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ili drugim smrtnim bolestima
kao što je SARS.
kao što je SARS.
09:53
Organs on chips could also change
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Organi na čipu bi mogli da promene
09:55
the way we do clinical trials in the future.
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klinička ispitivanja u budućnosti.
09:58
Right now, the average participant
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Sada, prosečni učesnik
10:01
in a clinical trial is that: average.
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u kliničkom ispitivanju je
upravo to - prosečan.
upravo to - prosečan.
10:04
Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female.
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Uglavnom je sredovečan, uglavnom žena.
10:07
You won't find many clinical trials
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Nećete naći mnoga klinička ispitivanja
10:10
in which children are involved,
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u kojima su uključena deca,
10:11
yet every day, we give children medications,
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a ipak, svaki dan,
dajemo deci lekove,
dajemo deci lekove,
10:15
and the only safety data we have on that drug
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i jedini podaci koje imamo
o bezbednosti tog leka,
o bezbednosti tog leka,
10:19
is one that we obtained from adults.
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su oni koje smo dobili od odraslih.
10:22
Children are not adults.
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Deca nisu odrasli.
10:23
They may not respond in the same way adults do.
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Ona možda neće odreagovati
isto kao odrasli.
isto kao odrasli.
10:27
There are other things like genetic differences
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Postoje i ostale stvari,
kao što su genetske razlike
kao što su genetske razlike
10:29
in populations
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stanovništva
10:30
that may lead to at-risk populations
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koje mogu da dovedu do rizika
10:34
that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction.
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neželjene reakcije na lek.
10:37
Now imagine if we could take cells
from all those different populations,
from all those different populations,
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Zamislite da možemo da uzmemo
ćelije svih tih drugačijih ljudi
ćelije svih tih drugačijih ljudi
10:40
put them on chips,
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1908
stavimo ih na čipove,
10:42
and create populations on a chip.
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1964
i stvorimo populaciju na čipu.
10:44
This could really change the way
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Ovo bi zaista moglo da promeni način
10:46
we do clinical trials.
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na koji vršimo klinička ispitivanja.
10:48
And this is the team and the people
that are doing this.
that are doing this.
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A ovo je tim i ljudi koji rade ovo.
10:51
We have engineers, we have cell biologists,
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Imamo inženjere, biologe,
10:54
we have clinicians, all working together.
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imamo kliničare,
i svi oni rade zajedno.
i svi oni rade zajedno.
10:58
We're really seeing something quite incredible
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Vidimo nešto zaista izvanredno
11:00
at the Wyss Institute.
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na institutu Vis.
11:02
It's really a convergence of disciplines,
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To je zapravo sastajanje disciplina,
11:04
where biology is influencing the way we design,
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gde biologija utiče na način
na koji dizajniramo,
na koji dizajniramo,
11:07
the way we engineer, the way we build.
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kreiramo i gradimo.
11:10
It's pretty exciting.
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Veoma uzbudljivo.
11:12
We're establishing important industry collaborations
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Uspostavljamo važne industrijske saradnje
11:15
such as the one we have with a company
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kao što je ova koju imamo sa kompanijom
11:18
that has expertise in large-scale
digital manufacturing.
digital manufacturing.
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koja je ekspert u digitalnoj
proizvodnji u velikom broju.
proizvodnji u velikom broju.
11:22
They're going to help us make,
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Oni će nam pomoći da napravimo,
11:24
instead of one of these,
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umesto samo jednog od ovih,
11:26
millions of these chips,
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milione čipova,
11:27
so that we can get them into the hands
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da bismo mogli da ih
stavimo u ruke
stavimo u ruke
11:29
of as many researchers as possible.
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što je više moguće istraživača.
11:32
And this is key to the potential of that technology.
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I ovo je ključ potencijala te tehnologije.
11:36
Now let me show you our instrument.
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Dopustite da vam pokažem
naš instrument.
naš instrument.
11:39
This is an instrument that our engineers
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1989
Ovo je instrument
od kojeg naši inženjeri
od kojeg naši inženjeri
11:41
are actually prototyping right now in the lab,
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prave prototipe upravo sada
u laboratoriji,
u laboratoriji,
11:43
and this instrument is going to give us
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i taj instrument će nam pružiti
11:45
the engineering controls that we're going to require
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inženjersku kontrolu koja će
nam biti potrebna
nam biti potrebna
11:48
in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.
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da povežemo 10 ili više organa zajedno.
11:52
It does something else that's very important.
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Radi još nešto što je veoma bitno.
11:54
It creates an easy user interface.
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Stvara lak korisnički interfejs.
11:57
So a cell biologist like me can come in,
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Biolog kao što sam ja može da uđe,
12:00
take a chip, put it in a cartridge
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2008
uzme čip, stavi ga u kertridž
12:02
like the prototype you see there,
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1932
kao prototip koji vidite ovde
12:04
put the cartridge into the machine
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2071
stavi kertridž u mašinu
12:06
just like you would a C.D.,
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kao što biste vi stavili CD
12:08
and away you go.
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i krećemo.
12:09
Plug and play. Easy.
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Stavi i pusti. Lako.
12:12
Now, let's imagine a little bit
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Hajde sada da zamislimo
12:14
what the future might look like
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1379
kako budućnost može da izgleda
12:15
if I could take your stem cells
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ako bih ja uzela vaše matične ćelije
12:18
and put them on a chip,
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stavila ih na čip,
12:19
or your stem cells and put them on a chip.
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ili vaše matične ćelije
i stavila ih na čip.
i stavila ih na čip.
12:22
It would be a personalized chip just for you.
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To bi bio personalizovani čip
samo za vas.
samo za vas.
12:26
Now all of us in here are individuals,
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Svi mi ovde smo pojedinci
12:29
and those individual differences mean
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i te individualne razlike znače
12:32
that we could react very differently
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da bismo mogli da reagujemo
veoma različito
veoma različito
12:34
and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs.
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i nekad i veoma nepredvidivo na lek.
12:39
I myself, a couple of years back,
had a really bad headache,
had a really bad headache,
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Pre nekoliko godina,
i ja sam imala jaku glavobolju
i ja sam imala jaku glavobolju
12:43
just couldn't shake it, thought,
"Well, I'll try something different."
"Well, I'll try something different."
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koja nije prestajala i htela sam
da probam nešto drugačije.
da probam nešto drugačije.
12:46
I took some Advil. Fifteen minutes later,
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Uzela sam Advil.
Petnaest minuta kasnije,
Petnaest minuta kasnije,
12:48
I was on my way to the emergency room
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1880
bila sam na putu u hitnu
12:50
with a full-blown asthma attack.
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1893
sa teškim napadom astme.
12:52
Now, obviously it wasn't fatal,
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Očigledno je da nije bio smrtan,
12:53
but unfortunately, some of these
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ali, na žalost, neke od ovih
12:57
adverse drug reactions can be fatal.
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neželjenih reakcija bi mogle biti smrtne.
13:00
So how do we prevent them?
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Kako da ih sprečimo?
13:02
Well, we could imagine one day
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Mogli bismo da zamislimo
da jednog dana,
da jednog dana,
13:05
having Geraldine on a chip,
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imamo Džeraldin na čipu,
13:07
having Danielle on a chip,
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i Danijela na čipu,
13:09
having you on a chip.
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vas na čipu.
13:10
Personalized medicine. Thank you.
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Personalizovana medicina.
Hvala.
Hvala.
13:13
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Geraldine Hamilton - Bio researcherGeraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures.
Why you should listen
Geraldine Hamilton’s career spans from academic research to biotech start-ups to pharma. Her research focus has been on the development and application of human-relevant in-vitro models for drug discovery. She was one of the founding scientists, VP of Scientific Operations and Director of Cell Products, in a start-up biotech company (CellzDirect), that successfully translated and commercialized technology from academic research to supply the pharmaceutical industry with hepatic cell products and services for safety assessment and drug-metabolism studies.
Hamilton received her Ph.D. in cell biology/toxicology from the University of Hertfordshire (England) in conjunction with GlaxoSmithkline, followed by a post-doctoral research fellowship at the University of North Carolina. Her current research interests and prior experience include: organs on-a-chip, toxicology and drug metabolism, liver cell biology, mechanisms regulating gene expression and differentiation, regulation of nuclear receptors and transcriptional activation in hepatocytes by xenobiotics, human cell isolation and cryopreservation techniques.
Geraldine Hamilton | Speaker | TED.com